Sexual Assault Information Posted on College and University Websites: Size and Setting Matter

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1191-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Simmons ◽  
Joy A. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Residential Schools ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
University Websites ◽  
College And University ◽  
Stratified Sample

To better understand what and how institutions of higher education (IHEs) communicate information about sexual assault (SA) on their websites, the current cross-sectional descriptive exploratory study analyzed a stratified sample representing 15% of the IHE websites in the United States. Findings show the availability, location, and type of SA information posted on IHE websites differ based on student population and residential character. Large and primarily residential schools are more likely to include SA information, across multiple pages, with a wider informational span than other categories. However, informational gaps are apparent across all websites. Implications for policy and practice are highlighted.

Information to Help Stalking Victims on College and University Websites: It's Not Easy to Find

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Simmons ◽  
Joy A. Clay ◽  
Kayah Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
University Websites ◽  
College And University ◽  
Residential Characteristics ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Stalking Victims

Content analysis was used to explore the availability, type, and location of stalking prevention and intervention information posted on publicly available Institutions of Higher Education (IHE) websites. A stratified sample representing 20% of the IHEs in the United States (N = 619) across 12 stratified groups identified significant gaps in the information provided. A fourth of the sites posted no information about stalking of any kind. Of those that do include such information, much is difficult to find and focused on reporting to IHE authorities. Definitions, training, and other victim-focused resources are rarely included. Comparisons based on IHE student population (i.e., size) and residential characteristics (i.e., setting) identified notable variations across IHE classification groups. From these identified differences, recommendations to improve information delivery and accessibility are discussed.

Satisfaction of visually disabled users with California educational websites

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Keavney
Keyword(s):  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Web Content ◽  
Disabled Students ◽  
University Websites ◽  
College And University ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Accessibility Guidelines ◽  
Content Accessibility ◽  
Visually Disabled

BACKGROUND: College and university websites in the United States are legally required to meet accessibility standards to promote equal opportunity in education for blind and visually disabled students. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines are the recognized standard for website accessibility. OBJECTIVE: Determine how satisfied blind and visually disabled college and university students are with college and university websites in California, and whether compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines is a good predictor of that satisfaction. METHODS: A random sample of websites from California colleges and universities was evaluated for accessibility compliance. A stratified sample of six websites was taken from the initial sample. Thirty blind or visually disabled students performed a prescribed series of tasks on each of the six websites, then answered a Likert-format survey regarding their satisfaction with each website. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of websites did not meet the first priority accessibility criteria. Participant responses showed a majority were satisfied with websites, both compliant and non-compliant, and a strong correlation between satisfaction and accessibility compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Despite legal requirements, a majority or large minority of college and university websites in California do not meet accessibility guidelines, indicating a significant opportunity to improve the accessibility of those websites.

Intimate Partner Relationships and Health

2018 ◽  
pp. 128-142
Author(s):  
Deborah Carr ◽  
Dawne M. Mouzon
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intimate Partner Relationships ◽  
Marriage And Health

The linkages between intimate relationships and superior physical and mental health are well documented. Contemporary scholars explore under what conditions, for which outcomes, for whom, and through which pathways marriage and other intimate partnerships affect health. The chapter summarizes conceptual frameworks for understanding marriage and health, and contemporary empirical studies yielding four main discoveries: Relationship status is powerfully linked to health in cross-sectional studies, yet weaker associations are found in longitudinal studies that account for social selection; the protective effects of romantic partnerships vary based on characteristics of the union; the marriage–health nexus varies based on gender, race, and age; and (d) integrative science approaches have advanced understanding of the pathways linking social relationships to health. The review draws on population-based longitudinal studies, notably the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Implications of contemporary research on marriage and health for policy and practice are highlighted.

scholarly journals Sexual Assault and Alcohol Use among College Students: A Critical Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaili Calasso ◽  
Carly Thompson-Memmer ◽  
Aaron J Kruse-Diehr ◽  
Tavis Glassman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Information ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female College ◽  
Polysubstance Use

