scholarly journals Electrochemical micromachining: Review of factors affecting the process applicability in micro-manufacturing

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Leese ◽  
Atanas Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Electrochemical Micromachining ◽  
Machining Accuracy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Machining Rate ◽  
Conventional Machining

Electrochemical machining is a non-conventional machining technique used across a large range of industries from aero to medical. A large number of papers exist on the topic of electrochemical machining and electrochemical micromachining which is a daunting task to evaluate for anyone new to the subject. This article aims to summarise some of the major parameters used in electrochemical machining which affect machining accuracy, machining rate and the suitability of the process for micromachining. This article does not propose to be in any way complete but a starting point for anyone new to the subject of electrochemical machining. This article aims to find new areas to study within the electrochemical micromachining field.

The Effects of Normal Gap Distribution on Cathode Design of Aero-Engine Blades in Electrochemical Machining

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 3583-3586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Li ◽  
Hua Ji
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Machining Accuracy ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Cathode Design ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Machining Rate

Cathode design is a difficult problem must be faced and solved in electrochemical machining (ECM). In ECM process, various parameters, such as applied voltage, current density, gap distribution, machining rate and electrolyte composition and concentration, can affect ECM machining process and therefore cathode design. Among all these machining parameters, gap distribution is the most vital. Regard some type of aero-engine compressor blade as research object, this paper concentrates on the effects of the normal gap distribution of 2-dimension and 3-dimension on cathode design based on the cathode design method of , moreover the errors between two and three dimension normal gap also can be compared and analyzed in detail. To verify the accuracy of the designed cathode, the machining experiments were conducted on an industrial scale ECM machine and the experimental results demonstrates that the cathode designed utilizing 3-dimension normal gap exhibits more machining accuracy and therefore valuable.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of the electrochemical micromachining process of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy under the influence of magnetic field

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Praveena Gopinath ◽  
J. Prasanna ◽  
C. Chandrasekhara Sastry ◽  
Sandeep Patil
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Electrochemical Micromachining ◽  
Machining Accuracy ◽  
Micro Hole ◽  
Neodymium Magnets ◽  
Pulse On Time

Abstract An attempt has been made to study the influence of magnetic field on the micro hole machining of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy using electrochemical micromachining (ECMM) process. The presence of magneto hydro dynamics (MHD) is accomplished with the aid of external magnetic field (neodymium magnets) in order to improve the machining accuracy and the performance characteristics of ECMM. Close to ideal solution for magnetic and nonmagnetic field ECMM process, the parameters used are as follows: concentration electrolyte of 15 g/l; peak current of 1.35 A; pulse on time of 400 s; and duty factor of 0.5. An improvement of 11.91–52.43% and 23.51–129.68% in material removal rate (MRR) and 6.03–21.47% and 18.32–33.09% in overcut (OC) is observed in ECMM of titanium alloy under the influence of attraction and repulsion magnetic field, respectively, in correlation with nonmagnetic field ECMM process. A 55.34% surface roughness factor reduction is ascertained in the hole profile in magnetic field-ECMM in correlation with electrochemical machined titanium alloy under nonmagnetic field environment. No machining related stress is induced in the titanium alloy, even though environment of electrochemical machining process has been enhanced with the presence of magnetic field. A slight surge in the compressive residual factor, aids in surge of passivation potential of titanium alloy, resulting in higher resistance to outside environment.

Process Experimental Research of Micro-Hole in Electrochemical Micromachining by Nanosecond Pulse Current

2013 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Li ◽  
Hong Li Liu ◽  
Zhi Peng Duan
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Current ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Electrochemical Micromachining ◽  
Machining Accuracy ◽  
Anode Dissolution ◽  
Micro Hole ◽  
Processing Accuracy ◽  
Hole Machining

Electrochemical micro-machining (ECMM) is a method that utilizes anode dissolution principle to process shaping. In the Electrochemical machining （ECM）of micro-hole, machining precision is an important aspect to measure machining quality of micro-hole. In this paper micro-hole machining is regarded as the research object, effects of many factors such as power supply natures, electrolyte composition, pulse width and pulse frequency on machining accuracy in micro-hole ECM have been evaluated. Research shows that processing accuracy can be improved through using non-linear electrolyte in high frequency, narrow pulse electrochemical machining.

