Aging and Retention of Newly Acquired Skill: Does Performance Predict Retention of Underlying Learning?

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Peter J. Batsakes ◽  
Arthur D. Fisk
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Transfer Session ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Age Related

In this study, we evaluated age-related decay characteristics of the learning supporting skilled performance. We directly assessed the retention of performance and learning associated with skilled visual search. Ninety older (63 to 79 yrs.) and 90 younger (19 to 25 yrs.) adults received 6300 trials of consistent semantic category search. A transfer session assessed automatic process development. After either 2, 4, or 8 weeks participants returned for retention testing. At retention we evaluated trained performance, learning associated with strength of attention training (AARs), and optimal feature search. For young adults, the AAR declined but remained strong even after eight weeks of disuse. Older adults exhibited minimal automatic activation strength before and (not surprising) after the retention interval. However, when retention performance not supported by AARs was examined (learning due to the development of optimal search) age-related effects were minimized. Contrary to other learning domains, older adults' retention performance was less affected than young adults' by the interfering processing activity performed prior to the retention interval. Issues of instructional and system design are discussed as mechanisms to promote age-dependent retention of skilled performance.

make a telephone call once a day for 5 days when they the two paradigms. Specifically, the exact motoric re-associated the activity with other routine daily events quirements of many naturally occurring intentions (so-called "conjunction" cues) than when internal or (e.g., "buy birthday present") may not be sufficiently other external cues (e.g., diaries) were used. The exact well specified at encoding (or throughout the role of daily structure in the fulfilment of delayed retention interval), to allow the representation of these intention tasks in young and older adults remains to be activities to benefit from the kind of preparatory established, however, particularly as Maylor's study did processing that we have argued supports the not include a comparison of the use and effectiveness representation of more well-defined (laboratory-based) of conjunction cues between these two age groups. It actions. Indeed, not all naturally occurring intentions is interesting to note in this regard that an attempt has involve action-based responses. Some of the activities been made to enhance older adults' prospective memory generated by participants in the prospective and performance in a laboratory setting by using tasks that retrospective fluency tasks, for example, could be are intended to mimic the richness and structure of daily classified as involving primarily verbal responses life events (e.g., Rendell & Craik, 2000). Age-related (e.g., to have a conversation with someone or to pass declines have still been obtained under these conditions, on a message), while others represent purely thought-however, perhaps because the tasks are not readily able based or cognitive tasks (e.g., "choose holiday to capture or recreate the familiarity and personal destination"). The exact role of preparatory motoric relevance of the individuals' own routines. processing in successful prospective remembering remains to be established, however, as laboratory Intention-superiority effects for naturally studies of the ISE have typically used experimenter-occurring and laboratory activities initiated retrieval, which removes the need for participants to remember to carry out the actions for The current findings reveal a clear age-associated themselves when a designated retrieval context impairment in the ability to access naturally occurring arrives. intentions in a speeded fluency task undertaken during the retention interval between intention formation and Conclusion completion. This is in contrast to the findings of Freeman and Ellis (in press-b), which demonstrated an equivalent In summary, this study revealed a clear age-related de-advantage for to-be-enacted laboratory-based actions cline in the ability to access intention representations over actions not intended for enactment in young and prior to completion, with more intended activities failing healthy older adults. We have argued elsewhere (e.g., to come to mind in the prospective fluency task for older Freeman & Ellis, in press-a) that there may be similarities adults than for young adults. There was no apparent between the advantage for to-be-enacted laboratory-age difference in the inaccessibility (or inhibition) of based actions and the advantage that is frequently already completed intentions, however, with both age observed for verbally presented action words that have groups demonstrating evidence of an intention-been enacted during encoding (the subject-performed completion effect. Despite reduced intention task effect; Cohen, 1981). More specifically, the accessibility during the retention interval, older adults intention-superiority effect for simple motor actions reported having carried out more of their intended intended for enactment after a short delay might reflect activities during the week than did young adults. the operation of covert motoric or SPT-type encoding Interestingly, this appeared to be the case primarily for or rehearsal operations aimed at preparing these actions intentions for which no specific retrieval aids had been for imminent execution. These could include operations used. One possibility is that older adults may for setting the parameters of the action schema to be compensate for impaired intention accessibility by executed in terms of its duration, direction, and force. relying more on the ongoing sequence of daily routine The absence of an age difference in the accessibility of events to support intention retrieval and execution. This laboratory-based intentions mirrors the finding of is consistent with the observation of an age-related reduced age-related declines in memory for SPTs and increase in the temporal organization of activities pro-suggests that covert motoric processing may be duced in the prospective fluency task. In line with this, undertaken relatively automatically for this type of while there was a correlation between intention acces-material. sibility and intention completion in young adults, sug-The apparent discrepancy between age differences gesting a role for the intention-superiority effect in in the ISE for naturally occurring and experimental prospective memory performance in this population, intentions might therefore reflect a fundamental there was no evidence of this relationship among older difference in the nature of the activities involved in adults.

