Adsorption of ß2-Microglobulin on Dialysis Membranes: Comparison of Different Dialyzers and Effects of Reuse Procedures

1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Goldman ◽  
M. Lagmiche ◽  
M. Dhaene ◽  
Z. Amraoui ◽  
C. Thayse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Closed Loops ◽  
Dialysis Membranes ◽  
Ultrafiltration Pressure

In order to measure ß2-microglobulin adsorption on dialysis membranes, uremic plasma was passed through different dialyzers in a simulated hemodialysis circuit in which both plasma and dialysate compartments were organized as closed loops, the ultrafiltration pressure being adjusted to minimize water shifts. Under these conditions, comparison of the amounts of ß2-m in the plasma and dialysate compartments allowed us to calculate the binding of ß2-m to the membrane at different times of the procedure. Whereas cuprophane membrane (Gambro gf 180m, 1.8m2) did not bind ß2-m, AN69 (Filtral, 1.1 m2), high flux polysulfone (F60, 1.2m2) and modified polyamide (Polyflux 130, Gambro, 1.3m2) were found to adsorb 49 ± 8 mg (mean ± SEM), 17 ± 5 mg and 38 ± 4 mg of 82-m, respectively. These data were confirmed in trace labeling experiments with 125I-ß2-m. Adsorption was a saturable phenomenon occurring during the first 90 min of in vitro dialysis. After reuse with peracetic acid, the adsorption capacity of AN69 membrane was lowered to 20 ± 4 mg of ß2-m, contrasting with the unchanged adsorption after reuse with sodium hypochlorite. These data indicate that adsorption significantly contributes to ß2-m removal during hemodialysis with certain dialyzers and that reuse procedures may affect the propensity of dialysis membranes to bind 82-m.

Leakage of Endotoxins through the Endotoxin Retentive Filter: An in vitro Study

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nozaki ◽  
Yoshihiro Tange ◽  
Yoji Inada ◽  
Takashi Uchino ◽  
Nakanobu Azuma
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Dialysis Fluid ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Polyether Sulfone ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
High Concentrations

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Ultrapurification of dialysis fluid has enabled highly efficient dialysis treatments. Online hemodiafiltration is one such treatment that uses a purified dialysis fluid as a supplemental fluid. In this method, an endotoxin retentive filter (ETRF) is used in the final step of dialysis fluid purification, with the aim of preventing leakage of endotoxins. Sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid are used as disinfecting agents for the dialysis fluid pipes containing the ETRF; however, the effects of these agents on ETRF membrane pores have not been fully clarified. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Water permeability (flux) and endotoxin permeability were assessed in 3 types of ETRFs made with different membrane materials: polyester polymer alloy (PEPA), polyether sulfone (PES), and polysulfone (PS). High-concentration sodium hypochlorite and 2 types of peracetic acid were used as disinfecting agents, and the changes in flux and the endotoxin sieving coefficient (SC) were measured. <b><i>Results:</i></b> After repeated use of high concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, the PEPA and PES ETRFs did not permit passage of endotoxins, regardless of their flux. However, in the PS ETRF, the flux and endotoxin SC increased with the number of cleaning cycles. No differences were observed according to the concentration of peracetic acid disinfecting agents. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> PEPA and PES ETRFs completely prevent endotoxin leakage and can be disinfected at concentrations higher than the conventionally recommended concentration without affecting pore expansion. Even new PS ETRFs have low levels of endotoxin leakage, which increase after disinfection cycles using sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid.

Evaluation of a Sporicidal Peracetic Acid/Hydrogen Peroxide–Based Daily Disinfectant Cleaner

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1414-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Deshpande ◽  
Thriveen S. C. Mana ◽  
Jennifer L. Cadnum ◽  
Annette C. Jencson ◽  
Brett Sitzlar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Infect Control Hosp ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

OxyCide Daily Disinfectant Cleaner, a novel peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide–based sporicidal disinfectant, was as effective as sodium hypochlorite for in vitro killing of Clostridium difficile spores, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomcyin-resistant enterococci. OxyCide was minimally affected by organic load and was effective in reducing pathogen contamination in isolation roomsInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1414–1416

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Biocides on the Viable Masses and Matrices of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 3135-3142 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Toté ◽  
T. Horemans ◽  
D. Vanden Berghe ◽  
L. Maes ◽  
P. Cos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Antibiofilm Agents

