Changing Patterns of HIV-1 Transmission in Southern Brazil 1985–1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-206
Author(s):  
Breno R Santos ◽  
Eduard J Beck ◽  
Mario F Peixoto ◽  
Valerie Kitchen ◽  
Jonathan Weber
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Hiv 1

In order to describe the changing patterns of risk factors for HIV-1 transmission of patients using hospital services at an AIDS referral centre in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, data on demographic characteristics, referral patterns and risk factors at time of first presentation were collected prospectively on 405 patients between October 1985 and September 1991. Overall HIV-related patient workload increased during the study period, as did the proportion of infected female patients seen ( P < 0.05). Of all patients, 147 (36%) presented with symptomatic HIV disease and 77 (19%) presented with an AIDS defining condition; men were more likely to present with symptomatic disease than women. Approximately 156 (44%) of men were self-referred compared with 4 (8%) of the women ( P < 0.0001). Of the 357 infected men, 82 (23%) were bisexuals; of the 26 heterosexually infected women, 7 (24%) had bisexual male partners. These data suggest the increasing importance of heterosexual HIV transmission in this hitherto ‘low’ prevalence area, with male bisexuals constituting an important route through which heterosexual females are being infected in this area. The data also suggest that heterosexual women in Southern Brazil do not perceive themselves to be at risk for HIV-1 infection.

scholarly journals Herpes simplex virus 2 serostatus and viral loads of HIV-1 in blood and semen as risk factors for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men

AIDS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 1667-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Butler ◽  
Davey M Smith ◽  
Edward R Cachay ◽  
George K Hightower ◽  
Charles Thomas Nugent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Prevalence of and risk factors for HIV infection in blood donors and various population subgroups in Ethiopia

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. J. H. SENTJENS ◽  
Y. SISAY ◽  
H. VRIELINK ◽  
D. KEBEDE ◽  
H. J. ADÈR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Sexual Transmitted Disease ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

The aim was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and risk factors for HIV infection in various population subgroups in Ethiopia. Serum panels from blood donors (n = 2610), from various population subgroups in Ethiopia were tested for anti-HIV-1/2 by ELISA. All ELISA repeatedly reactive samples were subjected for confirmation by immunoblot (IB) and anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 specific ELISAs. 155/2610 (5·9%) blood donors were HIV-1 infected. Of pregnant women, 84/797 (10·5%) were HIV-1 infected, and 1/797 (0·1%) was HIV-2 infected. 1/240 (0·4%) individuals from the rural population were HIV-1 infected. 198/480 (41·3%) female attendees, and 106/419 (25·3%) male attendees at sexual transmitted disease (STD) clinics were HIV-1 infected. One (0·2%) male, and 2 (0·4%) female STD patients were infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2. It was concluded that the prevalence of HIV-1 infection varied from 0·4% among urban residents to 25·3–41·3% among STD attendees. There is a low prevalence of HIV-2 present in Ethiopian subjects. Risky sexual behaviour is significantly associated with HIV-infection in Ethiopia.

Genetic transmission networks reveal the transmission patterns of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshan Li ◽  
Rong Gao ◽  
Kexin Zhu ◽  
Feiran Wei ◽  
Kun Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Migrant People ◽  
Hiv 1

ObjectivesThe epidemic of HIV-1 CRF01_AE has become a major public health issue in China. This study aimed to characterise the transmission patterns of genetic networks for CRF01_AE nationwide and elucidate possible opportunities for prevention.MethodsWe isolated and conducted genetic transmission network analysis of all available CRF01_AE pol sequences (n=4704) from China in the Los Alamos HIV sequence database.ResultsA total of 1391 (29.6%) sequences were identified as belonging to 400 separate networks. Of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the networks, 93.8% were linked to other MSM and only 2.4% were linked to heterosexual women. However, 11.8% heterosexual women in the networks were linked to MSM. Lineages composed mainly of MSM had higher transmission than those that were mostly heterosexuals. Of the 1391 individuals in networks, 513 (36.9%) were linked to cases diagnosed in different provinces. The proportion of individuals involved in inter-province links was interrelated with the number of migrant people (Spearman’s r=0.738, p=0.001).ConclusionsThe outcome of this study could help improve our ability to understand HIV transmission among various regions and risk groups in China, and highlighted the importance of targeting MSM and migrants by prevention and intervention efforts.

scholarly journals HIV drug resistance and HIV transmission risk factors among newly diagnosed individuals in Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianwu Pang ◽  
Kailing Tang ◽  
Qin He ◽  
Jinghua Huang ◽  
Ningye Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
Common Mutation ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in the development of transmitted drug resistance (TDR), which reduces ART efficacy. We explored TDR prevalence and its associated risk factors in newly diagnosed individuals in Guangxi. Methods We enrolled 1324 participants who were newly diagnosed with HIV-1 and had not received ART at voluntary counselling and testing centres (VCT) in Guangxi, China, who had not received ART. Phylogenetic relationship, transmission cluster, and genotypic drug resistance analyses were performed using HIV-1 pol sequences. We analysed the association of demographic and virological factors with TDR. Results In total, 1151 sequences were sequenced successfully, of which 83 (7.21%) showed evidence of TDR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that there was significant difference between the prevalence of TDR and unmarried status (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.23–4.71), and CRF08_BC subtype (aOR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.13–3.64). Most cases of TDR were related to resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (4.87%) and V179E was the most common mutation detected. We identified a total of 119 HIV transmission clusters (n = 585, 50.8%), of which 18 (15.1%) clusters showed evidence of TDR (36, 41.86%). Three clusters were identified that included drug-resistant individuals having a transmission relationship with each other. The following parameters were associated with TDR transmission risk: Unmarried status, educational level of junior high school or below, and CRF08_BC subtype may be a risk of the transmission of TDR. Conclusions Our findings indicated that moderate TDR prevalence and highlighted the importance of continuous TDR monitoring and designing of strategies for TDR mitigation.

