Divergent Principles of Politeness in Verbal and Non-Verbal Directive Speech Act

This study was conducted aiming at examining: (1) the divergent principles of politeness in students’ directive speech act (2) factors affecting politeness and impoliteness in verbal and non-verbal directive speech act produced by students at grade X in Senior High School 1 Mataram in the learning process. The subject of this study are teachers teaching Bahasa Indonesia, English, Economy, History, Math, Religion, Civic, and Science, and all students at Grade X of Science 1, Science 3 and Social 2 in Senior High School 1 Mataram. This study is a descriptive qualitative research. The data source in this study is the number of utterances produced by students and teachers in the learning process. The data were collected through observation. This study revealed that: (1) there were divergent principles of politeness in participants’ directive speech act namely single and multiple divergent principles of politeness affected by speaker intentionally accused addressees, intentionally uttered by neglecting the context, was protective to other arguments, showed emotional feeling, given critiques in impolite words and mocked at other; and (2) there were factors affecting politeness and impoliteness in verbal and non-verbal directive speech act produced by students in learning process namely linguistic factor and non-linguistic factor.

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Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di SMA Bilingual

Madah Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.31503/madah.v10i1.823 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Rosinawati - Dewi

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Language Learning ◽

Boarding School ◽

Senior High School ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Social Distance Scale ◽

Data Source ◽

The Subject ◽

Collection Methods ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

Kesantunan merupakan hal penting yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan pematuhan prinsip-prinsip kesantunan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia dan skala kesantunan yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI SMA Al Abidin Bilingual Boarding School Surakarta. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskripsi kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan data berdasarkan fenomena yang ada secara empiris dan hasil bersifat apa adanya. Data penelitian berupa peristiwa tutur dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di SMA Al Abidin Bilingual Boarding School Surakarta. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik simak bebas libat cakap, teknik catat, dan rekam. Validitas data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber data dan triangulasi metode. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prinsip kesantunan yang mendominasi dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia di SMA Al Abidin Bilingual Boarding School Surakarta adalah (1) maksim kebijaksanaan, (2) skala jarak sosial yang digunakan siswa dengan siswa lainnya, (3) skala status sosial yang digunakan siswa dengan guru, dan (4) skala kedudukan relatif tuturan dalam pembelajaran terjadi dalam situasi resmi yang menggunakan bahasa Indonesia saat berinteraksi antar siswa dengan guru. Politeness are two important things that cannot be separated in learning activities. The purpose of this research is to explain the adherence to the principles of politeness in learning Indonesian dan the scale of politeness used in Indonesian language learning. The subject of this research is the students of grade 2 Al Abidin Bilingual Boarding Senior High School, Surakarta. Research methodology is descriptive qualitative which aims to generate data based on existing phenomenon empirically and the result is what it is. Research data is speech in learning Indonesian at Al Abidin Bilingual Boarding Senior High School Surakarta. Data collection methods that used in this research were uninvolved conversation observation, note taking, and recording technique. Validity of data in this research used triangulation technique of data source and triangulation method. The results of this research indicate that the dominant principle of politeness in Indonesian language learning in SMA Al Abidin Bilingual Boarding School Surakarta is (1) maxim of wisdom, (2) social distance scale used by students with other students, (3) social status scale used by students with teacher, (4) relative position scale of speech in learning occurs in official situations using Indonesian when interact between students and teachers.

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Tindak Tutur Guru dan Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia

JPGI (Jurnal Penelitian Guru Indonesia) ◽

10.29210/02353jpgi0005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Nelvia Susmita

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Learning Process ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Speech Act ◽

Learning Goals ◽

Crucial Aspect ◽

Teachers And Students ◽

The Subject ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

This research aims to describe the speech act of locussion, illocussion, and perlocussion in Bahasa Indonesia subject for students grade X SMAN 8 Kerinci. Speech act is a crucial aspect which is used in the teaching and learning process in the classroom. Therefore, it is important to concern the use of speech act done by both teachers and the students in order to accomplish the learning goals. The theories used to analize the speech act of the teachers and students in the learning process of Bahasa Indonesia subject in this research are proposed by Nadar (2008), Suadi (2014), Chaer (2010), Bonodari (20115), and Rehardi (2005). The type of this research is qualitative research. The subject of the research are teachers and students grade X in SMaN 8 Kerinci in the process of teaching and learning in Bahasa Indonesia subject. The technique of data collection are namely listening freely and speaking involved, recording techinque, and writing down technique. The technique of data analysis is equal pragmatics. The result of the research can be described as follow: it is found the speech act in form of locussion, illocussion, and perlocussion. The speech act of locussion includes the forms of news, questions forms and commands forms. The speech act of illocussion includes assertive illocussion, directive, expressive, commisive, and declarative. The speech act of perlocussion that was found is giving influences.