The purpose of this study was to assess the extant literature on the relationship between alcohol and sexual assault among college students. A literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsycINFO, JSTOR, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Key search terms included sexual assault, alcohol, and college students. A total of 23 articles met inclusion criteria, the plurality (47.8%) of which were cross-sectional and featured convenience samples (43.5%). All studies were conducted at public higher education institutions in the United States. The most salient crosscutting themes included perceived low risk for sexual assault among female college students, higher likelihood of severe sexual assault among women who consumed more alcohol, and general information about polysubstance use and sexual assault risk. Methodological shortcomings included an overreliance on convenience sampling, lack of reporting of where samples were obtained, and single-site data collection. Given the large number of studies that found women who consume alcohol are more likely than their nondrinking counterparts to experience sexual assault, public health educators must continue to prioritize female college students who drink. However, interventions should target potential perpetrators rather than focusing solely on how victims can avoid risky situations. Future research should include diverse, random samples across multiple institutions topromote greater generalizability of findings.

History of Sexual Assault Perpetration and Violence-Related Prosocial Tendencies Among Men by Fraternity Affiliation Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122110373
Author(s):  
Jill C. Hoxmeier ◽  
Daniel Zapp
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
College Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prosocial Tendencies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sexual Assault Perpetration

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine self-reported sexual assault perpetration history, as well as violence prevention-related prosocial tendencies, among fraternity men, unaffiliated men with membership intentions, and unaffiliated men without membership intentions with data from 262,634 college men in the United States. Results indicate that fraternity status was related to sexual assault perpetration, both prior to and while at their current institution of higher education; both perpetration history and fraternity status significantly related to diminished violence prevention-related prosocial tendencies. The findings have important implications for future research and practice to reduce the incidents of sexual assault on college campuses.

scholarly journals Students, Suffrage, and Political Change: The College Equal Suffrage League and Campus Campaigns for Women’s Right to Vote, 1905–1920

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-391
Author(s):  
Kelly Marino
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Progressive Reform ◽  
College And University ◽  
Primary Organization ◽  
College Equal Suffrage League

AbstractFrom 1905–1920, American college and university students carried on active and understudied campaigns to gain legitimacy and support for women’s suffrage at institutions of higher education across the United States. The primary organization responsible for initiating and directing campus activism was the College Equal Suffrage League (CESL), formed in 1900 by Massachusetts teachers Maud Wood Park and Inez Haynes Gillmore to recruit more upper- and middle-class, well-educated, students and alumni to the women’s rights movement. Exploring the records of state and national suffragists, women’s organizations, and academic institutions associated with the CESL shows that the league’s campaigns helped to reinvigorate the suffrage cause at an important moment in the early twentieth century by using educational tactics as powerful tools to cultivate a scholarly voice for the campaign, appeal to the upper classes, and fit within the contexts of higher education and larger movement for progressive reform. In addition to influencing the suffrage cause, campus organizing for equal voting rights changed the culture of female political activism and higher education by ushering a younger generation of articulate and well-trained activists into the women’s rights campaign and starting in a trend of organized youth mobilization for women’s rights at colleges and universities.

The National Problem of Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs): Scope, Causes, and Future Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Campbell ◽  
Hannah Feeney ◽  
Giannina Fehler-Cabral ◽  
Jessica Shaw ◽  
Sheena Horsford
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Serial Rapists ◽  
Forensic Testing ◽  
Rape Kits

Victims of sexual assault are often advised to have a medical forensic exam and sexual assault kit (SAK; also termed a “rape kit”) to preserve physical evidence (e.g., semen, blood, and/or saliva samples) to aid in the investigation and prosecution of the crime. Law enforcement are tasked with submitting the rape kit to a forensic laboratory for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis, which can be instrumental in identifying offenders in previously unsolved crimes, confirming identify in known-offender assaults, discovering serial rapists, and exonerating individuals wrongly accused. However, a growing number of media stories, investigative advocacy projects, and social science studies indicate that police are not routinely submitting SAKs for forensic testing, and instead rape kits are placed in evidence storage, sometimes for decades. This review article examines the growing national problem of untested rape kits by summarizing current research on the number of untested SAKs in the United States and exploring the underlying reasons why police do not submit this evidence for DNA testing. Recommendations for future research that can guide policy and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Descriptive Epidemiology and Outcomes of Hospitalizations With Complicated Urinary Tract Infections in the United States, 2018

