A model of chlorpyrifos distribution and its biochemical effects on the liver and kidneys of rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 991-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Tanvir ◽  
R Afroz ◽  
MAZ Chowdhury ◽  
SH Gan ◽  
N Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Test Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Biochemical Indices

This study investigated the main target sites of chlorpyrifos (CPF), its effect on biochemical indices, and the pathological changes observed in rat liver and kidney function using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Adult female Wistar rats ( n = 12) were randomly assigned into two groups (one control and one test group; n = 6 each). The test group received CPF via oral gavage for 21 days at 5 mg/kg daily. The distribution of CPF was determined in various organs (liver, brain, heart, lung, kidney, ovary, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle), urine and stool samples using GCMS. Approximately 6.18% of CPF was distributed in the body tissues, and the highest CPF concentration (3.80%) was found in adipose tissue. CPF also accumulated in the liver (0.29%), brain (0.22%), kidney (0.10%), and ovary (0.03%). Approximately 83.60% of CPF was detected in the urine. CPF exposure resulted in a significant increase in plasma transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels, a significant reduction in total protein levels and an altered lipid profile. Oxidative stress due to CPF administration was also evidenced by a significant increase in liver malondialdehyde levels. The detrimental effects of CPF on kidney function consisted of a significant increase in plasma urea and creatinine levels. Liver and kidney histology confirmed the observed biochemical changes. In conclusion, CPF bioaccumulates over time and exerts toxic effects on animals.

scholarly journals Prophylactic effect of vitamin E against hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, haematological indices and histopathology induced by diazinon insecticide in mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahla S. El-Shenawy ◽  
Rasha A. Al-Eisa ◽  
Fawzia El-Salmy ◽  
Omema Salah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Haematological Indices

Abstract Considering that the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the toxicity of various pesticides, this study was designed to study the ameliorative effect of Vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) on mice (25 - 30 mg) treated with diazinon (32.5 or 16.25 mg/kg body weight) organophosphate insecticide for 14 days. Subchronic DZN exposure and the protective effects of vitamins E (vitE) were evaluated for their effects on haematological indices, the enzymes concerning liver damage [plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotaransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatise (AIP), and some parameters of kidney function (urea and creatinine) in mice. Additionally, the histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissue were examined. The high dose of diazinon (DZNH) decreased the body weight significantly at the end of experiment. Additionally, the liver and kidney were examines for histopathological changes. The high dose of diazinon decreased body weight significantly. Moreover, there was a statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit (Hct) in diazinon-treated mice compared to controls. This decrease was partially remedied in the diazinon-treated group that also received vitE. Damage in the liver and kidney tissues was also evident as elevated plasma ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine. VitE partially counteracts the toxic effect of DZN and repairs tissue damage in the liver and kidney, especially when supplemented to 1/4 LD50 intoxicated animals. Histopathological changes in liver and kidney were observed only in 32.5 mg/kg DZN given group. These results suggest that the effects of DZN are dose dependent. No pathological findings were observed in vitE + DZN treated groups. According to the present study, we conclude that vitE can reduce the detrimental impacts of diazinon on haematological indicies, as well as liver and kidney function.