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THE POWER OF LANGUAGE IN EFL CLASSROOM OF A SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Indonesia ◽

10.23887/jpbi.v8i2.3452 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 41-58

Author(s):

Ni Wayan Anggi Septya Dianithi ◽

Putu Kerti Nitiasih ◽

I Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Qualitative Research ◽

Speech Act ◽

Classroom Interaction ◽

Senior High School ◽

Internal Motivation ◽

Expert Power ◽

Legitimate Power ◽

Power Base ◽

Directive Speech

This research was aimed at investigating powerful utterances and bases power used by the teachers in the classroom interaction. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected through observation and analyzed by using the theory of speech act proposed Searle, then to know the power the data were analyzed according to the theory of power proposed by French and Raven. The result of the study showed that in the classroom interrogative directive speech as the most frequently produced by the teachers were very powerful to make the students actively participated in the classroom interaction. However, expert power as the power base that mostly occurred in the interaction made the students depend on the teachers to learn. Legitimate power and informational power that less occurred were the power needed to be used in the classroom to build the students internal motivation and independence.

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PENERAPAN METODE BERMAIN PERAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA ASPEK BERBICARA

Madah Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.31503/madah.v6i2.385 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 223

Author(s):

Musa Ismail

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Language Learning ◽

Role Play ◽

Senior High School ◽

Language Teachers ◽

Literary Works ◽

Communication Ability ◽

The Subject ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

Indonesian language (IN) is one of the obligatory lessons in Senior High School. The learning of Indonesian language is pointed to the increasing ability of students. This aim to increase students ability to communicate in Indonesian language well and properly. The communication ability is expected especially in oral and written. Besides, students are hoped to be able to appreciate literary works. The objective of this research is to identify and to describe the implementation of role play method in the efforts to increase the activity of Indonesian language learning in speaking aspects and to identify and to get the description whether the implementation of the method can increase process and result speaking aspect of Indonesian language learning of students class XI IPS 1, Semester 1, SMAN 3 Bengkalis. The method used was classroom action method and the subject was class XII IPS 1, semester 1, SMAN 3 Bengkalis. The collection of data and information were carried out by observation, journal and document study. The result of the research showed that (1) The implementation of of role play method can increase the activities of speaking aspects in Indonesian language learning. On the 1st cycle1, 1st meeting, the percentage of students activities was 73% with the good category (3,6), while on the second meeting, it was 82% with the very good category (3,7). On the first meeting of the second cycle, the percentage of students activities became 83% with the very good category (4,3), while on the second meeting was 96% with the very good category (5,0), (2) The implementation of role play method is able to increase the result of speaking aspect in learning Indonesian language. On the first cycle, the students reserved effort was 73% while on the second cycle was 77%. Meanwhile, based on attachment 3, the classical completeness on cycle 1 reached 86%, on cycle 2, it increased 96%. Based on the result of the research, the researcher proposed that it would be better for the Indonesian language teachers to implement role play method for the materials that are suitable with . speaking aspects. The reason is that this method is proved to be able to increase the process and result of students learning. When implementing this method, teachers are hoped to give guidance, motivation, and explanation that more focused so that students can learn optimally.Abstrak Bahasa Indonesia (BI) merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran wajib di SMA. Pembelajaran BI diarahkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik. Hal ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa berkomunikasi dalam BI dengan baik dan benar. Kemampuan berkomunikasi yang diharapkan terutama secara lisan maupun tulisan. Selain itu, siswa diharapkan juga sanggup mengapresiasi hasil karya sastra. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan bagaimana penerapan metode bermain peran dalam upaya meningkatkan aktivitas pembelajaran BI aspek berbicara dan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan apakah penerapan metode bermain peran dapat meningkatkan proses dan hasil pembelajaran BI aspek berbicara siswa kelas XI IPS 1, Semester 1, SMAN 3 Bengkalis. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan subjek penelitian siswa kelas XII IPS 1, semester 1, SMAN 3 Bengkalis. Pengumpulan data dan informasi dilakukan melalui observasi/pengamatan, jurnal, dan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian, yaitu (1) Penerapan metode bermain peran dapat meningkatkan aktivitas pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia aspek berbicara pada siswa kelas XI IPS 1, Semester 1, SMAN 3 Bengkalis T.P. 2013/2014. Pada siklus 1 pertemuan 1, persentase aktivitas belajar siswa adalah 73 persen dengan kategori baik (3,6), sedangkan pertemuan 2 sebesar 82 persen dengan kategori baik (3,7). Pada siklus 2 pertemuan 1, persentase aktivitas belajar siswa menjadi 83 persen dengan kategori sangat baik (4,3), sedangkan pertemuan 2 sebesar 96 persen dengan kategori sangat baik (5,0); (2) Penerapan metode bermain peran dapat meningkatkan hasil pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia aspek berbicara siswa kelas XI IPS 1, Semester 1, SMAN 3 Bengkalis T.P 2013/2014. Pada siklus 1, daya serap siswa sebesar 73 persen, sedangkan siklus 2 sebesar 77 persen. Sementara itu, berdasarkan Lampiran 3, ketuntasan klasikal pada siklus 1 mencapai 86 persen, sedangkan pada siklus 2 meningkat menjadi 96 persen. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan agar guru mata pelajaran, khususnya Bahasa Indonesia sebaiknya menerapkan metode bermain peran untuk materi yang sesuai dengan aspek berbicara. Alasannya, metode ini terbukti mampu meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar siswa. Ketika menerapkan metode bermain peran untuk aspek berbicara, guru dituntut memberikan bimbingan, motivasi, dan penjelasan yang lebih terfokus agar siswa dapat melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan maksimal.

