Codeine-mediated Haematoxicity, Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Male Albino Rats

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of codeine administration on some haematological and biochemical indices in rats. Materials and Methods: Therapeutic dose (5 mg/kg/day), high dose (25 mg/kg/day) and extreme dose (50 mg/kg/day) of codeine were administered orally to rats for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the last codeine administration, blood, liver and kidney were removed from the animals after an overnight fast and analysed for their haematological and biochemical parameters. Results: Results obtained revealed that codeine administration significantly reduced the levels of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and platelet count (PLT) and increased the levels of mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)while it resulted in non-significant changes in other haematological parameters examined when compared with control rats. Codeine intake significantly increased plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine and urea while its reduced total protein levels. Hepatic and renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were significantly increased by codeine administration while levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were reduced. Conclusions: This study confirmed the risk of increased oxidative stress, haematoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity due to codeine administration. Although codeine is reported to be effective in pain management, its toxicity should be kept in mind.

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Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of crude extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-021-00290-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rofiyat Omolara Raji ◽

Hadiza Lami Muhammad ◽

Abdulkadir Abubakar ◽

Sophia Shekwoyan Maikai ◽

Habibat Feyishara Raji

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Gymnema Sylvestre ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Biochemical Indices

Abstract Background Gymnema sylvestre is a reputable medicinal plant commonly explore for the management of diabetes and other ailments in traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the phytochemical compositions and effect of crude extract, hexane, and ethyl-acetate fractions of Gymnema sylvestre on biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats. Methods Albino rats were distributed randomly into a control group and nine treatment groups orally administered crude extract and fractions of Gymnema sylvestre (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW) for 21 days. Liver and kidney function indices, as well as hematological parameters, were monitored. Results Our results revealed that the crude methanol extract contains flavonoids (8.56 ± 0.50 mg/g), alkaloids (13.84 ± 0.67 mg/g), total phenol (1.98 ± 0.50 mg/g), saponins (23.85 ± 0.35 mg/g) and tannins (16.00 ± 0.34 mg/g). The crude methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of Gymnema sylvestre had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg BW in acute oral toxicity test. The extract and fractions at 300 and 600 mg/kg BW cause loss of body weight of the rats, significantly altered (p < 0.05) the levels of biochemical indices including the aspartate transaminases, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphates, bilirubin, proteins, urea, creatinine, and white blood cells (WBC) counts when compared with the non-treated control. However, the extract and fractions at 100 mg/kg BW did not cause any significant (p > 0.05) alterations to the levels of biochemical and hematological parameters when compared with the non-treated control. Conclusion Gymnema sylvestre at sub-acute doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg BW could compromise the functional integrity of the rats’ liver and kidney. The study, therefore, suggested the use of Gymnema sylvestre for oral remedy at a dose of 100 mg/kg or below.

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The ameliorating effect of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract on albino rats treated with isoniazid

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0059 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kavisa Ghosh ◽

N. Indra ◽

G. Jagadeesan

Keyword(s):

Reduced Glutathione ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Centella Asiatica ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Oxidative Status ◽

Effective Concentration ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Histological Studies ◽

Liver And Kidney

AbstractBackground:Isoniazid, also called isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH), is a commonly used drug for treating tuberculosis. The main drawback is its toxic side effects.Methods:The adverse effects induced by INH (50 mg/kg bw) administration on haematological parameters, oxidative status (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione), liver and kidney function markers, and their amelioration by various concentrations of CA (20, 40, 60, and 100 mg/kg bw) or silymarin (SIL) (50 mg/kg bw, administered before 1 h of INH treatment for 30 days to rats) were studied. Moreover, histological studies were carried out in liver and kidney tissues of rats treated with the most effective concentration to further support the possible effectiveness of CA on INH-intoxicated rats.Results:All the affected parameters returned to near-normal levels, and the effective concentration of extract was found to be 100 mg/kg bw. The histology of both the liver and the kidneys subsequently supported the effectiveness of CA (100 mg/kg bw).Conclusions:Altogether, the results suggest that CA at 100 mg/kg bw can substantially reduce the toxic effects of INH.

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes a Marked Increase in Liver α-Tocopherol and Liver α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein in C57BL/6 J Mice

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000007 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 65-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pei-Min Chao ◽

Wan-Hsuan Chen ◽

Chun-Huei Liao ◽

Huey-Mei Shaw

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Control Group ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Control Groups ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Transfer Protein ◽

And Control

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the positional and geometric isomers of a conjugated diene of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6). The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether levels of hepatic α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and antioxidant enzymes in mice were affected by a CLA-supplemented diet. C57BL/6 J mice were divided into the CLA and control groups, which were fed, respectively, a 5 % fat diet with or without 1 g/100 g of CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) for four weeks. α-Tocopherol levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the CLA group than in the control group. Liver α-TTP levels were also significantly increased in the CLA group, the α-TTP/β-actin ratio being 2.5-fold higher than that in control mice (p<0.01). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly decreased in the CLA group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The accumulation of liver α-tocopherol seen with the CLA diet can be attributed to the antioxidant potential of CLA and the ability of α-TTP induction. The lack of changes in antioxidant enzyme protein levels and the reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of CLA mice are due to α-tocopherol accumulation.