Effect of seawater immersion on pathophysiological changes in rats combined burns with open abdominal injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
lin ying ◽  
liu liangming ◽  
qu jifu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coagulation Function ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract Objective: To observe the effects of seawater immersion on the pathophysiological changes in rats combined burns with open abdominal injury.Method: Eighty-eight male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats combined burns with open abdominal injuries were randomly divided into the seawater immersion group (SI) and the control group (Ctl).Rats in SI group were immersed in seawater at 15℃ for 1 hour. The changes of respiration, blood pressure, rectal temperature, blood gases, blood electrolyte, liver and kidney function, coagulation function, heart damage and animal survival at different time points in the early stage (within 9 hours after injury) were observed.Result: After immersed in seawater, the body temperature of rats in SI group were significantly decreased, the respiration were remarkably inhibited and the blood pressure were obviously declined as compared to those in Ctl group. The blood pH of rats in SI group were significantly lower than those in Ctl group, showing severe acidosis(P<0.05). The changes of HCO3-, PCO2 and BE also presented the similiar trends(P<0.05). PO2 and PCO2 in SI group were significantly higher than those in Ctl group (P<0.05). However, the SaO2 in SI group were lower than those in Ctl group (P<0.05). Blood sodium and chlorine in SI group were higher than those in Ctl group, showing severe hypernatremia and hyperchloremia(P<0.05). The concentration of potassium and calcium were not obviously changed. The liver and kidney function parameters(AST,ALT,Urea,Crea) in SI group were lower than those in Ctl group 4 hours after injury(P<0.05), while myocardial damage markers (TNT) in SI group were higher than those in Ctl group. There were no significant differences in coagulation function between the two groups. The survival time of the SI group rats were shorter than those in Ctl group and the mortality was higher than those in Ctl group (66.7% vs 41.7%).Conclusion: Low-temperature seawater immersion might aggravate injury, accelerate animal death, induce hypothermia, respiratory depression, acidosis, hypernatremia and hyperchloremia. Immersing in low temperature seawater for 1 hour can cause myocardial damage, but it has protective effects on the liver and kidney. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to the secondary injury caused by seawater immersion in the emergency treatment of the wounded, such as rapidly rewarming, rectifying the acidosis and maintaining the stability of homeostasis of the wounded, so as to lay the foundation for the further definitive treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of a Combination of Ethanol Extract of Ficus capensis and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius on Liver and Kidney Function Parameters of Phenylhydrazine-Induced Anemic Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ezeigwe, Obiajulu Christian ◽  
Okpala, Chukwuemeka Obumneme ◽  
Ogbodo, Uchechukwu Chibuzo ◽  
Anwuna, Chioma Divine ◽  
Ngwu, Ogochukwu Rita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius ◽  
Body Tissues

Background: Anemia is a condition in which there is a reduced number of red blood cells or haemoglobin and iron concentration in the body thereby leading to a decreased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen to the body tissues. Objectives: The study was designed to investigate the effect of a combination of ethanol extract of Ficus capensis and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius in phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats. Methods: The animals were divided into five groups of five rats each. Group A served as normal control, Group B as anemic control, group C as standard drug control, groups D and E were treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of combined ethanol leaf extract of F. capensis and C. aconitifolius respectively. Phenylhydrazine was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. for two days to induce anemia in rats. The administration of the extract lasted for 14 days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood obtained through cardiac puncture for kidney and liver biomarkers analyses. Results: Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin and Kidney function parameters assayed in the anemic untreated group showed significant increases (p<0.05) compared to the normal rats which may be attributed to toxicity induced by phenylhydrazine. The groups treated with the ethanol extract at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the liver function parameters compared to the anemic untreated group. The creatinine and urea levels of the anemic untreated group increased more than the that of the test groups although the increase was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study suggests that combined ethanol leaf extract of F. capensis and C. aconitifolius is safe and can be effective in the treatment and management of anemia.

358 EXCESS EXPRESSION OF 11β-HSD1 CONTRIBUTES TO LETHALITY THROUGH DYSFUNCTION IN ENERGY BALANCE BETWEEN ANABOLIC PROCESS AND ENERGY RECOVERY PROCESS

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
H. Y. Kang ◽  
E.-B. Jeung
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Keto Form ◽  
Excess Production ◽  
Liver And Kidney