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Pola Pembelajaran Agama Islam di Madrasah dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Holistik: Studi Kasus di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 3 Sleman Yogyakarta

Sukma Jurnal Pendidikan ◽

10.32533/02105.2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 121-136

Author(s):

Zainal Arifin Ahmad

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Learning Process ◽

Single Unit ◽

Lesson Plan ◽

Senior High School ◽

Education Curriculum ◽

Holistic Learning ◽

The Subject ◽

Personal Community ◽

Learning Principles

This research aims at investigating the pattern of Islamic learning process at Yogyakarta-based Islamic senior high school-3 from holistic learning perspective. The research adopts qualitative approach. The research shows that the pattern of the Islamic learning process at the Islamic senior high school implemented in the unity of Islamic education curriculum with three main inseparable components, i.e. intra-curricular, extracurricular and hidden-curricular, has accommodated holistic learning principles. The accommodation can be evaluated from the implementation of basic holistic learning principles comprising of interconnectedness, wholeness and being. In spite of this accommodation, the research has found some weaknesses in the Islamic learning processs. First, the development of the five-level of learners potencies as envisioned in holistic learning, i.e. personal, community, social, planetary and cosmic, has not been formulated explicitly in the curriculum and lesson plan. The existing formulation only respects to the development of six dimensions of learners potencies, i.e. physical, emotional, intellectual, social, aesthetic, and spiritual. Second, the intra-curricular learning process is still more oriented to teaching for the test and less oriented to teaching for the whole task. Third, the subject matter of Islamic learning curriculum, i.e. al-Qur’an-Hadis, Akidah-Akhlak, and Fikih have not been integrated as a single unit. The three subject matters still stand on their own theme, and have not been integrated as a single unit. The research has successfully mapped out the characterizing pattern of quality development of Islamic learning process seen from the perspective of holistic learning at the madrasah.[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan pola pembelajaran agama Islam di MAN 3 Sleman Yogyakarta ditinjau dari perspektif pembelajaran holistik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembelajaran agama Islam di MAN 3 Sleman Yogyakarta yang diimplementasikan dalam kesatuan program pembelajaran intrakurikuler, ekstrakurikuler, dan hidden curricular secara umum telah mengarah kepada pola pembelajaran holistik. Dikatakan demikian karena dalam penerapan kesatuan tiga program pembelajaran tersebut ditemukan adanya penerapan tiga prinsip dasar pembelajaran holistik yang meliputi connectedness, wholeness, dan being. Hanya saja, dalam proses pembelajaran agama Islam tersebut masih terdapat beberapa kelemahan. Pertama, secara konseptual, pengembangan lima level potensi peserta didik (personal, komunitas, sosial, planetari, dan kosmis) sebagaimana dicanangkan dalam pembelajaran holistik belum terumuskan secara eksplisit dalam kurikulum maupun dalam perencanaan pembelajaran agama Islam. Rumusan yang ada hanya berkenaan dengan pengembangan enam dimensi potensi peserta didik (fisik, emosi, intelektual, sosial, estetika, dan spiritual). Kedua, proses pembelajaran agama Islam intrakurikuler masih lebih dominan berorientasi pada teaching for the test dan kurang berorientasi pada teaching for the whole task. Ketiga, materi pelajaran agama Islam intrakurikuler yang meliputi Akidah-Akhlak, al-Qur’an-Hadis, dan Fikih masih merupakan materi pelajaran yang berdiri sendiri-sendiri dan belum terintegrasi sebagai satu kesatuan untuk dapat memberikan kemampuan kepada peserta didik dalam melakukan tugas-tugas yang bersifat kompleks dan menyeluruh (whole task). Penelitian ini memberi kontribusi dalam memetakan karakteristik pola proses pembelajaran agama Islam di madrasah ditinjau dari perspektif pembelajaran holistik.]

