Polyacrylates in Flame Retardant Treatments of Textile Fabrics

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
John V. Beninate ◽  
Brenda J. Trask ◽  
George L. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
Textile Fabrics ◽  
Tearing Strength

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants containing polyacrylate emul sions were applied to cotton, cotton-polyester, and cotton-wool twill fabrics to study the effect of the added polyacrylates on the physical properties and flame retardancy. The Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant with added polyacrylate im parted better overall physical properties to 100% cotton fabric than to cotton blend fabrics. Treatments containing polyacrylates with low glass transition temperatures produced fabrics with the highest abrasion resistance, tearing strength and wrinkle recovery. The flame retardancy of treated fabrics was not adversely affected by the addition of polyacrylates to the flame retardant treatments.

Copolymerization of Addition and Condensation Type Monomers for Flame Retardancy of Cotton and Blend Fabrics

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 789-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florine A. Blouin ◽  
Stanley P. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Polyester Fabrics ◽  
Good Strength ◽  
Phosphonium Chloride ◽  
Durable Press ◽  
Blend Composition ◽  
Tearing Strength

Pad-dry-cure treatments of cotton/polyester fabrics with aqueous solutions of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC)/bis(2-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate (BVP)/acrylamide (A)/trimethylolmelamine (TMM) resulted in deposition in the fibers of copolymers formed by apparent coreaction of the two types of monomers. At 40–50% add-on levels, deposition of these phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing copolymers in cotton/polyester knits (35% to 100% cotton) yielded durably flame-retardant (FR) fabrics. These treated knits retained fairly good strength and abrasion properties. Changes in textile properties due to FR treatments were markedly dependent on blend composition. Durable-press (DP) appearance ratings were improved or slightly reduced by the FR treatments. The finish significantly increased the stiffness of these knits, but stiffness was decreased by machine washings. All-cotton sateen fabrics treated with THPC/BVP/A/TMM to add-on levels of 21% and over were durably flame retardant. The FR sateen fabrics possessed a good hand and only slightly increased stiffness. Conditioned wrinkle-recovery angles and DP appearance ratings indicated fairly good levels of resilience. Breaking and tearing strength retentions were good in the warp direction but considerably poorer in the fill direction. Flex abrasion resistance was adversely affected.

Wool: Its Effect On Flame Retardant Properties of Blend Fabrics

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John V. Beninate ◽  
Brenda J. Trask ◽  
Timothy A. Calamari ◽  
George L. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Strength Retention

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants were applied to twill fabrics con taining cotton and wool to study the effect of wool on the flame retardancy and physical properties of the blend fabrics. The presence of wool in untreated blend fabrics caused burning rates to decrease and oxygen index values to increase as wool content increased in the blends. These effects were also observed in cotton/ wool blends treated with low levels of the Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant, but were less pronounced in fabrics treated at high levels. Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted to study the thermal degradation of the treated and untreated fabrics. The presence of wool in treated blend fabrics did not sig nificantly change strength retention, area shrinkage and wrinkle recovery values in comparison to similarly treated 100% cotton fabrics.

scholarly journals A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 30943-30954
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Yu-xuan Xu ◽  
Shi-bin Nie ◽  
Wei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Modified Epoxy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

scholarly journals Impact of weft yarn type and fabric weft density on burning behavior, tearing strength and air permeability for different types of antibacterial drapery fabrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Çeven Kenan ◽  
Günaydin Karakan ◽  
Nejla Çeven
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Weft Yarn ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Efficiency ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Tearing Strength

Drapery fabrics are textile products utilized for home and decorative textiles. Recently there have been new functional requirements for the drapery fabrics such as flame retardancy, antimicrobial efficiency, UV protection, etc. This study has been conducted to investigate the effect of weft yarn type and weft density on drapery fabrics' burning behaviour, tearing strength and air permeability properties. "A special inherently flame-retardant yarn" was used as the warp and weft yarns of the woven drapery fabrics while "a special inherently and antibacterial yarn" was also used as the weft yarn in some of the sample groups. Two main fabric groups each consisting of 12 woven drapery samples with different weft yarns and weft densities were separately evaluated among themselves by using SPSS Statistical software package and bar graphs. Burning behaviours of the samples in terms of damage length and damage width with the ignition source were satisfying both for the drapery samples with the special inherently flame-retardant weft yarn as well as those with the special inherently flame retardant and antibacterial yarn weft yarns. In other words, usage of inherently flame retardant and antibacterial yarn as the weft yarns did not contribute negatively on the flame retardancy of drapery fabrics. The results of two-way ANOVA test indicated that weft yarn type was a significant factor for tearing strength in warp and weft wise while weft density and the interaction of weft yarn type and weft density factors were non-significant factors on tear strength values in warp and weft wises at significance level of 0.05. Additionally, correlation analyses revealed that weft yarn tenacity values were highly correlated with the drapery fabrics' weft tearing strength values. Moreover, weft yarn type, weft density and their interaction were influential factors on air permeability of the drapery fabrics at significance level of 0.05.

The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
A. Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Convenient Means ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

scholarly journals Flame Retardancy of Wood Fiber Materials Using Phosphorus-Modified Wheat Starch

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Gebke ◽  
Katrin Thümmler ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Sören Tech ◽  
André Wagenführ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Starch Derivatives ◽  
Fiber Materials

Biopolymer-based flame retardants (FR) are a promising approach to ensure adequate protection against fire while minimizing health and environmental risks. Only a few, however, are suitable for industrial purposes because of their poor flame retardancy, complex synthesis pathway, expensive cleaning procedures, and inappropriate application properties. In the present work, wheat starch was modified using a common phosphate/urea reaction system and tested as flame retardant additive for wood fibers. The results indicate that starch derivatives from phosphate/urea systems can reach fire protection efficiencies similar to those of commercial flame retardants currently used in the wood fiber industry. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of fire protective phosphates (up to 38 wt.%) and nitrogen groups (up to 8.3 wt.%). The lowest levels of burning in fire tests were measured with soluble additives at a phosphate content of 3.5 wt.%. Smoldering effects could be significantly reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers. The industrial processing of a starch-based flame retardant on wood insulating materials exhibits the fundamental applicability of flame retardants. These results demonstrate that starch modified from phosphate/urea-systems is a serious alternative to traditional flame retardants.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yilin Liu ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Miaojun Xu ◽  
Lili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Average Mass

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

The Preparation and Properties of A New Family of Amorphous Fluoropolymers: Teflon® Af

1989 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chemical Resistance ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Glass Transition Temperatures ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Solution Cast

AbstractTeflon® AF is a family of amorphous fluoropolymers with glass transition temperatures as high as 300° based on bis-2,2-trfluoromethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole, (I), which has unusual properties [1–3] (Figure 1). The family retains the superior electrical, chemical resistance and thermal properties associated with fluoropolymers. In addition the polymers have high optical clarity, limited solubility in some commercially available perfluorinated ethers such as Fluorinert® FC-75 and improved physical properties below their glass transition temperatures (Figure 2). Teflon® AF polymers may be either solution cast into clear micron thin films or melt processed into a variety of forms.

Thermally resistant polyurethane foams with reduced flammability

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Lubczak ◽  
Renata Lubczak
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Temperature Exposure

Thermally resistant polyurethane foams containing 1,3,5-triazine ring were modified with additive flame retardants. It has been found that addition of melamine, melamine polyphosphate, or isocyanurate at the foaming step resulted in reduction of foam flammability. The physical properties of flame-retardant modified foams were compared with those of non-modified foams. The obtained modified foams showed oxygen index 22.2–24.2 and were highly thermally resistant even at long lasting 200℃ temperature exposure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document