Students, Suffrage, and Political Change: The College Equal Suffrage League and Campus Campaigns for Women’s Right to Vote, 1905–1920

From 1905–1920, American college and university students carried on active and understudied campaigns to gain legitimacy and support for women’s suffrage at institutions of higher education across the United States. The primary organization responsible for initiating and directing campus activism was the College Equal Suffrage League (CESL), formed in 1900 by Massachusetts teachers Maud Wood Park and Inez Haynes Gillmore to recruit more upper- and middle-class, well-educated, students and alumni to the women’s rights movement. Exploring the records of state and national suffragists, women’s organizations, and academic institutions associated with the CESL shows that the league’s campaigns helped to reinvigorate the suffrage cause at an important moment in the early twentieth century by using educational tactics as powerful tools to cultivate a scholarly voice for the campaign, appeal to the upper classes, and fit within the contexts of higher education and larger movement for progressive reform. In addition to influencing the suffrage cause, campus organizing for equal voting rights changed the culture of female political activism and higher education by ushering a younger generation of articulate and well-trained activists into the women’s rights campaign and starting in a trend of organized youth mobilization for women’s rights at colleges and universities.

Organization of Community Psychiatric Services in Finland

Background. The Finnish psychiatric treatment system has undergone a rapid transformation from operating in institutional settings to a adopting a community-based approach, through implementation of national plans; this process was carried out quickly, due to a severe economic recession in the early 1990s. Methods. This paper is a narrative review, based on relevant documents by national authorities, academic dissertations and published scientific literature, between 1984 and 2018, as well as the interviews of key experts in 2019. Results. The municipality is currently the primary organization, responsible for all health services. Municipalities may also work together in organizing the services, either through unions of municipalities or hospital districts. Services are to a great extent outpatient-oriented. The number of beds is one fifth of the previous number, around four decades ago, despite the increase in population. In 2017, 191,895 patients in total (4% of Finns) had used outpatient psychiatric services, and the number of visits totalled 2.25 million. Psychotherapy is mainly carried out in the private sector by licensed psychotherapists. Homelessness in relation to discharged psychiatric patients has not been in evidence in Finland and deinstitutionalization has not caused an increase in the mortality rate among individuals with severe mental disorders. Conclusion. Psychiatric patients have, in general, benefitted greatly from the shift from institutions to the community. This does not preclude the fact that there are also shortcomings. The development of community care has, to date, focused too heavily on resource allocation, at the expense of strategic planning, and too little on methods of treatment.

The Educational Evolution in Germany, the study case: Primary Education (Grundschule)

Primary education levels are called primary education, compulsory education, and public education. Nowadays, new research has shown that primary education plays an important role in the reduction of poverty and the realization of economic and social development programs. Therefore, the necessity of this research is to study the evolution of primary education and its influencing factors in Germany. Also, the primary organization and how to select the teacher education and primary curriculum will be examined. In this research, the research method is descriptive. The results showed that in the primary period of the German education system, politics, ideology, and ideas of educators have played an important role in the development of education and, as such, in primary education. As can be observed in the Weimar Republic, education was influenced by the political theories of democracy, and then, during the Nazis, was influenced by the ideology of Nazism and the superiority of the Nazi German race; during World War II and thereafter Was influenced by communist ideology and Marxist thoughts. In the new era, there have also been major reforms to eliminate the influence of these new educators' ideologies and educational ideas.

The development of N. A. Nekrasov's religious consciousness

The problem of N. A. Nekrasov's religiosity, especially its biographical aspect, has not been studied well. As for the sources of information about the dogma of Orthodoxy, in his poetic texts Nekrasov shows considerable awareness of spiritual issues, as they are addressed by the church and the Holy Fathers of the Church. The poet is interested in Orthodox hagiography. His source of information could be, first of all, the so-called popular Orthodoxy. The question remains open about the formation of Nekrasov's religiosity at an early age, about the nature of his spiritual disposition. This article attempts, on the one hand, to present a complete picture of the religious life of the Nekrasov family, which is currently available to us from isolated fragments, and, on the other, to understand the role of his mother, Elena Alexandrovna, as well as the accompanying factors that influenced the primary organization of his religious aspirations. The author suggests that the religious and general romantic mood of the poet’s worldview, inherited from his mother are inseparable. There is no doubt that the high civic pathos of Nekrasov's poetry, developed under the influence of the poet's revolutionary democratic environment, was formed on the childhood basis of a «holy», romantic religious outlook and the perception of life as care for the weak and disadvantaged – in which the main role was played by Nekrasov's mother. The protest pathos of Nekrasov's poetry acquires an unconventional meaning because subjectively, in the poet's own mind, it grows directly out of the ideals of the Gospel.