2003 ◽  
pp. 34-34
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fluency Task

Inefficient Encoding as an Explanation for Age-Related Deficits in Recollection-Based Processing

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Friedman ◽  
Ray Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Episodic Memories

A cardinal feature of aging is a decline in episodic memory (EM). Nevertheless, there is evidence that some older adults may be able to “compensate” for failures in recollection-based processing by recruiting brain regions and cognitive processes not normally recruited by the young. We review the evidence suggesting that age-related declines in EM performance and recollection-related brain activity (left-parietal EM effect; LPEM) are due to altered processing at encoding. We describe results from our laboratory on differences in encoding- and retrieval-related activity between young and older adults. We then show that, relative to the young, in older adults brain activity at encoding is reduced over a brain region believed to be crucial for successful semantic elaboration in a 400–1,400-ms interval (left inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC; Johnson, Nessler, & Friedman, 2013 ; Nessler, Friedman, Johnson, & Bersick, 2007 ; Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, & Friedman, 2006 ). This reduced brain activity is associated with diminished subsequent recognition-memory performance and the LPEM at retrieval. We provide evidence for this premise by demonstrating that disrupting encoding-related processes during this 400–1,400-ms interval in young adults affords causal support for the hypothesis that the reduction over LIPFC during encoding produces the hallmarks of an age-related EM deficit: normal semantic retrieval at encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition accuracy, free recall, and the LPEM. Finally, we show that the reduced LPEM in young adults is associated with “additional” brain activity over similar brain areas as those activated when older adults show deficient retrieval. Hence, rather than supporting the compensation hypothesis, these data are more consistent with the scaffolding hypothesis, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span in the face of momentary increases in task demand due to poorly-encoded episodic memories.

Mechanism of Sequential Swallowing During Straw Drinking in Healthy Young and Older Adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie K. Daniels ◽  
David M. Corey ◽  
Leslie D. Hadskey ◽  
Calli Legendre ◽  
Daniel H. Priestly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Laryngeal Penetration ◽  
Airway Invasion ◽  
Edge Location

Recent research has revealed differences between isolated and sequential swallowing in healthy young adults; however, the influence of normal aging on sequential swallowing has not been studied. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of normal aging on deglutition during sequential straw drinking. Videofluoroscopic samples of two 10-s straw drinking trials were obtained for 20 healthy young men (age 29±3 years) and 18 healthy older men (age 69±7 years). Hyolaryngeal complex (HLC) movement patterns, leading edge of the bolus location at swallow onset, and occurrences of airway invasion were determined. Two HLC patterns were identified: (a) HLC lowering with the epiglottis returned to upright between swallows and (b) partially maintained HLC elevation with the epiglottis inverted between swallows. The bolus was frequently in the hypopharynx at swallow onset. Strong associations were identified between age and HLC pattern, age and leading edge of the bolus location, and HLC pattern and leading edge location. Laryngeal penetration was uncommon overall; however, it occurred more frequently in the older adults than in the young adults. A significant relation was identified between age and the average Penetration-Aspiration Scale score. Laryngeal penetration was associated with both HLC movement patterns and hypopharyngeal bolus location, particularly in older adults. Results indicate that subtle age-related differences are evident in healthy young and older adults with sequential straw drinking. These data suggest that specific inherent swallowing patterns may increase the risk of laryngeal penetration with normal aging.