ABSTRACT Bacteria and matrix are essential for the development of biofilms, and assays should therefore target both components. The current European guidelines for biocidal efficacy testing are not adequate for sessile microorganisms; hence, alternative discriminatory test protocols should be used. The activities of a broad range of biocides on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were evaluated using such in vitro assays. Nearly all selected biocides showed a significant decrease in S. aureus biofilm viability, with sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid as the most active biocides. Only hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite showed some inhibitory effect on the matrix. Treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilms was roughly comparable to that of S. aureus biofilms. Peracetic acid was the most active on viable mass within 1 min of contact. Isopropanol ensured a greater than 99.999% reduction of P. aeruginosa viability after at least 30 min of contact. Comparable to results with S. aureus, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide markedly reduced the P. aeruginosa matrix. This study clearly demonstrated that despite their aspecific mechanisms of action, most biocides were active only against biofilm bacteria, leaving the matrix undisturbed. Only hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite were active on both the biofilm matrix and the viable mass, making them the better antibiofilm agents. In addition, this study emphasizes the need for updated and standardized guidelines for biofilm susceptibility testing of biocides.

On line filtration of dialysate: structural and functional features of an asymmetric polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafilter (Diaclean®)

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ronco ◽  
G. Cappelli ◽  
M. Ballestri ◽  
E. Lusvarghi ◽  
P. Frisone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Synthetic Membranes ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
On Line ◽  
Dialysis Membranes ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Baseline Values

The endotoxin transfer across dialysis membranes has been investigated using specific in vitro circuits. Backdiffusion and backfiltration have been analyzed and most dialysis membranes have shown to be permeable to LAL positive substances. Synthetic membranes however display the better capacity of retention of these products despite their higher porosity and permeability. For such reason synthetic polysulfone ultrafilters are used as pyrogen filters to obtain ultrapure dialysate. We have investigated the characteristics of a polysulfone ultrafilter named Diaclean and manufactured by Amicon Ireland. The capacity of endotoxin retention has been investigated both in filtration and backfiltration modes on new and used ultrafilters. The capacity of endotoxin adsorption was investigated as well. Used ultrafilters appeared to maintain the retention capacity and the adsorption capacity up to 4 months of use. Only slight differences were noted from the baseline values (p = n.s.). The best adsorption capacity is always displayed by the outer layer of the membrane suggesting its best utilization in back filtration mode with tangential flow. No morphological changes were observed in the used membrane analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.

Beta-2 Microglobulin Removal by Immunoextraction and Passive Adsorption in High-Flux Dialyzers

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Michael L. Branham ◽  
T. Govender ◽  
Edward A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Cellulose Diacetate ◽  
Passive Adsorption ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Dialysis Membranes ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Beta 2 Microglobulin

The objectives in this study were to compare the removal of 2-M via different dialyzers (high- and low flux) under equilibrium or sink conditions, wherein there was highly selective antibody-based facilitated transport into a small volume dialysate reservoir. Using an in vitro haemodialysis model we perfused high-flux polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), high-flux cellulose diacetate (CDA), and a low-flux polysulfone (PSF) membranes with known amounts of 2-M through the intracapillary space. Anti-2-M antibodies added to the extracapillary space were shown to create sink conditions across the membrane when its pore size is sufficiently large for diffusion and if 2-M is not strongly adsorbed to the membrane surface. Our results indicate that 2-M (~12kDa) does not penetrate low-flux dialyzers and that its adsorption to intracapillary PSF surfaces does not substantially affect clearance. 2-M strongly adsorbed to high-flux PMMA dialyzers (ko = 0.0271+0.002 min-1), but without significant clearance enhancement due to circulating antibodies. A significant clearance enhancement (101.2%+24.89) for 2-M due to immunoextraction was observed in the high-flux cellulose acetate dialyzers, but without passive adsorption to the surface. These studies demonstrate the utility of in vitro haemodialysis experiments to elucidate midsize molecule clearance in dialysis membranes under controlled conditions. The use of anti-2-M antibodies as dialysate additives might be feasible in the removal of 2-M from whole blood, highlighting the advantages of selective antibody-based extraction of disease-causing toxins into potentially simple extracorporeal devices with small volume receiver compartments.

scholarly journals Disinfectants in a Hemodialysis Setting: Antifungal Activity Against Aspergillus and Fusarium Planktonic and Biofilm Cells and the Effect of Commercial Peracetic Acid Residual in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo G. Lopes ◽  
Larissa A. Csonka ◽  
Jessica A. Souza Castellane ◽  
Alef Winter Oliveira ◽  
Sílvio de Almeida-Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Environmental Disinfection