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) effectively amplifies glucocorticoid action in liver, adipose tissue, and brain. This enzyme converts the inactive 11-keto form into a glucocorticoid (e.g. cortisol). Glucocorticoids (GC) are steroid hormones found in the body and produced by the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids are lipophilic and readily access their intracellular receptors. Glucocorticoids regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. In a previous study, we constructed a vector composed of 2 parts: the 11β-HSD1 expression cassette and the selection cassette containing EGFP and Neo resistant genes. Porcine fibroblasts overexpressing 11β-HSD1 under the control of adipose tissue-specific aP2 promoter were established and used in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Somatic cells from the resulting stillborn transgenic piglets were used in a second round of SCNT. Non-obese, transgenic piglets overexpressing 11β-HSD1 were obtained and were identified through PCR-based methods using specific primers for the targeting cassettes from the genomic DNA of piglets. Six live piglets, 1 stillborn piglet, and 3 mummies were born. Integration of target gene into the genomic DNA was confirmed for all of them. However, all 6 live piglets died within 1 month. All of the piglets had displayed hypoglycemia. Increased expression of 11β-HSD1 in metabolic tissues induced up-regulation of gluconeogenesis-related genes (G6PT, G6Pase, PEPCK, HNF4a, FOXO1) in liver and kidney, and showed up-regulation of lipogenesis-related genes (SREBP1c, FASN, DGAT, ACC, SCD) in muscle. The AMPK and SIRT signalling, which controls energy balance and mitochondrial biogenesis, was also stimulated. We propose that overexpression of 11β-HSD1 evokes the excess production and action of glucocorticoid or its receptors, and activates gluconeogenic and lipogenic pathways. For this reason, AMPK and SIRT1 signalling was induced. Also, in compensation of energy loss by anabolic processes, the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes was increased. Finally, the constitutive expression of 11β-HSD1 might continuously activate complementary energy-gaining processes, and these problems could develop into more fatal diseases that resulted in the piglets' death.

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Famphur and Its Oxygen Analog in Tissues of Reindeer and Cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-263
Author(s):  
Marcellus C Ivey
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Flame Photometric Detector ◽  
Oxygen Analog ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector operating in the phosphorus mode provided a sensitive method for determining residues of famphur, O,O-dimethyl O-[p-(dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl]phosphorothioate, and its oxygen analog in reindeer and cattle tissues. With extraction and cleanup, 0.025 ppm famphur and 0.06 ppm oxygen analog could be detected in the body tissues. Recoveries of 73–100% were obtained from fat, muscle, liver, and kidney.

scholarly journals MIMOSINE - A NOVEL SUBSTANCE AND EVALUATE THE LIPID PEROXIDATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
DHANYA K G ◽  
THANGAVEL M
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Marker Enzyme ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Body Tissues

Objective: The mimosine is a novel substance extracted and purified from Mimosa pudica. The present study is to evaluate lipid peroxidation (LPO). Methods: The sox halation is used to differentiate extracts. Mimosine is purified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of M. pudica against alcohol-induced albino rats. This was evident from significant of M. pudica on LPO and antioxidants liver of rats. Results: By GC–MS and LC–MS, the mimosine is purified and it shows the highest peak. The phytochemical analysis of M. pudica and the activity of the enzyme antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase is 176.83 g and peroxidase is 0.989 g, were found to be present in the plant extract of M. pudica. In rat treated with toxic dose of alcohol, a significant increase in serum and liver were observed. Simultaneous oral administration of the aqueous extract of M. pudica reduced the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity to a significant extent compared to control. LDH, a cytosolic liver marker enzyme, is a regulator of many biochemical reactions in the body tissues and the fluid. Conclusion: The result obtained in our work, existence of bioactive substance proves that it is mainly used as a traditional medicine. The phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, tannin, phenolic, saponins, proteins, and amino acids. The liver showed that the induction of alcohol causes hepatic necrosis and injury, but it is cured by M. pudica.

scholarly journals Toxic Effects of Different Doses of Cyclophosphamide on Liver and Kidney Tissue in Swiss Albino Mice: A Histopathological Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandini Bhat ◽  
Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur ◽  
Supriya Padmashali ◽  
Vidya Monappa
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Test Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Regimen ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Albino Mice