Fabrication of Microelectrode by Current Density Control in Electrochemical Micromachining

2006 ◽  
Vol 532-533 ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao Guo Zhu ◽  
Zhen Long Wang
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Electrochemical Micromachining ◽  
Machining Accuracy ◽  
Short Pulses ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Density Control ◽  
Control Computer ◽  
Process Detection

The fabrication technology of microelectrode in electrochemical micromachining (EMM) was presented. The high frequency short pulses current and current density control between the cathode and anode were synthetically utilized. The mechanism of pulses EMM was expatiated firstly. The shaping principle of microelectrode was analyzed. The current density control strategy was proposed based on the fundamental experimental behavior of electrochemical machining current with the gap variance. Then an experimental setup for EMM is constructed, which has machining process detection and current density control functions, also a pulses power supply and a control computer are involved in. After the technologic experiment analyzed, some microelectrodes with nice surface are fabricated successfully. This method could provide the simple electrode for further electro-machining or micro probe for scanning probe microscopy. Preliminary experimental results show the feasibility of EMM and its potential capability for better machining accuracy and smaller machining size.

Research on Electrochemical Micromachining System and Related Techniques

2006 ◽  
Vol 315-316 ◽  
pp. 731-735
Author(s):  
Xiao Hai Li ◽  
Zhen Long Wang ◽  
Wan Sheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Electrochemical Micromachining ◽  
Machining Accuracy ◽  
Tool Electrode ◽  
Micro Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Micro Hole ◽  
Micro Tool

Electrochemical machining (ECM) has been rarely applied in micromachining because the electric field is not localized. In order to explore the feasibility of applying ECM to micromachining at micro to meso-scale, an experimental setup with precision control over electrochemical micromachining (EMM) was developed, which is in fact a multifunctional machine tool. The micro tool electrodes for EMM can also be fabricated by micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) on the same machine tool. A high-frequency short-pulse micro-energy MOSFET power supply was designed. Lower machining voltage and lower concentration of passivity electrolyte are utilized together to localize dissolution area in EMM. A micro hole 45 ,m in diameter was drilled by EMM on stainless steel foil with 100 μm thickness. A new approach of fabricating microstructures by means of EMM milling using a simple micro tool electrode is proposed, and a shaped hole and a micro cantilever beam with high precision were acquired by EMM milling. The satisfactory process results indicate the potential capability of EMM for higher machining accuracy and smaller machining size.

أسلوب التعليل القرآني وبعض آثاره التعليمية (The Principles of Qur’anic Argumentation and Its Educational Effects)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
رضوان جمال الأطرش ◽  
نجوى نايف شكوكاني
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
New Age ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Education Effect ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Impact ◽  
Education Process

        الملخّص      هدف هذا البحث إبراز إمكانية التأثر العملي بأسلوب التعليل في القرآن الكريم، ومحاولة البحث في تطبيقاته في واقع العملية التعليمية من العالم والمتعلم، بحيث لم يقتصر على الدراسة اللغوية أو الأصولية النظرية؛ وخصوصاً بعد التعريف بهذا الأسلوب وأدواته وأهميته وبيان اللوازم الخاصة للعالم والمتعلم للتأثر به، وقد تم ذلك من خلال استخدام المنهج الاستقرائي بتتبع أعمال العلماء في ذلك وتم رصد أقوال المفسرين فيما يتعلق بالأساليب البيانية وآيات التعليل ووجوه الإعجاز القرآني، ومن ثم استُخدم المنهج التحليلي لإثبات ذلك الأثر وإثبات وجود إشارات وأدلة على مظاهر التأثر؛ واستنتاج حقيقة إمكانية استمرارية البحث في كل أدوات وآيات ومواضيع ذلك الأسلوب بنفس الطريقة التي تمّ طرحُها، مما يثري هذا المجال، ويفتح العقول ويدفعها للنظر والتدبر والبحث في آي القرآن، وفي كل المناحي، منطلقةً من فكر التجديد، والإفادة من مستجدات العصر وعلومه ضمن ضوابط العقيدة الغراء والشرع الحنيف. الكلمات المفتاحية: أسلوب التعليل، أدوات أسلوب التعليل، التدبر، التعليم التقليدي، أثر.  Abstract This study intends to highlight the possible practical impact of the principles of argumentation found in the Qur’an. The study attempts to apply the principles on the actual education process of the scholars and students without limiting it to linguistic studies or theoretical principles. This was done after introducing the principles of reasoning, its tools, its importance, and disclosing the special requirements for the scholars and students in order to be influenced by the latter principles.  The work used inductive method to track the works of the scholars on the subject and observe the opinions of the Qur’an-commentators in relation to principles of explanation, verses of argument, and aspects of Qur’anic Inimitability. Analytical method was used to establish the impacts of the Qur’anic arguments; to prove the presence of signs and evidences for the manifestation of the impacts; and to make the continuity of this research possible in all the tools, verses and topics related to the principles of Qur’anic argument. Among those things that enrich this work is that it opens the minds, and pushes it to ponder and study the verses of the Qur’an. For every direction it becomes the starting point for the innovative thinking, and benefit for the new age and its sciences while maintaining the harmony with the principles of creed and the true SharÊ‘ah. Keywords: Principles of Argumentation, Tools of Argumentation Principles, Thinking, Traditional Education, Effect.

