Technology of Producing of Sodium Hypochlorite from the Concentrate of Reverse Osmosis Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 807-813
Author(s):  
L.N. Fesenko ◽  
I.V. Pchelnikov ◽  
R.V. Fedotov
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Market Product ◽  
Barium Compounds ◽  
Reagent Treatment

One of the modern methods of water demineralization and softening for domestic and drinking purposes as well as for its preparation in industrial production is a reverse osmosis. This demineralization method is peculiar for its concentrates that are formed due to reverse osmosis membranes and nanofiltration technologies, the utilization of which continues to be an unresolved problem. The article deals with the solution of such problem to utilize those concentrates, which are obtained using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration units. In this regard, it seems promising to reduce the volume of technological concentrate at the first stage by its repeated concentration according to nanofiltration - reverse osmosis scheme. After that, the nanofiltration concentrate containing predominantly divalent Са2+, Mg2+ and SO42- ions is subjected to reagent treatment in the following sequence: first stage with barium compounds and second stage with carbonate and sodium hydroxide. Such sequence allows separating from the solution at the first stage practically insoluble BaSO4 with its precipitation in the 1st stage vortex reactor and, further precipitation of slightly soluble in alkaline medium CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2 in the ІІ stage reactor. These insoluble BaSO4, CaCO3 and Mg (OH)2 salts thrown off the mass balance are finally dehydrated using a filter press and subjected to subsequent sale as a market product or raw material. The obtained solution of sodium chloride is concentrated by 3-stage reverse osmosis resulting in a 0.8-1.0% aqueous solution (8-10 g/l) of sodium chloride solution, a high-grade raw material for the production of electrolytic sodium hypochlorite with 4-6 g/l concentration by chlorine equivalent.

Study of the current waveform effect on the formation of cathode deposits during direct electrolysis Part 1. Electrolysis of fresh water

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
И.В. Пчельников ◽  
Т.Т.З. Нгуен ◽  
Л.Н. Фесенко
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Water Oxidation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Reverse Current ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Current Output ◽  
Direct Electrolysis

При электрохимической обработке хлоридсодержащих природных вод в бездиафрагменном электролизере образуются соли хлорноватистой кислоты, проявляющие окислительные свойства. Этот процесс широко используется для производства дезинфицирующих растворов на основе гипохлорита натрия. Сырьем для производства гипохлорита натрия могут быть не только искусственно приготовленные солевые растворы, но и природные минеральные воды, содержащие хлориды. Электролиз таких растворов приводит к образованию на катоде электролизера нерастворимых солей кальция и магния, что препятствует массообмену в межэлектродном пространстве, а также к возникновению аварийных ситуаций. В первой части статьи приведены результаты исследований прямого электролиза постоянным и реверсным током пресной воды г. Донгхой, Республика Вьетнам. В проведенных испытаниях определяли влияние реверсного тока в сравнении с постоянным током на снижение образования нерастворимых веществ на катодах электролизера. Эксперименты показали преимущество реверсного тока над постоянным. Так, при электролизе реверсным током продолжительностью периода до 6 часов масса отложений на электродах не увеличивалась, а на постоянном токе накапливалась с момента начала электролиза. Это связано с тем, что осадок, образующийся в катодный полупериод, растворяется в анодный полупериод кислотой – продуктом окисления воды. Выход хлора по току для водопроводной воды составил не более 23% с плотностью тока 100 А/м2. During the electrochemical processing of chloride-containing natural water in a membraneless electrolyzer, salts of hypochlorous acid are formed that are exhibiting oxidizing properties. This process is widely used for the production of sodium hypochlorite disinfectants. The raw material for the production of sodium hypochlorite can be not only artificially prepared saline solutions, but also natural mineral water containing chlorides. The electrolysis of such solutions results in the formation of insoluble calcium and magnesium salts at the cathode of the electrolyzer thus inhibiting mass transfer in the interelectrode space and the occurrence of emergency situations. The first part of the article presents the results of studies of direct electrolysis of fresh water with constant and reverse current in Dong Hoi city, Republic of Vietnam. In the conducted tests the effect of reverse current in comparison with direct current on the reduction of the formation of insoluble substances at the cathodes of the electrolyzer was determined. The experiments have shown the advantage of reverse current over direct current. So, during the electrolysis with reverse current for a period of up to 6 hours, the amount of deposits on the electrodes did not increase, however, with direct current the deposits accumulated from the very beginning of the electrolysis process. This is due to the fact that the precipitate formed during the cathodic half cycle is dissolved during the anodic half cycle by acid, a product of water oxidation. The current output of chlorine for tap water was no more than 23% with a current density of 100 A/m2.

HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELL RESPONSE TO STIMULATION OF EXTRACTS FROM ANIMAL MATERIALS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Smirnov ◽  
Victor Keino ◽  
Ksenia Goryacheva ◽  
Alexander Shunk ◽  
Alexander Bondarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Hematopoetic Stem Cell ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Stimulation Of

The article presents the results of the research hemostimulating activity of aqueous extracts of antler young Siberean stag and drone larvae homogenate. These substrates were obtained from raw materials of animal origin. Altai Krai andAltaiRepublicare subjects of theRussian Federationwhich is the place of production of the raw material. Experiments were conducted in two stages. The first stage - in vitro, which included a research of experimental substrates on the culture of mouse marrow cells. During the experiments were obtained different results. We counted the number of colonies grown in cell culture for this. The second stage of experimenters - in vivo. It included an assessment of the myeloprotector on model of cytostatic myelosuppression of mice and analysis of bone marrow and peripheral blood.

scholarly journals TRACE LEVEL DETERMINATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM SULFATE CONTENT IN SODIUM LAURETH SULFATE RAW MATERIAL USING COUNTER CATION-EXCHANGE HPLC WITH INDIRECT ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
LAKSHMI NARASIMHA RAO KATAKAM ◽  
THIRUPATHI DONGALA
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Trace Level ◽  
Counter Cation ◽  
Trace Level Determination

Objective: A novel study on a new liquid chromatographic approach has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of trace level determination of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate measures its impurities using counter cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with indirect ultraviolet (UV) detection. Methods: Chromatographic separation is developed and validated on a Hamilton PRP-X100 column with a mobile phase contained a mixture of the para-hydroxybenzoic acid buffer with a pH of 9.0 and methanol. Chromatography is developed at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min with an indirect UV determination at 310 nm at a sensitivity level of 0.5%. The optimized method was validated as per the ICH Q2 guidelines. Results: The retention times of chloride and sulfate were about 2.8 and 7.6 min, respectively. The resolution between chloride and sulfate peaks is >4. Regression analysis confers a correlation coefficient for the stated compounds that are found to be >0.999. Conclusion: A novel analytical method was validated as per the ICH method validation guidelines and found to be selective. Hence, the validated analytical method was precise, specific, and accurate, and it is more economic and simple for the determination of inorganic impurities.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Efficiency of Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Chloride as Extractors of Residual Silver From X-Ray Plates and Graphical Effluents by the Volhard Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Paraguassu-Chaves ◽  
Cláudio José Pinto de Faria ◽  
Filomena Maria Minetto Brondani ◽  
Vera Lúcia Matias Gomes Geron ◽  
Nelson Pereira Silva Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PENETRATION OF MICROELEMENTS OF A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT IN CRUCIAN MEAT BY VARIOUS METHODS OF SALTING

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Golovko ◽  
T. Golovko ◽  
A. Pak ◽  
L. Krykunenko
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chelate Complex ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Epr Signal ◽  
Kinetics Of

The expediency of improving the technological methods of processing unprofitable small fish and expanding the range of food products from them is substantiated. It is proposed to enrich the meat of freshwater fish with trace elements by adding to salt or brine during the salting of raw materials dietary supplements based on chelate complexes. The kinetics of penetration of micronutrients of a dietary supplement based on a chelate complex into the muscle tissue of crucian carp was studied by electronic paramagnetic resonance. The ambassador was held in three ways. According to the first dry method of salting, the fish was mixed with sodium chloride NaCl with the addition of a dietary supplement based on a chelate complex in the amount of 20… 25% and 0.1% by weight of raw materials, respectively. According to the second brine method, the fish was salted in brine, which was a solution of sodium chloride NaCl in the amount of 2 kg of salt per 1 kg of raw material. The amount of dietary supplement based on the chelate complex was 0.1% by weight of raw materials. According to the third method, the ambassador was carried out in brine with the same concentrations of sodium chloride and dietary supplements, but previously the fish raw materials were treated with ultrasound. Salting of fish was carried out for 6 days. The distribution of Mn ions in the plane (i, j) is investigated. The kinetics of the penetration of a microelement into the volume of crucian muscle tissue was studied by the EPR method. The kinetics of Mn2 + ion distribution in the studied muscle tissue samples and the tomogram of these surfaces were determined. The values of the area under the EPR spectra are normalized to the values of the area under the maximum EPR signal. For the maximum EPR signal for dry pickling, the signal from the liquid in which the raw material was during salting, and during the brine - the signal from the brine sample was selected. It is noted that the kinetics of penetration of the trace element is determined by the area of contact of the raw material with diffusing substances and the method of intensification of the internal transfer of these substances within the raw material. It was found that for brine and brine with pre-sonication, the amount of trace element in the depth of the crucian muscle tissue differs within the error. This indicates the homogeneity of the distribution of the trace element of the dietary supplement based on the chelate complex by such methods of salting.