Processing gender stereotypes in dementia patients and older healthy adults: a self-paced reading study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Müller-Feldmeth ◽  
Katharina Ahnefeld ◽  
Adriana Hanulíková
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Age Related

AbstractWe used self-paced reading to examine whether stereotypical associations of verbs with women or men as prototypical agents (e.g. the craftsman knits a sweater) are activated during sentence processing in dementia patients and healthy older adults. Effects of stereotypical knowledge on language processing have frequently been observed in young adults, but little is known about age-related changes in the activation and integration of stereotypical information. While syntactic processing may remain intact, semantic capacities are often affected in dementia. Since inferences based on gender stereotypes draw on social and world knowledge, access to stereotype information may also be affected in dementia patients. Results from dementia patients (n = 9, average age 86.6) and healthy older adults (n = 14, average age 79.5) showed slower reading times and less accuracy in comprehension scores for dementia patients compared to the control group. While activation of stereotypical associations of verbs was visible in both groups, they differed with respect to the time-course of processing. The effect of stereotypes on comprehension accuracy was visible for healthy adults only. The evidence from reading times suggests that older adults with and without dementia engage stereotypical inferences during reading, which is in line with research on young adults.

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of age-related differences in instructed emotion regulation success

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Brady ◽  
Ian I. Kneebone ◽  
Nida Denson ◽  
Phoebe E. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Process Strategy

The process model of emotion regulation (ER) is based on stages in the emotion generative process at which regulation may occur. This meta-analysis examines age-related differences in the subjective, behavioral, and physiological outcomes of instructed ER strategies that may be initiated after an emotional event has occurred; attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. Within-process strategy, stimulus type, and valence were also tested as potential moderators of the effect of age on ER. A systematic search of the literature identified 156 relevant comparisons from 11 studies. Few age-related differences were found. In our analysis of the subjective outcome of response modulation strategies, young adults used expressive enhancement successfully (g = 0.48), but not expressive suppression (g = 0.04). Response modulation strategies had a small positive effect among older adults, and enhancement vs suppression did not moderate this success (g = 0.31 and g = 0.10, respectively). Young adults effectively used response modulation to regulate subjective emotion in response to pictures (g = 0.41) but not films (g = 0.01). Older adults were able to regulate in response to both pictures (g = 0.26) and films (g = 0.11). Interestingly, both age groups effectively used detached reappraisal, but not positive reappraisal to regulate emotional behavior. We conclude that, in line with well-established theories of socioemotional aging, there is a lack of evidence for age differences in the effects of instructed ER strategies, with some moderators suggesting more consistent effectiveness for older compared to younger adults.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Evidence for Preserved Primacy of Lexical Prediction in Normative Aging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Dave ◽  
Trevor A. Brothers ◽  
Matthew J. Traxler ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira ◽  
John M. Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Contextual Support ◽  
Normative Aging