Divergent Principles of Politeness in Verbal and Non-Verbal Directive Speech Act

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Lindayana ◽  
Arifuddin ◽  
Halus Mandala
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

This study was conducted aiming at examining: (1) the divergent principles of politeness in students’ directive speech act (2) factors affecting politeness and impoliteness in verbal and non-verbal directive speech act produced by students at grade X in Senior High School 1 Mataram in the learning process. The subject of this study are teachers teaching Bahasa Indonesia, English, Economy, History, Math, Religion, Civic, and Science, and all students at Grade X of Science 1, Science 3 and Social 2 in Senior High School 1 Mataram. This study is a descriptive qualitative research. The data source in this study is the number of utterances produced by students and teachers in the learning process. The data were collected through observation. This study revealed that: (1) there were divergent principles of politeness in participants’ directive speech act namely single and multiple divergent principles of politeness affected by speaker intentionally accused addressees, intentionally uttered by neglecting the context, was protective to other arguments, showed emotional feeling, given critiques in impolite words and mocked at other; and (2) there were factors affecting politeness and impoliteness in verbal and non-verbal directive speech act produced by students in learning process namely linguistic factor and non-linguistic factor.

scholarly journals Selected Aspects of Electrochemical Micromachining Technology Development

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2248
Author(s):  
Sebastian Skoczypiec ◽  
Piotr Lipiec ◽  
Wojciech Bizoń ◽  
Dominik Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Electrochemical Micromachining ◽  
Cylindrical Electrode ◽  
Electrode Tool ◽  
Geometrical Features ◽  
Tool Trajectory ◽  
Scaling Down ◽  
Sidewall Surface ◽  
Selection Of

The paper focuses on the fundamentals of electrochemical machining technology de-elopement with special attention to applications for micromachining. In this method, a material is removed during an anodic electrochemical dissolution. The method has a number of features which make it attractive technology for shaping parts with geometrical features in range of micrometres. The paper is divided into two parts. The first one covers discussion on: general characteristics of electrochemical machining, phenomena in the gap, problems resulting from scaling down the process and electrochemical micromachining processes and variants. The second part consists of synthetic overview of the authors’ research on localization of pulse electrochemical micromachining process and case studies connected with application of this method with use of universal cylindrical electrode-tool for shaping cavities in 1.4301 stainless steel. The latter application was conducted in two following variants: electrochemical contour milling and shaping carried out with sidewall surface of rotating tool. In both cases, the obtained shape is a function of electrode tool trajectory. Selection of adequate machining strategy allows to obtain desired shape and quality.

The first century of English protestantism and the growth of national identity

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
First Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
John Foxe ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Religious Zeal

Their sense of national identity is not something that men have been in the habit of directly recording. Its strength or weakness, in relation to commitment to international causes or to localist sentiment, can often only be inferred by examining political and religious attitudes and personal behaviour. So far as the early modern period is concerned, the subject is hazardous because groups and individuals must have varied enormously in the extent to which national identity meant something to them or influenced their lives. The temptation to generalise must be resisted. It is all too easy to suppose that national identity became well established in England in the Tudor century, when a national culture, based on widespread literacy among gentry, yeomen and townsmen, flowered as it had never done before, when the bible was first generally available in English, when John Foxe produced his celebrated Acts and Monuments, better known as the Book of Martyrs. Recent work reassessing the significance of Foxe’s account of the English reformation and other Elizabethan polemical writings provdes a convenient starting point for this brief investigation of some of the connections between religious zeal and national consciousness between 1558 and 1642.

Beyond the heuristic approach to Kolmogorov-Smirnov theorems

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (A) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Weak Convergence ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Empirical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Heuristic Approach ◽  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Subject

The theory of weak convergence has developed into an extensive and useful, but technical, subject. One of its most important applications is in the study of empirical distribution functions: the explication of the asymptotic behavior of the Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit statistic is one of its greatest successes. In this article a simple method for understanding this aspect of the subject is sketched. The starting point is Doob's heuristic approach to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov theorems, and the rigorous justification of that approach offered by Donsker. The ideas can be carried over to other applications of weak convergence theory.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document