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marya D Zilberberg ◽  
Brian H Nathanson ◽  
Kate Sulham ◽  
Andrew F Shorr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Hospitalizations with complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) in the United States have increased. Though most often studied as a subset of cUTI, catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) afflicts a different population of patients and carries outcomes distinct from non-CA cUTI (nCAcUTI). We examined the epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalizations in these groups. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional multicenter study within the 2018 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, a 20% stratified sample of discharges from US community hospitals, to explore characteristics and outcomes of patients discharged with a UTI diagnosis. We divided cUTI into mutually exclusive categories of nCAcUTI and CAUTI. We applied survey methods to develop national estimates. Results Among 2 837 385 discharges with a UTI code, 500 400 (17.6%, 19.8% principal diagnosis [PD]) were nCAcUTI and 126 120 (4.4%, 63.8% PD) were CAUTI. Though similar in age (CAUTI, 70.1 years; and nCAcUTI, 69.7 years), patients with nCAcUTI had lower comorbidity (mean Charlson, 4.3) than those with CAUTI (mean Charlson, 4.6). Median (interquartile range [IQR]) length of stay (LOS) was 5 (3–8) days in nCAcUTI and 5 (3–9) days in CAUTI. Overall median (IQR) hospital costs were similar in nCAcUTI ($9713 [$5923–$17 423]) and CAUTI ($9711 [$5969–$17 420]). Though low in both groups, hospital mortality was lower in nCAcUTI (2.8%) than in CAUTI (3.4%). Routine discharges home were higher in nCAcUTI (41.5%) than CAUTI (22.1%). Conclusions There are >626 000 hospital admissions with a cUTI, comprising ~1.8% of all annual admissions in the United States; 4/5 are nCAcUTI. Because CAUTI is frequently the reason for admission, preventive efforts are needed beyond the acute care setting.

scholarly journals A Syllabus-based Review of Collegiate Arboriculture Course Content in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
P. Eric Wiseman ◽  
Joseph Hoffman ◽  
Susan Day ◽  
Terry Clements
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Course Content ◽  
College And University ◽  
The Past ◽  
Course Syllabi ◽  
Four Year Institutions

The professional skills and expertise demanded of practicing arborists are greater than at any time in the past, and many employers and educators believe that higher education plays a role in educating future professionals in this field. Although recent surveys have identified major instructional topics that are critically important for future arborists, no assessment of whether these topics are being taught in college and university programs is available. The following paper is a syllabus-level assessment of 68 arboriculture courses being taught at U.S. institutions of higher education. The most common instructional topics observed in syllabi of arboriculture courses at both two- and four-year institutions were pruning (85%), disorders (81%), physiology/biology (79%), risks/hazards (79%), and soils/nutrition (75%). Tree planting and tree selection, topics identified by educators and public sector employers in previous studies as among the most important instructional areas, were found only in 74% and 62% of course syllabi, respectively. Safety was mentioned in only 53% of syllabi. Syllabus content was similar at two-year and four-year institutions, although tree identification and arborist certification were mentioned more frequently in two-year institution syllabi. Trends in arboriculture education and implications for employers and professionals are discussed.

Classifying Disfluencies in Preschool- and School-Age Spanish–English Bilinguals Who Do Not Stutter: An Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Raúl Rojas ◽  
Farzan Irani
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Narrative Production ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

Purpose This exploratory study examined the language skills and the type and frequency of disfluencies in the spoken narrative production of Spanish–English bilingual children who do not stutter. Method A cross-sectional sample of 29 bilingual students (16 boys and 13 girls) enrolled in grades prekindergarten through Grade 4 produced a total of 58 narrative retell language samples in English and Spanish. Key outcome measures in each language included the percentage of normal (%ND) and stuttering-like (%SLD) disfluencies, percentage of words in mazes (%MzWds), number of total words, number of different words, and mean length of utterance in words. Results Cross-linguistic, pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences with medium effect sizes for %ND and %MzWds (both lower for English) as well as for number of different words (lower for Spanish). On average, the total percentage of mazed words was higher than 10% in both languages, a pattern driven primarily by %ND; %SLDs were below 1% in both languages. Multiple linear regression models for %ND and %SLD in each language indicated that %MzWds was the primary predictor across languages beyond other language measures and demographic variables. Conclusions The findings extend the evidence base with regard to the frequency and type of disfluencies that can be expected in bilingual children who do not stutter in grades prekindergarten to Grade 4. The data indicate that %MzWds and %ND can similarly index the normal disfluencies of bilingual children during narrative production. The potential clinical implications of the findings from this study are discussed.

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