scholarly journals Technological Analysis of Turquoise Jewelry (Based on Finds from the Scythian Burial Ground of Ak-Dag I in Tyva)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 74-86
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Volkov ◽  
Oleg A. Mitko ◽  
Yuliy S. Gubar ◽  
Roman V. Davydov ◽  
Ivan S. Polovnikov
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Time Scanning ◽  
High Speed Drilling ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages

Purpose. The article presents results of studying the elemental composition and manufacturing technology of turquoise jewelry found in barrow 1 of the Ak-Dag I burial ground of the early Scythian time. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the elemental composition of the mineral. The presence and ratio of the number of elements in the table indicates that the items are made of turquoise. The basic elements of the mineral include oxides of copper, phosphorus, aluminum and iron. A relatively large amount of iron oxide gives turquoise minerals a more saturated green color. The composition of the samples under study is extremely rich in zirconium, which allows us to identify the field where the raw material was obtained. Results. A traceological study of the artifacts considered was based on the proven methodology of experimental-traceological analysis. As a result of experimental and technological research, we conclude that the process of manufacturing occurred in three stages. Initially, the formation of the main planes of the workpieces and grinding of the ends took place. At the second stage the artifacts were drilled, the starting points of drilling were located at the narrow ends of the items. The traces of work that are visible on the artifacts indicate the use of easel, high-speed drilling. At the third stage the artifacts were processed with a fine-grained abrasive, as a result of which the final products were given a smoothed shape. Conclusion. In general, the production technology of the artifacts considered can be described as relatively perfect. There were closest analogues of the products from the Ak-Dag I site found in the same region. A similar method of inclined drilling was also used by the Scythians of Altai on their stone products.

scholarly journals Effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration during pre-treatment on isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) mature pods

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3137-3158
Author(s):  
Aida Safina Aridi ◽  
Nyuk Ling Chin ◽  
Nur Akmal Ishak ◽  
Nor Nadiah Mohamad Yusof ◽  
Kazunori Kadota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Bleaching Treatment ◽  
Insight Into

Mature pods of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit were utilized as raw material for nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) production. NCC’s isolation begins with L. leucocephala fiber’s alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide, followed by bleaching treatment at three different percentages (3%, 5%, and 7%) of sodium hypochlorite. Acid hydrolysis was then conducted to obtain NCC, which was comprehensively characterized in terms of morphology, chemical functional groups, whiteness index, and crystallinity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical composition results showed that alkali treatment (NaOH) and bleaching (3%, 5%, and 7% of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO) were effective in the removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The variation of sodium hypochlorite concentration affected physical and structural characteristics of the NCC produced, which exhibited a rod-shaped structure with diameters ranging from 17 to 49 nm. These observations provide insight into the potential utilization of L. leucocephala as raw material for preparing nanocellulose, which may address problems of the underutilized mature pods.

scholarly journals Functional Microbiota for Polypeptide Degradation during Hypertonic Moromi-Fermentation of Pixian Broad Bean Paste

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Lijie Zhang ◽  
Yida Bao ◽  
Haifeng Chen ◽  
Jiaquan Huang ◽  
Yan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Extracellular Proteome ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Candida Zeylanoides

Traditional fermented bean pastes are indispensable seasonings in many East Asian countries. They are produced via hypertonic solutions by spontaneous fermentation. Functional, unknown microbiota carry great risks for food safety and stable quality. Thus, analysis and subsequent utilization of functional microbiota will be a good strategy to resolve these problems. During bean fermentation, the microbial functions were divided into two stages, including first stage-raw material (polypeptide) degradation and second stage-amino acid catabolism. In this study, we aimed to analyze the functional microbiota of first stage. Omics-studies, including high-throughput sequencing, correlation analysis and extracellular proteome, were used to generate candidate functional microbes for polypeptide degradation in this study. Then, we cultured the candidate functional microbes. After the batch fermentation and enzymatic analysis, we found three strains secreted peptidase and resulted amino acid accumulation, involving Aspergillus niger, Candida zeylanoides and Bacillus licheniformis. Thus, A. niger, C. zeylanoides and B. licheniformis conducted the functional microbiota for polypeptide degrading during hypertonic moromi fermentation. This study supplies a strategy for functional microbiota analysis. In addition, this is the first report that C. zeylanoides can secrete proteome and produce amino acids from polypeptide.

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