Acanthamoeba keratitis in Porto Alegre (southern Brazil): 28 cases and risk factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Leal dos Santos ◽  
Sergio Kwitko ◽  
Diane Ruschel Marinho ◽  
Bruno Schneider de Araújo ◽  
Claudete Inês Locatelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Acanthamoeba Keratitis ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Porto Alegre

RISK FOR PERINATAL HIV-1 TRANSMISSION ACCORDING TO MATERNAL IMMUNOLOGIC, VIROLOGIC, AND PLACENTAL FACTORS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Joseph Church
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Maternal Hiv ◽  
Maternal Hiv Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

Subgroups of HIV-infected women based upon maternal immunologic and placental characteristics had a risk of perinatal HIV transmission that varied from 7% to 71%. The impact of different risk factors for perinatal HIV vary over the course of maternal HIV infection.

scholarly journals Co-infection of Primary Syphilis and HIV after a Single Exposure - a Case Report

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
Stamatina Geleki ◽  
Eftychia Platsidaki ◽  
Christina Antoniou ◽  
Vasilios Paparizos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Primary Syphilis ◽  
First Case ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1- infected patients with syphilis are among the most important transmitters of HIV-1 infection due to biological effects of genital ulcerations, and aggravation due to their continued risky behavior. The association between primary syphilis and acute HIV-1 co-infection is not well documented, and reports on isolated cases are raising special interest and indicate that this double primary co-infection may occur. We present a case of a 31-year-old man with no past medical history who presented with fever, papular rash on the face which lasted for a few days, and a single genital ulcer. He was diagnosed with primary syphilis and primary HIV-1 infection after a single exposure with an infected female sex worker. Male-to-female HIV transmission during vaginal intercourse is significantly more likely than female-to-male HIV transmission. However, high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers contributed to high HIV transmission probability, as in our case. As far as the available world literature is concerned, this is the first case of co-infection of primary syphilis and HIV.

Sexual Transmission of HIV-1 Among Serodiscordant Couples in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 912-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marineide Gonçalves Melo ◽  
Breno Riegel Santos ◽  
Rita De Cassia Lira ◽  
Ivana S. Varella ◽  
Maria Lourdes Turella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Serodiscordant Couples ◽  
Sexual Transmission Of Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Association of plaque echostructure and cardiovascular risk factors with symptomatic carotid artery disease

VASA ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannoukas ◽  
Sfyroeras ◽  
Griffin ◽  
Saleptsis ◽  
Antoniou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ica Stenosis

Background: Severity of stenosis remains the main factor for assessing risk of stroke in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) disease. This study was conducted to investigate the association of plaque echostructure and other established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors with symptomatic ICA disease. Design: Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients with significant (> 50 %) ICA stenosis. Patients and methods: Carotid plaque echostructure, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate, cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and the Framingham risk score were assessed in 124 consecutive patients (70 asymptomatic; 54 symptomatic) with significant (> 50 %) ICA stenosis. Results: The asymptomatic and symptomatic groups did not differ in terms of gender distribution (p = 0.76) and severity of stenosis (p = 0.62). Echolucent plaques (type 1 and 2) were more predominant in patients with symptomatic disease (p = 0.004, OR = 2.13, 95 % CI = 1.26-3.6). Patients with plaques type 1 were relatively younger than those with type 4 (p = 0.02). None of the other factors assessed had any significant association with symptomatic disease and any type of carotid plaque. Conclusions: Besides the severity of carotid stenosis, the presence of an echolucent plaque appears as an important factor associated with symptomatic ICA disease. Also, young patients are more likely to have an echolucent plaque suggesting an age-related association with plaque maturation.

Risk Factors in Diabetes and Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections Compared to Younger Aged Female.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Abdulghani Mohamed Alsamarai ◽  
Shler Ali Khorshed
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infection is common with health impact in women and characterised by failure to treatment and recurrent episodes. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the risk factors for the development of urinary tract infection in diabetic and pregnant women in comparison to student female. Materials and methods: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted during the period from 1st of June 2015 to the end of January 2016. The population included in the study are 563 women, of them 425 were outpatients, and 138 were inpatients. Their age range between 18 and 80 years, with a mean age of 33.59±15.29 years. Urine samples collected and cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar by spread plate technique. Bacterial colonies with different morphology were selected, purified and identified according to their biochemical characteristics using conventional standard methods. Results: In diabetic women, there were no significant difference in mean age and BMI values between culture positive and culture negative groups. However, pus cell mean scale was significantly higher [P=0.000] in women with urinary tract infection [1.76±1.25] than in those with negative culture [0.69±1.00]. In pregnant women, BMI mean value was significantly [P=0.013] lower in pregnant women with UTI [26.14] as compared to those without infection [26.99]. Pus cell scale mean value was significantly [P=0.000] higher in pregnant women with UTI [1.55] than women with negative UTI [0.85]. While there was no significant difference in mean age between UTI positive and negative pregnant women. In female student, there was a significant difference between UTI infected and non-infected in mean age [P=0.041] and pus cell scale [P=0.000]. However, BMI was not significantly different between infected and non-infected female student. Other risk factors association are variables in the 3 groups when analysed using X2, while AUC and OR show different trends of association between risk factors and UTI. Conclusion: BMI, pus cell scale, child number, delivery method, operation history and hospital setting were significantly associated with culture positivity in the 3 studied groups as determined by AUC. While OR confirmed association with pus sale scale in the 3 groups.

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