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Biochemical Studies on Phenylhydrazine Induced Experimental Anemic Albino Rats

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v3i1.13258 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 41-47

Author(s):

Nirjala Laxmi Madhikarmi ◽

Kora Rudraiah Siddalinga Murthy

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Lipid Hydroperoxide ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Biochemical Studies ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Wistar Albino Rats

INTRODUCTION: The present study evaluated the modulatory effects of diphenylhydrazine induced experimental wistar albino rats and also to assess various biochemical parameters in whole blood and red blood cell lysate.MATERIALAND METHODS: Twenty male albino rats weighing 180-200 gm were selected for the study and divided in two groups; ten phenylhydrazine dihydrochloride (PHZ) induced anemia and ten healthy control. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxide were measured as lipid peroxidation parameter. The antioxidant vitamins A, C and E and enzymatic antioxidants; catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also assessed.RESULTS: Phenylhydrazine induced anemic rats showed a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation and decrease in the antioxidants as compared to healthy rats.CONCLUSION: The study concludes that phenylhydrazine induced experimental anemic albino rats showed increased oxidative stress than compared with healthy albino rats.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol. 3, No. 1, 2015: 41-47

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Exposure to a “safe” dose of environmental pollutant bisphenol A elevates oxidative stress and modulates vasoactive system in hypertensive rats

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/09603271211053285 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096032712110532

Author(s):

Manigandan Nagarajan ◽

Boobalan Raja ◽

Jeganathan Manivannan

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Bisphenol A ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Environmental Pollutant ◽

Ros Generation ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Hypertensive Rats ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Ace Activity ◽

Safe Dose

Due to the prevalence of hypertension (one of the major risk factors of CVD) in the population, it is necessary to explore the adverse effects of daily tolerable and “safe” dose of bisphenol A (BPA) under hypertensive conditions. The current study exposed the Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 40 mg/kg b.w/day) induced hypertensive Wistar rats to BPA (50 μg/kg b.w/day) by oral administration along with appropriate controls for 30 days period. The results illustrate that a ‘safe’ dose of BPA does not influence the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and levels of circulatory biomarkers of tissue damage. On the other hand, BPA exposure significantly ( p < 0.05) elevates the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content in plasma and tissues (heart, aorta, liver and kidney) in hypertensive rats when compared with respective control (BPA alone exposed) rats. Similarly, a significant modulation of ROS generation in RBC, plasma nitric oxide (NO) level and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was observed only under hypertensive milieu. In conclusion, the observed adverse effects during ‘safe’ dose of BPA exposure are specific to the hypertensive condition. Therefore, a precise investigation to explore the effects of BPA exposure in vulnerable hypertensive populations is highly suggested.

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In vitro Antioxidant and In vivo Hepatocurative and Nephrocurative Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis in Albino Rats

Sumerianz Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.47752/sjb.43.114.125 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 114-125

Author(s):

Mohammed A. Sulaiman ◽

Mahmoud S. Jada ◽

Augustine Elizabeth ◽

Abubakar Umar Modibbo

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Ameliorative Effect ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Aqueous Leaf Extract

The in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo hepatocurative and nephrocurative potential of Newbouldia laevis aqueous leaf extract (NLALE) was evaluated. The study used 30 male, albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 180 ± 20 g, of which 25 were intoxicated by oral administration of a single dose of diclofenac (100 mg/kg b. wt.). Animals were treated by oral administration of silymarin (200 mg/kg b. wt.), furosemide (1.5 mg/kg b. wt.) and NLALE (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b. wt.) for seven consecutive days before animals were sacrificed on the 8th day and serum/plasma was analyzed for biochemical markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Phytochemical screening of NLALE revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids and tannins. The extract scavenged DPPH radical, reduced Fe3+ and inhibited TBARs in comparable manner to ascorbic acid in vitro. NLALE also attenuated diclofenac-induced liver and kidney intoxication as indicated by the significantly (p<0.05) reduced levels of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity: ALT, AST, bilirubin, but increased total protein levels and nephrotoxicity: urea, creatinine, Na+ and K+. The observed effects are dose dependent as the 400 mg/kg b. wt. appeared to be more potent than the 200 mg/kg b. wt. dose. It may be concluded from this study that Newbouldia laevis leaf has ameliorative effect against diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity probably through antioxidative mechanism and the curative claim and the folkloric use of the plant in the treatment of liver and kidney diseases have been scientifically validated

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A model of chlorpyrifos distribution and its biochemical effects on the liver and kidneys of rats

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327115614384 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (9) ◽

pp. 991-1004 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

EM Tanvir ◽

R Afroz ◽

MAZ Chowdhury ◽

SH Gan ◽

N Karim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Kidney Function ◽

Test Group ◽

The Body ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Body Tissues ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Biochemical Indices

