Changing labour market risks in the service economy: Low wages, part-time employment and the trend in working poverty risks in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Brülle ◽  
Markus Gangl ◽  
Asaf Levanon ◽  
Evgeny Saburov
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
The One ◽  
Working Poverty ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Low Wages

The article presents an analysis of the development of labour market risks in Germany in light of changing working poverty risks. Low hourly wages and part-time employment are identified as the main demand-side-related mechanisms for household poverty. Their measurement and development are discussed as well as their contribution to trends in working poverty risks. A rise in low wages, especially among part-time employed households, was decisive for the increase in working poverty risks in Germany by 45% between the end of the 1990s and the end of the 2000s. We therefore study these trends more closely in the multivariate analysis. The results show that while low wages are unequally distributed across occupations and industries, shifts in employment between sectors explain only a minor part of the change in low wages. However, they reveal a polarization of low-wage risks by skill-level and sector of employment, on the one hand, and full-time and part-time employees, on the other hand.

THE ROLE OF ANTHROPONYMS IN THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF ARTISTIC WORKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (29) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Lidiya Derbenyova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Horizon Of Expectations

The article explores the role of antropoetonyms in the reader’s “horizon of expectation” formation. As a kind of “text in the text”, antropoetonyms are concentrating a large amount of information on a minor part of the text, reflecting the main theme of the work. As a “text” this class of poetonyms performs a number of functions: transmission and storage of information, generation of new meanings, the function of “cultural memory”, which explains the readers’ “horizon of expectations”. In analyzing the context of the literary work we should consider the function of antropoetonyms in vertical context (the link between artistic and other texts, and the groundwork system of culture), as well as in the context of the horizontal one (times’ connection realized in the communication chain from the word to the text; the author’s intention). In this aspect, the role of antropoetonyms in the structure of the literary text is extremely significant because antropoetonyms convey an associative nature, generating a complex mechanism of allusions. It’s an open fact that they always transmit information about the preceding text and suggest a double decoding. On the one hand, the recipient decodes this information, on the other – accepts this as a sort of hidden, “secret” sense.

scholarly journals Looking beyond Average Earnings: Why Are Male and Female Part-Time Employees in the UK More Likely to Be Low Paid Than Their Full-Time Counterparts?

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline Nightingale
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Low Pay

This article uses Labour Force Survey data to examine why male and female part-time employees in the UK are more likely to be low paid than their full-time counterparts. This ‘low pay penalty’ is found to be just as large, if not larger, for men compared to women. For both men and women, differences in worker characteristics account for a relatively small proportion of the part-time low pay gap. Of greater importance is the unequal distribution of part-time jobs across the labour market, in particular the close relationship between part-time employment and social class. Using a selection model to adjust for the individual’s estimated propensity to be in (full-time) employment adds a modest amount of explanatory power. Particularly for men, a large ‘unexplained’ component is identified, indicating that even with a similar human capital and labour market profile part-time workers are more likely than full-time workers to be low paid.

Gendering Work: Deconstructing the Narrative of the Japanese Economic Miracle

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Gottfried ◽  
Nagisa Hayashi-Kato
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employment Practices ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Economic Miracle ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Work Transformation ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
Institutional Legacies

The story of the Japanese system, held up as a model for economic prosperity and growth, underplays the role of non-standard labour in the narrative of `success'. Our analysis deconstructs the narrative of the Japanese economic miracle to shed light on this almost invisible pillar by tracing the historical development of non-standard employment among women. We find that this form of work constitutes a larger and faster growing share of total employment than heretofore realised, and that women account for most of the change. Rather than merely a residual dimension of Japanese employment practices, the evidence indicates that non-standard employment represents a key component of work transformation and underscores the salience of gender in the process of Japan's restructuring. We identify three institutional domains which help to explain this gendered pattern of labour market experiences in Japan: the labour market, the family, and the state. These institutional legacies set conditions for the development of the Japanese employment system which favours men as full-time wage earners and women as part-time wage workers and full-time care-givers.

Dualisation or normalisation of part-time work in the Nordic countries: work insecurity and mobility over time

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-242
Author(s):  
Jouko Nätti ◽  
Kristine Nergaard
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Work Insecurity ◽  
Part Time Work ◽  
Over Time

In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour markets. Furthermore, we investigate if there are differences between Norway, with its long tradition for normalised part-time jobs among women, and Finland, where full-time work has been the normal choice for women. Part-time jobs are more common among young persons, women, and in the service sectors. In both countries, part-time jobs are more insecure than full-time jobs. However, there is no strong tendency towards more insecure part-time jobs over time. We also examine mobility from part-time jobs to other positions in the labour market. In both countries, part-time work is characterised by high stability. Hence, the results do not give support for increased polarisation in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees. in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees.