BACKGROUND: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an anti- cancer drug, used in chemotherapy. This is a toxic drug which targets the cancer cells and also the normal cells of the body. The original compound is inactive in vitro and exercises its biologic action through metabolites, chiefly phosphoramide mustard. The objective is to study the harmful effects of this drug on liver and kidney tissues.METHODS: To study the effect of cyclophosphamide on histology of liver and kidney, 40 adult male mice were taken and divided into two groups: control and test. Those in the test group were injected with the drug at doses of 100, 200, 250 mg/kg body weight. They were then sacrificed on day 7, 28 and 42. The liver and kidney tissue was processed, sectioned and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin.RESULTS: Pathological changes were seen in the tissue within 7 days in high doses and after 28 days in low doses. As the dosage and the days administered increased, the changes were prominently seen and widespread. Pathology ranging from mild infiltration to necrosis and finally cytolysis were seen in liver and kidney tissue.CONCLUSION: Our study has demonstrated the effect of a progressive increase in dosage of cyclophosphamide in albino mice, and pathological alterations were observed in histology of liver and kidney by sequentially increasing both the dosage and duration of treatment. Subsequently, regular monitoring of liver and kidney function tests in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic regimen with administration of ahepato and nephroprotective agent becomes vital. 

scholarly journals Codeine-mediated Haematoxicity, Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Male Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abiodun Olusoji Owoade ◽  
Abdulrahman Abdullateef ◽  
Adewale Adetutu ◽  
Adewale Adetutu ◽  
Olubukola Sinbad Olorunnisola
Keyword(s):  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant ◽  
Biochemical Indices

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of codeine administration on some haematological and biochemical indices in rats. Materials and Methods: Therapeutic dose (5 mg/kg/day), high dose (25 mg/kg/day) and extreme dose (50 mg/kg/day) of codeine were administered orally to rats for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the last codeine administration, blood, liver and kidney were removed from the animals after an overnight fast and analysed for their haematological and biochemical parameters. Results: Results obtained revealed that codeine administration significantly reduced the levels of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and platelet count (PLT) and increased the levels of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)while it resulted in non-significant changes in other haematological parameters examined when compared with control rats. Codeine intake significantly increased plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine and urea while its reduced total protein levels. Hepatic and renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were significantly increased by codeine administration while levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were reduced. Conclusions: This study confirmed the risk of increased oxidative stress, haematoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity due to codeine administration. Although codeine is reported to be effective in pain management, its toxicity should be kept in mind.

scholarly journals PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF COMPRESSION THERAPY USE FOR PREVENTION OF SCARS AFTER BURNS

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
R. K. Volkov ◽  
T. V. Bihunyak
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Compression Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Compression ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Blood Exchange ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Mechanical squeezing of a skin cover by knitted clothes or its details is considered as the basic technological principle of compressive therapy. The definition of a level of squeezing the body by medical pressure clothes and manufacturing of an individual pattern for it sewing is offered to be carried out on the basis of physiologically adequate criteria of blood microcirculating of patients with various anthropometrical and functional blood pressure parameters with the help of the device - electronic tension-meter. Ischemization of the connective tissue parts of the scar, which is clinically confirmed by the foliation of the skin under compression elastic clothing, leads to a decrease in the mass of connective tissue and accelerated subsidence of the processes of inflammation and maturation of scar tissue. At the same time, the object affected by the compression therapy is the connective tissue that is formed, keeping the collagen fibers and fibroblasts in disorder. Creating a compression in excess of 25 mm Hg per cm2 in the early stages leads to a reduction in interstitial edema and limitation of excess formation of granulation tissue capillaries. According to the results of experimental and preliminary clinical studies, it was found that the optimum mechanical compression of the body tissues with elastic clothing is achieved by mechanical compression, which in quantitative terms corresponds to half of the average dynamic blood pressure, adjusted to the level of development of subcutaneous adipose tissue of the patient. In addition to the anatomical and physiological features of the structure of subcutaneous adipose tissue in different parts of the body, according to the results of clinical observations in people with different levels of vascular tone, it became necessary to take into account not only the average dynamic but also diastolic pressure, that largely determines the conditions of transcapillary blood exchange, resulting in additional compression of their outer compression clothing that can not only affect the level of local blood flow, but also the ability of hemodynamic function. While wearing medical clothing for compression therapy, the patient subjectively felt compression of the tissues, and objectively this was accompanied by mechanical pressure on the pressure sensor, and therefore – by switching on a light indicator, which indicated the achievement of the necessary mechanical impact on the compression therapy of the tissue. Thus, the suggested method provides a technological and accurate removal of the pattern of clothing for compression therapy, which will help to produce the optimal clothing size, and therefore to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

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