This study investigated the main target sites of chlorpyrifos (CPF), its effect on biochemical indices, and the pathological changes observed in rat liver and kidney function using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Adult female Wistar rats ( n = 12) were randomly assigned into two groups (one control and one test group; n = 6 each). The test group received CPF via oral gavage for 21 days at 5 mg/kg daily. The distribution of CPF was determined in various organs (liver, brain, heart, lung, kidney, ovary, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle), urine and stool samples using GCMS. Approximately 6.18% of CPF was distributed in the body tissues, and the highest CPF concentration (3.80%) was found in adipose tissue. CPF also accumulated in the liver (0.29%), brain (0.22%), kidney (0.10%), and ovary (0.03%). Approximately 83.60% of CPF was detected in the urine. CPF exposure resulted in a significant increase in plasma transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels, a significant reduction in total protein levels and an altered lipid profile. Oxidative stress due to CPF administration was also evidenced by a significant increase in liver malondialdehyde levels. The detrimental effects of CPF on kidney function consisted of a significant increase in plasma urea and creatinine levels. Liver and kidney histology confirmed the observed biochemical changes. In conclusion, CPF bioaccumulates over time and exerts toxic effects on animals.

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High-dose testosterone supplementation disturbs liver pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and function in adolescent male Wistar rats undergoing moderate-intensity endurance training

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e10228

Author(s):

Ewa Sadowska-Krępa ◽

Barbara Kłapcińska ◽

Anna Nowara ◽

Sławomir Jagsz ◽

Izabela Szołtysek-Bołdys ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endurance Training ◽

Low Dose ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Adolescent Male ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

High Dose ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Androgenic Steroid ◽

Male Wistar Rats

In some countries, anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse is rampant among adolescent boys and young men, including some of those seeking physical fitness and/or pleasing appearance through various exercise types. This tactic carries the risk of severe harmful health effects, including liver injury. Most anabolic-androgenic steroid stacking protocols employed are based on the use of the ‘prototypic’ anabolic-androgenic steroid testosterone and/or its esters. There is a vast body of data on the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids’ abuse combined with physical exercise training on the liver antioxidant barrier in adult subjects, whereas those concerning adolescents are scant. This study aimed to assess, in adolescent male Wistar rats undergoing a 6-week moderate-intensity endurance training (treadmill running), the influence of concurrent weekly supplementation with intramuscular testosterone enanthate (TE, 8 or 80 mg/kg body weight/week) on selected indices of liver status and oxidative stress. The rats were sacrificed, and their livers and blood samples were harvested two days after the last training session. High-dose TE treatment significantly reduced body and liver weight gains. Neither low-dose nor high-dose TE treatment affected liver α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol content, whereas low-dose TE treatment significantly lowered hepatic reduced glutathione content. TE treatment significantly elevated liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content and blood activities of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase, but not of aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase. Liver catalase activity was lowered by >50% in both TE-treated groups, while superoxide dismutase activity was significantly but slightly affected (−15%) only by the high-dose TE treatment. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were not significantly altered. TE treatment significantly increased liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content and lowered blood HDL-cholesterol, but did not significantly affect LDL-cholesterol or triglycerides level. In conclusion, high-dose TE treatment significantly disturbed liver antioxidant barrier and prooxidative-antioxidative balance and hence counteracted favorable effects of concurrent moderate-intensity endurance training in adolescent male rats.

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Effects of Four Local Species of Beans Consumed in South-eastern Nigeria on Selected Biochemical Indices of Wistar Albino Rats

10.54117/iijbs.v1i1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Jonathan C. Ifemeje ◽

◽

Chukwuebuka Egbuna ◽

Chukwuemelie Zedech Uche ◽

Michael Chinedu Olisah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Local Species ◽

Normal Rat ◽

Wistar Albino Rats ◽

Biochemical Indices

The chemical composition and the effects of four local species of beans on the liver and kidney function of Wistar albino rats were examined. The four beans species are Cajanus Cajan, Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis, Phaseolus vulgaris L ‘Red kidney’, and Phaseolus vulgaris 'Black turtle’. The results obtained for the proximate composition analysis revealed that the protein content of the bean species was higher in P. vulgaris L ‘Red kidney’ (18.54±0.01a %), and P. vulgaris 'Black turtle’ (18.36±0.01a %) with no significant difference at P< 0.05. The phytochemical composition analysis revealed that the beans contain various phytochemicals including some anti-nutritional factors. The mineral composition analysis shows that V. u. subsp. Sesquipedalis had a higher level of minerals (4.80±4.43a mg/100g) followed by C. cajan (3.24±2.64b mg/100g). The experimental design comprises of 30 male Wistar albino rats distributed into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Each group except the control received 50g of normal rat feed + 100g of beans body weight. The effects of the beans species on the biochemical parameters suggest no adverse effects when compared to the control. Despite that, these beans contain high nutritional components that are of nutritional interest as as well as some anti-nutritional factors.

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