Aspergillus and Fusarium cause a broad spectrum of infections in humans, mainly in immunocompromised patients. Among these, patients undergoing hemodialysis are highly susceptible to infections, requiring a constant and adequate environmental disinfection program. Nevertheless, monitoring the residual disinfectants can contribute to the morbidity and mortality reduction in these patients. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility of Aspergillus spp. (n=19) and Fusarium spp. (n=13) environmental isolates against disinfectants (acetic acid, citric acid, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium metabisulphite) at different concentrations and time exposures. Also, we investigated the in vivo toxicity of the peracetic acid residual concentration in mice. Fusarium isolates were identified by F. equiseti, F. oxysporum and F. solani while Aspergillus presented clinically relevant species (A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. terreus) and environmental ones. Against planktonic cells, only two disinfectants (acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite) showed a fungicidal effect on Fusarium spp., while only one (sodium hypochlorite) was effective against Aspergillus spp. Both fungi formed robust in vitro biofilms with large amounts of the extracellular matrix, as evidenced by electron micrographs. Exposure of fungal biofilms to disinfectants showed sensitivity to three (acetic, citric, and peracetic acids), although the concentrations and times of exposure varied according to the fungal genus. Mice exposure to the residual dose of peracetic acid during 60 weeks showed anatomopathological, hematological, and biochemical changes. The implementation of news control measures and those that already exist can help reduce infections, the second cause of death and morbidity in these patients, besides providing safety and well-being to them, a priority of any quality health program.

An In Vitro Analysis of Sodium Hypochlorite Decontamination for the Reuse of Implant Healing Abutments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Almehmadi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguis ◽  
Implant Dentistry ◽  
Vitro Analysis

Abstract The re-use of healing abutments (HAs) has become common practice in implant dentistry for economic concerns and the aim of this in-vitro study was to assess the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in decontamination of HAs. 122 HAs (Used and sterilized n=107; New n=15) were procured from 3 centers, of which 3 samples were discarded due to perforation in sterilization pouch.  For sterility assessment, the used HAs (n=80) were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), bacterial isolates were identified in 7 samples. Also, 24 used HAs were stained with Phloxine B, photographed and compared to new HAs (n=5). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) assessed the differences between the two sets of HAs, following which the 7 contaminated HAs along with 24 used HAs from staining experiment (Total=31) were subsequently treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and SEM images were observed. About 8.75% of HAs tested positive in bacterial culture; Streptococcus sanguis, Dermabacter hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Aspergillus species were isolated. Phloxine B staining was positive for used and sterilized HAs when compared to controls. The SEM images revealed deposits in the used HAs and although treatment with NaOCl eliminated the contamination of cultured HAs, the SEM showed visible debris in the HA thread region. This in-vitro study concluded that SEM images showed debris in used HAs at screw-hole and thread regions even though they tested negative in bacterial culture. The treatment with NaOCl of used HAs showed no bacterial contamination but the debris was observed in SEM images. Future studies on the chemical composition, biological implications, and clinical influence is warranted before considering the reuse of HAs.

Comparative Study to Evaluate the Surface Detail Reproduction of Dental Stone after Immersion in Various Different Disinfectant Solutions, Under Stereomicroscope 10 X Magnification –An In-Vitro Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rathika Rai ◽  
M. A. Easwaran ◽  
K. T. Dhivya
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Surface Irregularities ◽  
Disinfectant Solution ◽  
Surface Detail ◽  
Group B

Aim: To evaluate the surface detail reproduction of dental stone this is immersed in different disinfectant solution and studied under stereomicroscope. Methodology: Total number of 30 specimens of dental stone (Type III) were made with measurements of 1.5cm diameter and 1cm height .This samples are divided in to 3 groups group A,B,C. were A is immersed in Distilled water which was taken as control group ;B is immersed in 2% Glutaraldehyde and C is immersed in 5%sodium hypochlorite. Each specimen were immersed in the disinfectant solution for 15 minutes and dried under room temperature for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs each specimens are studied under stereomicroscope for surface details. Result: The results showed no significant difference in the surface irregularities and porosities for a group 1 and group 2 except group 3 which showed significant increase in the porosities, surface irregularities and erosions after disinfection with 5% NaHOCl by immersion method. Conclusion: The surface detail reproduction capacity of die stone was adversely affected when 5% Sodium hypochlorite was used as disinfectant solution when compare d to control group and 2% Glutaraldehyde

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