An easy disinfection strategy for pipes connecting hemodialysis equipment

2020 ◽  
pp. 039139882097503
Author(s):  
Masashi Tagaya ◽  
Yosuke Oda ◽  
Aki Kimura ◽  
Ryuji Irifune ◽  
Shinya Okano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Dialysate Solution

Introduction: A hemodialysis room has pipes connecting the console and central fluid equipment. While these pipes require disinfection, reports detailing disinfection strategies are unavailable. Therefore, we aimed to compare two easy disinfection strategies differing in sanitization frequency and sanitizer concentration. Methods: Reverse osmosis water (ROW) purifying equipment and six dialysis consoles were connected by 20 m of pipes. Only ROW flowed through these pipes, because the dialysate solution was constituted at each console. The pipes were sanitized by two strategies: (1) strong and monthly (hypochlorite concentration: 100 ppm) or (2) weak and weekly (5 ppm). Both strategies were easy because the sodium hypochlorite was simply added to the ROW tank. To estimate sanitization efficacy, endotoxin counts at the ROW tank outlet, the end of the pipe, and the pipe after the endotoxin-cutting filter in each console were measured monthly for six continuous months. These counts were compared between the two sanitization strategies. Results: The endotoxin counts at the ROW tank outlet and the end of the pipe were 0.004–0.017 and 0.012–0.081 EU/mL, respectively, in the strong and monthly strategy, and 0.001–0.003 and 0.001–0.005 EU/mL, respectively, in the weak and weekly strategy. The endotoxin counts at the pipe after the endotoxin-cutting filter were less than 0.001 EU/mL during the study period in both strategies. Conclusion: A weekly disinfection strategy was more effective than a monthly one, despite the lower hypochlorite concentration. The present study suggests that frequency is the most important factor in the disinfection of pipes in a dialysis room.

Modeling and advanced exergy analysis of integrated reverse osmosis desalination with geothermal energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 984-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Yargholi ◽  
H. Kariman ◽  
S. Hoseinzadeh ◽  
M. Bidi ◽  
A. Naseri
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Exergy Destruction ◽  
Power Cycle ◽  
Liquid Natural Gas ◽  
Exergy Analyses ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Abstract In this research, the integrated carbon dioxide power cycle with a geothermal energy source to supply the required reverse osmosis desalination power for freshwater production is defined. It is also a carbon dioxide power cycle, coupled with thermal energy recovery of infrared energy of liquid natural gas (LNG) to generate more power. A sodium hypochlorite generator is considered to prevent the brine water discharging. The brine water portion of the desalination outlet was the input to this generator. The cycling power is consumed by the desalination system and sodium hypochlorite generator. After modeling, the advanced exergy analyses are studied. By exergy analysis, it is observed that in this model the condenser has the highest exergy destruction rate, equal to 952 kW. Additionally, the unavoidable part of the exergy destruction of carbon dioxide turbine constitutes 88% of its exergy destruction that is equal to 301 kW. So this component is the best option to improve exergy destruction.

Technology of Producing of Sodium Hypochlorite from the Concentrate of Reverse Osmosis Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 807-813
Author(s):  
L.N. Fesenko ◽  
I.V. Pchelnikov ◽  
R.V. Fedotov
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Market Product ◽  
Barium Compounds ◽  
Reagent Treatment

One of the modern methods of water demineralization and softening for domestic and drinking purposes as well as for its preparation in industrial production is a reverse osmosis. This demineralization method is peculiar for its concentrates that are formed due to reverse osmosis membranes and nanofiltration technologies, the utilization of which continues to be an unresolved problem. The article deals with the solution of such problem to utilize those concentrates, which are obtained using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration units. In this regard, it seems promising to reduce the volume of technological concentrate at the first stage by its repeated concentration according to nanofiltration - reverse osmosis scheme. After that, the nanofiltration concentrate containing predominantly divalent Са2+, Mg2+ and SO42- ions is subjected to reagent treatment in the following sequence: first stage with barium compounds and second stage with carbonate and sodium hydroxide. Such sequence allows separating from the solution at the first stage practically insoluble BaSO4 with its precipitation in the 1st stage vortex reactor and, further precipitation of slightly soluble in alkaline medium CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2 in the ІІ stage reactor. These insoluble BaSO4, CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2 salts thrown off the mass balance are finally dehydrated using a filter press and subjected to subsequent sale as a market product or raw material. The obtained solution of sodium chloride is concentrated by 3-stage reverse osmosis resulting in a 0.8-1.0% aqueous solution (8-10 g/l) of sodium chloride solution, a high-grade raw material for the production of electrolytic sodium hypochlorite with 4-6 g/l concentration by chlorine equivalent.