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PEMBELAJARAN MATAPELAJARAN BIOLOGI MATERI LINGKUNGAN DI SEKOLAH MENGENGAH ATAS DAN DAYA DUKUNGNYA TERHADAP LITERASI LINGKUNGAN SISWA

Florea Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya ◽

10.25273/florea.v4i2.1857 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Prasetiyo Prasetiyo

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Qualitative Research ◽

Data Collection ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Environmental Literacy ◽

Senior High School ◽

Environmental Biology ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

The Subject

The purpose of this study is to know the learning and the carrying capacity of environmental literacy on the subject of environmental biology at Senior High School, apply the type of qualitative research and use purposive sampling in sampling, data collection by questioner and interview. The results showed that the learning done by the teacher has not fully supported the optimization of students' literacy.

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A Material Development of Speech Act as its Contribution For a Vocational High School English Handbook at an Eleven Grade

ETERNAL (English Teaching Journal) ◽

10.26877/eternal.v10i2.5131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Algajaladre Nadya Santoso ◽

Laily Nur Affini

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Qualitative Research ◽

Speech Acts ◽

Speech Act ◽

English Teacher ◽

Vocational High School ◽

High School English ◽

Material Development ◽

Directive Speech Acts ◽

Directive Speech

Theis research has a prominet goal, idenitfying types of speech acts uttered by an English teacher at a vocational high school. This work uses Searle’s theory to discover the dominant kinds of speech act employed by the teacher. The researchers also investigated the additional utterances in showing learning movement. The research methodology is descriptive-qualitative research, where the researcher found three kinds of speech act uttered by the teacher; directive, representative, and expressive. The researchers calculated the data finding and found 297 utterances which comprised of 246 directives utterances or 82,83% of overall data, 45 representative utterances or represented the 15.15% of data, and 6 expressive utterances which covered 2,02%. The most obtrusive was directive speech acts (82.83%) and the less frequent was expressive speech act (2.02%). The most obtrusive was directive speech acts because the teacher often used directives (questioning) to handle the students in the classroom and made sure that the students understand the aims of the English material.

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TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF MENYURUH TOKOH PROTAGONIS DALAM NOVEL BIDADARI-BIDADARI SURGA KARYA TERE LIYE/DIRECTIVE MEASURING OF PROTAGONIC CHARACTERS IN BIDADARI-BIDADARI SURGA NOVEL KARYA TERE LIYE

Aksara ◽

10.29255/aksara.v33i1.504.111-120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 111-120

Author(s):