Young adults show consistent neural benefits of predictable contexts when processing upcoming words, but these benefits are less clear-cut in older adults. Here we conduct two ERP experiments to examine whether aging uniquely affects neural correlates of prediction accuracy, as compared to contextual support independent of accuracy. In Experiment 1, readers were asked to predict sentence-final words and self-report prediction accuracy, allowing for separation of ERP effects of accurate prediction and contextual support. While N250 and N400 effects of accurate prediction were reduced in older readers, both temporal primacy and relative amplitudes of predictive compared to contextual processing were similar across age. In Experiment 2, participants read for comprehension without an overt prediction task and showed similar age-related declines in N400 amplitude across experiments. In both studies, older adults showed relatively larger frontal post-N400 positivities (PNPs) than young adults, suggesting age-graded differences in revision following unexpected items. Previous research suggests the production system may be linked to lexical prediction, but here we found that verbal fluency modulated PNP effects of contextual support, but not predictive accuracy. Taken together, our findings suggest that normative aging does not result in specific declines or boosts of lexical prediction.

scholarly journals Directed connectivity between primary and premotor areas underlying ankle force control in young and older adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meaghan Elizabeth Spedden ◽  
Mikkel Malling Beck ◽  
Mark Schram Christensen ◽  
Martin Jensen Dietz ◽  
Anke Ninija Karabanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Coupling Strength ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Age Related

AbstractThe control of ankle muscle force is an integral component of walking and postural control. Aging impairs the ability to produce force steadily and accurately, which can compromise functional capacity and quality of life. Here, we hypothesized that reduced force control in older adults would be associated with altered cortico-cortical communication within a network comprising the primary motor area (M1), the premotor cortex (PMC), parietal, and prefrontal regions. We examined electroencephalographic (EEG) responses from fifteen younger (20-26 yr) and fifteen older (65-73 yr) participants during a unilateral dorsiflexion force-tracing task. Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) and Parametric Empirical Bayes (PEB) were used to investigate how directed connectivity between contralateral M1, PMC, parietal, and prefrontal regions was related to age group and precision in force production. DCM and PEB analyses revealed that the strength of connections between PMC and M1 were related to ankle force precision and differed by age group. For young adults, bidirectional PMC-M1 coupling was negatively related to task performance: stronger backward M1-PMC and forward PMC-M1 coupling was associated with worse force precision. The older group exhibited deviations from this pattern. For the PMC to M1 coupling, there were no age-group differences in coupling strength; however, within the older group, stronger coupling was associated with better performance. For the M1 to PMC coupling, older adults followed the same pattern as young adults - with stronger coupling accompanied by worse performance - but coupling strength was lower than in the young group. Our results suggest that bidirectional M1-PMC communication is related to precision in ankle force production and that this relationship changes with aging. We argue that the observed age-related differences reflect compensatory mechanisms whereby older adults maintain performance in the face of declines in the sensorimotor system.

Kinematic Analysis of Dance-Based Exergaming: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest K. Ofori ◽  
Savitha Subramaniam ◽  
Shuaijie Wang ◽  
Tanvi Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Cortical Pathology

Background: Recent studies demonstrate improvements in both postural stability and mobility among aging populations and those with stroke who are exposed to dance-based exergaming (DBExG). However, age-related deficits and aging with cortical pathology may lead to distinct movement adaptation patterns during DBExG, which could impact therapeutic outcomes.Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the movement kinematics (postural stability and mobility) of healthy older adults, older adults with stroke, and young adults for different paces of dance during DBExG. Method: The study included 33 particpants (11 participant from each group of healthy older adults, older adults with chronic stroke, and healthy young adults) who performed the DBExG using slow- (SP), medium- (MP), and fast-paced (FP) songs with movements in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions. Center of mass (CoM) sway area, excursion (Ex), and peaks as well as hip, knee, and ankle joint excursions were computed. Results: Results of the study revealed that CoM sway areas and Exs were greater for healthy young adults than for older adults with stroke for the SP dance (p < 0.05) and that there were significantly more AP CoM peaks for young adults than for healthy older adults and those with stroke for the FP dance (p < 0.05). Young adults also exhibited greater hip and ankle Exs than older adults with stroke (p < 0.05) for all song paces. Similarly, knee and ankle Exs were greater for healthy older adults than for older adults with stroke for all song paces (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The quantitative evaluation and comparison of the movement patterns presented for the three groups could provide a foundation for both assessing and designing therapeutic DBExG protocols for these populations.

scholarly journals Rapid Perceptual Learning: A Potential Source of Individual Differences in Speech Perception Under Adverse Conditions?