Stepping in, stepping out or staying put? Part-time work and immigrant integration in Norway

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Cecilie Kavli ◽  
Roy A. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Risk Event ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Stable Part ◽  
Part Time Work

Migrants are often at a disadvantage in the labour market. Increased migration has therefore led to a strong focus in receiving countries on policy that can facilitate employment. Less attention is paid to working hours, contracts or type of work. The workplace is viewed as an arena where immigrants can improve language skills and establish contacts through which they can achieve upwards mobility in the labour market. We investigate transfers out of part-time work among immigrants and natives in Norway. By means of competing risk event history analyses, we compare transitions from part-time work to either full-time positions or exits from the labour market over five years among Norwegians and different groups of immigrants. Stable part-time is less common among immigrants than among natives, as immigrants have higher transfers to both full-time work and unemployment. Immigrants - men and women - have the same or higher likelihood of transitioning from part-time to full-time compared to natives. This suggest that immigrants are more often involuntarily in part-time and that they benefit from the opportunity to demonstrate their skills to employers. However, immigrants also have higher exit risk and this risk increases with short working hours, indicating a higher level of precariousness.

scholarly journals How does labour market history influence the access to hiring interviews?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-533
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Duguet ◽  
Rémi Le Gall ◽  
Yannick L’Horty ◽  
Pascale Petit
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Time Profile ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Sales Assistants

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence of the effect of labour market status on the current probability to be invited to a hiring interview. The authors compare the effect of periods of unemployment, part-time job and short-term contracts (STCs). Design/methodology/approach Correspondence tests were conducted for accountants and sales assistants. The authors estimate the discrimination components from the response rate of each candidate by the asymptotic least squares method. Findings The authors find that men with a part-time profile suffer discrimination in both professions. Other differences of treatment are specific: for accountants, the authors find that the probability of success decreases with the time spent in unemployment, while for sales assistants the probability of success is smaller with a history of STCs. Originality/value This study compares the effect of different dimensions of career history (part-time versus full-time, permanent versus short-term, unemployment versus employment) for experienced job candidates. It also proposes an alternative way to exploit the design of a correspondence experiment.

A Structure-Based Biomechanical Model for the Effect of Dissolution of Muscle Cells on Pig Arteries: Elastin Associated With Muscle and Extracellular Matrix

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristotelis Agianniotis ◽  
Alexander Rachev ◽  
Nikos Stergiopulos
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
In Series ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

We developed a structure-based model of the arterial wall to explain the effect of dissolution of smooth muscle cells (SMC) on the mechanical behavior of the artery and to obtain a better understanding of the interaction between the different wall components. Pressure-radius curves and dimensions of zero-stress configuration were measured in 5 control and 5 decellularized porcine common carotid arteries. We found that 13% of elastin is associated with the smooth muscle cells (SMC) whereas the rest 87% is associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Further, we found that the elastin related to SMC and the one related to the ECM have circumferential prestretches of 2.04 and 0.89, respectively. We conclude that the majority of elastic in the media is linked to ECM and is under compression at zero load, whereas a minor part is linked to VSM and is under tension (SMC related) at its zero load state. Upon chemical dissolution of the muscle cells elastin in series with SMC do not bear load allowing elastin connected to ECM to release its compressive prestress, leading to the expansion of the artery.

scholarly journals Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Jefferson ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Full Time Employment

The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.

Temporary part-time employment and future wages of male employees – a panel data analysis of the German labour market

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Piotr Matuszak
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Full Time Employment

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between temporary part-time employment and the wages male employees receive in subsequent full-time employment within the first five and the first ten years from the date of starting their full-time employment. The study uses data from the German labour market, obtained from the Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984–2014. The fixed effects estimator, which solves the unobserved heterogeneity issue by removing time-invariant individual effects by a ‘within’ transformation, was applied in the empirical analysis. The results indicate that having experience as a part-time worker is associated with lower future wages – a one-year increase in the number of years in part-time work in the last two to five years leads to a reduction in future wages in a full-time job by 4.4% on average, compared to having solely a full-time job experience. However, this relationship becomes statistically insignificant after five years of being employed full-time. The results are robust to different specifications and it is indicated that an inverse relationship between working below regular hours and future wages in full-time employment is related to working parttime in low- and medium-skilled occupations. At the same time, working part-time is less detrimental to future wages than periods of unemployment.

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