Mia Salfita ◽

Ngusman Abdul Manaf

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Speech Acts ◽

Speech Act ◽

The Novel ◽

Main Character ◽

Pragmatic Theory ◽

Part Of Speech ◽

Data Source ◽

Directive Speech Acts ◽

Directive Speech

AbstrakPenelitian terhadap novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga karya Tere Liye ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kesantunan tindak tutur menyuruh pada tokoh protagonis dalam novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga karya Tere Liye. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga karya Tere Liye. Data penelitian ini adalah tindak tutur direktif menyuruh pada tokoh protagonis dalam novel tersebut. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara membaca dan memahami novel, mencatat kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat tokoh yang dapat dirumuskan sebagai bagian dari tuturan maupun tindak tutur menyuruh, dan menginventarisasikan data berdasarkan masalah-masalah tindak tutur direktif yang terdapat dalam novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga karya Tere Liye. Data dianalisis dan dibahas berdasarkan teori pragmatik. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan sembilan tuturan tindak tutur direktif menyuruh, yang menunjukkan bahwa tokoh protagonis dalam novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga karya Tere Liye cenderung melakukan tindak tutur menyuruh secara santun. Strategi bertutur tokoh utama dalam novel cenderung menggunakan tindak menyuruh kepada adik-adiknya. Kata kunci: tindak tutur direktif menyuruh, pragmatik, novel, Bidadari-Bidadari Surga AbstractThis research on the novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga by Tere Liye aims to explain the politeness of the speech acts of the protagonist in Tere Liye's novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data source in this research is the novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga by Tere Liye. The data of this research are directive speech acts ordered to the protagonist in the novel. Data were collected by understanding the novel, noting down words, phrases, clauses, or sentences that can be formulated as part of speech acts, and making an inventory of the data based on the problems of directive speech acts contained in Tere Liye's novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga. Data were analyzed and based on pragmatic theory. The results of this study shows nine directive ordered speech act utterances, which indicate that the protagonist in the novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga by Tere Liye tends to perform speech acts politely. The strategy of telling the main character in the novel tends to use commands to order his younger siblings. Keywords: directive speech act ordered, pragmatic, novel, Bidadari-Bidadari Surga

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ANALISIS FAKTOR PENGHAMBAT PROSES BELAJA MENGAJAR GURU MATEMATIKA SMA SE-KABUPATEN PULAU MOROTAI (Analysis of Problem Factors in learning process of Mathematics teachers)

EDUKASI ◽

10.33387/j.edu.v15i1.290 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zulkifli Taib

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Learning Process ◽

Complex Problem ◽

Senior High School ◽

Process Data ◽

Learning Success ◽

Learning Mathematics ◽

Key Word ◽

The Subject ◽

Real Action

This study is aimed to answer the question in this research such as: (1) wha problems are faced by the teachers in learning mathematics at Senior High school of Morotai? (2) what kinds of effort by the teachers in learning process? (3) what is the solution for the problems in learning process ? data collecting technique in this research is anklet, questioners, interview, observation, and documentation. The subject of this research is the of Mathematics subject at Senior High school Morotai Island which is consisted of 8 teachers. There are several angket which is possible to have as problem in learning process include of teachers, learning process, facility and learning evaluation. Generally, the result of this resereach shows that all the factors who have the potential to influence unsuccessable in learning mathematics subject. Otherwise, the dominant part here is the students who have a very low motivation and interest to learn mathematics subject. In overcoming that problem, all the teachers in Morotai Island do not yet carry out an real action to solve the problem as well wich is only SMAll meeting that carry out in learning process. Based on the result of the research above, it can be concluded that learning problem is a complex problem which must be paid attention. That is why, even the SMAll barrier can also influence the learning success as well. And the teacher at once has very big responsibility that must innovate students in learning process as well. Key word: Faktor penghambat, belajar-mengajar, matematika

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Directive Speech Act in Interactive Videos of Indonesian Language Learning in Senior High School

International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding ◽

10.18415/ijmmu.v7i11.2163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 157

Author(s):

Santi Oktavia ◽

Sarwiji Suwandi ◽

Budhi Setiawan

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Language Learning ◽

Speech Acts ◽

Interactive Video ◽

Speech Act ◽

Senior High School ◽

Directive Speech Acts ◽

Interactive Videos ◽

Directive Speech

Directive speech act is very important in learning interactions because it makes it easier for students to understand learning material. Seeing the COVID-19 pandemic situation, learning was carried out online, so teachers had to use other alternatives in delivering material. One of them is using digital media in the form of interactive video lessons. Interactive videos make it easier for students and teachers to carry out learning. This study aims to describe directive speech acts in interactive learning videos in high school. The data of this research is in the form of directive speech acts in interactive learning videos of Indonesian in Senior High School. The data source is an interactive video document of Indonesian language learning in Senior High School which was obtained from the Teacher Room and Senior High School Directory of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The technique of collecting data used listening and taking notes. The data validity used source and theory triangulation. The data analysis technique used interactive data analysis (Miles and Huberman). The results of the study concluded that there were fifty-three directive speech act data consisting of: requests for twenty-four data, orders as many as seventeen data, ordering as many as two data, and giving advice as many as ten data.

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