Driver stopping behavior at stop-controlled intersections with sightline limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1471-1475
Author(s):  
Branden S. Kolarik ◽  
Kyra B. Phillips ◽  
Jacqueline F. Zimmermann ◽  
David A. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Full View ◽  
Minimum Speed ◽  
Stop Sign ◽  
Explained Variation ◽  
Do So ◽  
Observed Behavior

Though drivers approaching a stop-sign-controlled intersection are legally required to stop at the limit line if one is present, it is well established that many drivers fail to do so. At many intersections, stopping at the limit line does not afford drivers a full view of approaching traffic, so drivers must travel past the limit line to overcome sightline obstructions including vegetation, buildings, or parked vehicles. In the present observational study, typical driver stopping/slowing behavior was studied via a camera placed at three stop-sign-controlled T-intersections. The presence of buildings at the corner of two intersections, obstructing drivers’ sightlines, explained variation in stopping behaviors across intersections. While drivers were more likely to stop at these two intersections, they reached a minimum speed further past the limit line. The findings support overcoming sight restrictions as one possible reason for the commonly observed behavior of drivers slowing or stopping beyond the limit line.

scholarly journals Preferences for Truth‐Telling

Econometrica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1115-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Abeler ◽  
Daniele Nosenzo ◽  
Collin Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Do So ◽  
Observed Behavior

Private information is at the heart of many economic activities. For decades, economists have assumed that individuals are willing to misreport private information if this maximizes their material payoff. We combine data from 90 experimental studies in economics, psychology, and sociology, and show that, in fact, people lie surprisingly little. We then formalize a wide range of potential explanations for the observed behavior, identify testable predictions that can distinguish between the models, and conduct new experiments to do so. Our empirical evidence suggests that a preference for being seen as honest and a preference for being honest are the main motivations for truth‐telling.

scholarly journals Social Interaction and Social Media At Airport Departure Gates

2021 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gate Time ◽  
Observed Behavior

An observational study was conducted at airline departure gates in several U.S. and European countries. Thirty-second observations were randomly made of 1360 different individuals ranging in age from infants to the elderly, although 79% of the travelers were adults. Most of the individuals were traveling with someone, except for adults who were more often traveling alone (58% vs. 42% time). Of the different types of social interaction and social media observed, cell phone texting/scrolling was significantly more frequently observed (at 53% time) than cell phone talking (13 % time), face-to-face interaction (13% time), on computer (7%) and touching (4%) which was the least frequently observed behavior. Significantly more cell phone texting/scrolling time occurred when adults were traveling alone (58% time). These data suggest that airline travelers are spending significantly more airport departure gate time on social media (specifically cell phone texting/scrolling) than face-to-face interaction or touching. Unfortunately, the observations that were made by professors and students were from too great a distance (10 feet away) in order to be unobtrusive but unable to code the precise type of cell phone texting/scrolling that was occurring.

Partisans use emotions as social pressure: Feeling anger and gratitude at exiters and recruits in political groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406882110187
Author(s):  
Andrew W Delton ◽  
John V Kane ◽  
Michael Bang Petersen ◽  
Theresa E Robertson ◽  
Leda Cosmides
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Political Group ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Social Affiliations ◽  
Political Groups ◽  
Do So

Political collective action requires assembling and motivating supporters. Many theories view emotions as functional tools for managing relationships, including within groups. We study what leads citizens to use the emotions anger and gratitude as social pressure. Specifically, we test what determines the use of these emotions to prevent potential exiters from leaving a political group and to encourage potential recruits to join. Because parties are enduring social affiliations (compared to transient or issue-focused groups), we predicted that partisans would express stronger emotions. We tested this proposition in two separate studies—one an observational study featuring a representative sample of US adults and one an experimental study conducted in Denmark. As predicted, people with a partisan mindset, whether naturally occurring or experimentally manipulated, felt more anger and gratitude at potential exiters and recruits. Citizens strive to fortify and expand their ingroups and sometimes use emotions as social pressure to do so.

Dictating the Risk: Experimental Evidence on Giving in Risky Environments: Comment

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 836-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Krawczyk ◽  
Fabrice Le Lec
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Dictator Games ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Do So ◽  
Observed Behavior

Based on experimental dictator games with probabilistic prospects, Brock, Lange, and Ozbay (2013) conclude that neither ex post nor ex ante comparisons can fully account for observed behavior. We argue that their conclusion that ex ante comparisons cannot explain the data is at best weakly supported by their results, and do so on three grounds: (i) the absence of significant differences between the most relevant treatments, (ii) the implicit assumption of subjects' risk neu trality, and (iii) the asymmetry of treatments regarding the disclosure of dictators' choice. (JEL C72, D63, D64, D81)

scholarly journals Welcome to Champ Camp: An Observational Study on the Education and Preparation of Youth Athletes for a Multi-sport Games

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Naraine
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Educational Training ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Sport Competition ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Do So

Youth multi-sport events offer athletes an opportunity to prepare and train for traditional (adult) multi-sport competitions like the Olympic Games, but simultaneously raises questions as to how athletes train and prepare for the former. Thus, the purpose of this study was to uncover how youth athletes were being educated and prepared for a multi-sport games, and whether this preparation was congruent with the circumstances that athletes would encounter. To do so, the Australian Olympic Committee’s “Champ Camp” pre-Games summit was observed, documenting the educational training youth athletes received prior to attending the 2018 Buenos Aires Youth Olympic Games. The findings indicate that youth athletes experienced an overload of information that focused on professionalization, and ignored social issues (e.g., sexual health) that were experienced at the Games. The findings underscore the importance of increasing socialization activities in preparing for a youth multi-sport competition.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

Debates in Dysphagia Management: How Do You Use Evidence-Based Practice in Your Dysphagia Patient Care?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-123
Author(s):  
Jeri A. Logemann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Do So

Evidence-based practice requires astute clinicians to blend our best clinical judgment with the best available external evidence and the patient's own values and expectations. Sometimes, we value one more than another during clinical decision-making, though it is never wise to do so, and sometimes other factors that we are unaware of produce unanticipated clinical outcomes. Sometimes, we feel very strongly about one clinical method or another, and hopefully that belief is founded in evidence. Some beliefs, however, are not founded in evidence. The sound use of evidence is the best way to navigate the debates within our field of practice.

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