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 233121652093054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Rotman ◽  
Limor Lavie ◽  
Karen Banai
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Rapid Learning ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss

Challenging listening situations (e.g., when speech is rapid or noisy) result in substantial individual differences in speech perception. We propose that rapid auditory perceptual learning is one of the factors contributing to those individual differences. To explore this proposal, we assessed rapid perceptual learning of time-compressed speech in young adults with normal hearing and in older adults with age-related hearing loss. We also assessed the contribution of this learning as well as that of hearing and cognition (vocabulary, working memory, and selective attention) to the recognition of natural-fast speech (NFS; both groups) and speech in noise (younger adults). In young adults, rapid learning and vocabulary were significant predictors of NFS and speech in noise recognition. In older adults, hearing thresholds, vocabulary, and rapid learning were significant predictors of NFS recognition. In both groups, models that included learning fitted the speech data better than models that did not include learning. Therefore, under adverse conditions, rapid learning may be one of the skills listeners could employ to support speech recognition.

scholarly journals Age-related differences in water and sodium handling after commercial hydration beverage ingestion

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1042-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tony Wolf ◽  
Anna E. Stanhewicz ◽  
Megan M. Clarke ◽  
Samuel N. Cheuvront ◽  
Robert W. Kenefick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Estimated Gfr ◽  
Women Subjects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sodium Clearance ◽  
Sodium Handling ◽  
Better Than

Aging is associated with altered water, electrolyte, and glucose handling. Alternative beverages to those containing carbohydrate (CHO) should be considered for older adults. We hypothesized that reduced sodium (CNa+) and/or water (CH2O) clearance would underlie greater beverage retention in older compared with young adults, secondary to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We further hypothesized that amino acid (AA)- and CHO-based beverages would promote retention better than water. Over five visits, 12 young (23 ± 3 yr; 7 men, 5 women) and 12 older (67 ± 6 yr; 5 men, 7 women) subjects consumed 1 liter of distilled water or beverages with 6% CHO, 0.46 g/l Na+ [Gatorade (GAT)]; 2.5% CHO, 0.74 g/l Na+ [Pedialyte (PED)]; 5 AA, 1.04 g/l Na+ [enterade (ENT)-5]; or 8 AA, 1.38 g/l Na+ (ENT-8) over 30 min. Blood and urine were collected every hour for 4 h after ingestion; retention, CH2O, and CNa+ were calculated at 2 and 4 h. Additional calculations adjusted CH2O and CNa+ for estimated GFR (eGFR). Water yielded the lowest retention in both groups ( P ≤ 0.02). Retention was higher in older vs. young adults except for ENT-8 at 4 h ( P = 0.73). CH2O was higher for older vs. young adults for GAT at 2 h ( P < 0.01) and GAT and PED at 4 h ( P < 0.01) after ingestion but was otherwise similar between groups. CNa+ was lower in older vs. young adults except for ENT-8 ( P ≥ 0.19). Adjusting for eGFR resulted in higher CH2O for all beverages in older vs. young adults ( P < 0.05) but did not influence CNa+. Older adults may better retain beverages with less Na+ than young adults because of reduced CNa+. AA- and CHO-based electrolyte-rich beverages may similarly promote beverage retention. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Commercially available amino acid (AA)-containing beverages may provide an alternative to traditional carbohydrate (CHO)-containing beverages, particularly for older adults with attenuated water, electrolyte, and glucose handling. We compared beverage retention and free water and sodium clearance between young and older adults after ingestion of water, two CHO-based beverages, and two AA-based beverages. Our data suggest that older adults better retain beverages with less sodium compared with young adults and that AA-based and CHO-based electrolyte-containing beverages similarly promote retention.

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