Comparison of Acrylamide and Agar Gels by Freeze-Etching

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Acid Cleaning ◽  
Agar Gels ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Water Cut

Thin sheets of acrylamide and agar gels of different concentrations were prepared and washed in distilled water, cut into pieces of appropriate size to fit into complementary freeze-etch specimen holders (1) and rapidly frozen. Freeze-etching was accomplished in a modified Denton DFE-2 freeze-etch unit on a DV-503 vacuum evaporator.* All samples were etched for 10 min. at -98°C then re-cooled to -150°C for deposition of Pt-C shadow- and C replica-films. Acrylamide gels were dissolved in Chlorox (5.251 sodium hypochlorite) containing 101 sodium hydroxide, whereas agar gels dissolved rapidly in the commonly used chromic acid cleaning solutions. Replicas were picked up on grids with thin Foimvar support films and stereo electron micrographs were obtained with a JEM-100 B electron microscope equipped with a 60° goniometer stage.Characteristic differences between gels of different concentrations (Figs. 1 and 2) were sufficiently pronounced to convince us that the structures observed are real and not the result of freezing artifacts.

Freeze-Etch Crystal-Like Structures in Membranous Glomerulosclerosis

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Burton B. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Donor Kidney ◽  
Unknown Substance ◽  
Etched Surface ◽  
Standard Fixation ◽  
Diseased Kidney

Tissue from a non-functional kidney affected with chronic membranous glomerulosclerosis was removed at time of trnasplantation. Recipient kidney tissue and donor kidney tissue were simultaneously fixed for electron microscopy. Primary fixation was in phosphate buffered gluteraldehyde followed by infiltration in 20 and then 40% glycerol. The tissues were frozen in liquid Freon and finally in liquid nitrogen. Fracturing and replication of the etched surface was carried out in a Denton freeze-etch device. The etched surface was coated with platinum followed by carbon. These replicas were cleaned in a 50% solution of sodium hypochlorite and mounted on 400 mesh copper grids. They were examined in an Siemens Elmiskop IA. The pictures suggested that the diseased kidney had heavy deposits of an unknown substance which might account for its inoperative state at the time of surgery. Such deposits were not as apparent in light microscopy or in the standard fixation methods used for EM. This might have been due to some extraction process which removed such granular material in the dehydration steps.

Isolation of Asbestos from Lung Tissue and Sputum

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
M. G. Williams ◽  
C. Corn ◽  
R. F. Dodson ◽  
G. A. Hurst
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
The Past

During this century, interest in the particulate content of the organs and body fluids of those individuals affected by pneumoconiosis, cancer, or other diseases of unknown etiology developed and concern was further prompted with the increasing realization that various foreign particles were associated with or caused disease. Concurrently particularly in the past two decades, a number of methods were devised for isolating particulates from tissue. These methods were recently reviewed by Vallyathan et al. who concluded sodium hypochlorite digestion was both simple and superior to other digestion procedures.

Cellulose Acetate Reverse Osmosis Membrane Structure

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 528-529
Author(s):  
H. K. Plummer ◽  
E. Eichen ◽  
C. D. Melvin
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Membrane ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Scanning Electron

Much of the work reported in the literature on cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes has raised new and important questions with regard to the dense or “active” layer of these membranes. Several thickness values and structures have been attributed to the dense layer. To ensure the correct interpretation of the cellulose acetate structure thirteen different preparative techniques have been used in this investigation. These thirteen methods included various combinations of water substitution, freeze drying, freeze sectioning, fracturing, embedding, and microtomy techniques with both transmission and scanning electron microscope observations.It was observed that several factors can cause a distortion of the structure during sample preparation. The most obvious problem of water removal can cause swelling, shrinking, and folds. Improper removal of embedding materials, when used, can cause a loss of electron image contrast and, or structure which could hinder interpretation.

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