Sketch Photosynthesis and Classification using KNearest Neighbor Classifier

Sketch-photosynthesis approach is sketching the face of the photograph. Sketch-photosynthesis makes use of a strategy of equivalent composite comic strip with photograph. The capabilities are separated and combined to teach the system. In this paper caricature photosynthesis using K-means and Knearest neighbor classifier is used to sketch the photograph. The K-means algorithm in data mining starts from the primary organization of randomly decided on centroids. It is practiced as the starting point for every cluster because it plays iterative calcluations to optimize the positions of the centroids.

Formation of higher physical education in Penza Region

In modern student sports of the Russian Federation, a prominent place is occupied by a team of students and specialists in physical education and sports of Penza State University. The main efforts in the sport development in the higher education system of the Penza Region were carried out by a team of a specialized faculty of physical education, and later the Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of Penza State University. We analyze the prerequisites developed in the Penza Region and other regions for the opening of a higher educational institution for the physical education specialists training. In the period of 1940-1950, mid-level personnel for schools and physical education groups were trained by technical schools of physical education, which were secondary special educational institutions. Since the faculty opening, sports work at the institute has significantly revived. As throughout the country, in Penza Pedagogical University, the foundation of a sports society, its primary organization was a sports club, which was created at the university, most commonly, by student and local labour union committees. The core of the sports club was students of physical education faculty, although the leadership of the club was based on the first decades at the department of physical education. The core of the sports club was students of physical education, although the leadership of the club in the first decades was based at the physical education department. Sports achievements of students and graduates of the Faculty of Physical Education are presented. We note multiple victories at the championships of the voluntary sports society “Burevestnik”, the championships of the RSFSR, the USSR, the Russian Federation, the Universiades, the World and Europe Championships, Olympic Games in swimming, athletics, volleyball, basketball, rhythmic gymnastics, sambo, speed skating, gymnastics, hockey throughout the entire period of the faculty.

Next Steps

This book relates the stories of some amazing women who are currently working as chemists or are recently retired. These women, as I have said before, are hiding in plain sight. Perhaps the first or the only woman of color to work in a particular lab or university, they all managed to succeed in spite of any obstacles they faced. This chapter presents some ideas as to what you can do in order to succeed if you, your child, grandchild, or students might be interested in a STEM career, especially in chemistry. I highly recommend reading Dr. Sandra L. Hanson’s book, Swimming against the Tide: African American Girls and Science Education. Dr. Hanson studied young African American girls in high school and their attitudes toward science, which has traditionally been a male profession. One of her conclusions is that these young girls need to see or read about role model, an African American woman chemist. Swimming against the Tide was written before the explosion of the World Wide Web and web-based materials, so this conclusion may no longer hold. For example, information about most of the women in this book is available on the web; some of them have given talks that are also on the web. Many of the women whose stories are told here work to mentor young minority students. These web based materials can be accessed by the students and teachers. The primary organization that focuses on careers in chemistry is the ACS. What is chemistry? It is a branch of science that provides opportunities for a variety of careers, not just working in a research laboratory making new chemicals. According to the ACS, “In simplest terms, chemistry is the science of matter, for example anything that can be touched, tasted, smelled, seen or felt is made of chemicals.” The ACS website has information on chemistry careers, including videos of the different jobs that chemists do, and information on various technical disciplines, as well as profiles of many chemists, including one whose life story is in this book.

Determinants of Business-to-Business (B2B) Website Use by a Buyer-Supplier Dyad

This article is based on one of the manufacturers of automotive components in India referred to as Avanti Enterprises (AvE). It describes the implementation of a Business-to-Business (B2B) website by AvE for its suppliers and highlights the factors that led to use of this website, by one particular supplier. As an example, this supplier is referred to as Bhusan Industries (BHI). The case is based on a dyad of primary organization (AvE) and the user organization (BHI) to discuss the level of use of a B2B website by the dyad and describes the factors related to the primary hosting organization and the user organization that determines use. The article aims to: understand why a website is used; to describe the website features and how they are used; describe the primary organization characteristics; how and why those characteristics influence the website use; to describe the user organization characteristics; and how and why they influence the website use. Sources of data include company documentation, interviews, industry databases, secondary case studies relevant to the framework and company websites.

NIRSA Championship Series Volunteerism: The Perceived Impact on Professional Development

The National Intramural-Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA) Championship Series (Series) has developed into the primary organization for governing extramural/sport club collegiate recreational tournaments. As NIRSA professionals describe it, the Series has also evolved into a platform for professional development. To date, however, no study has attempted to link professional growth and advancement to volunteerism at Series events. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine skills and competencies that could be correlated with volunteering at Series events. Using Astin's Input-Environment-Outcome (I-E-O) model the research team explored the environmental impact of the volunteer experience by collecting data in two phases (prevolunteer experience and 3–4 months after the volunteer experience). Results indicated that campus recreation professionals do perceive themselves to be using effective leadership and communication behaviors and that there are no significant differences in professional development based on the NIRSA region of the tournament. Some gendered differences were uncovered, but it appears that a significant number of volunteers returned to work with higher levels of job-related competencies and important networking connections. Possible implications are discussed, including a Series training program based on NIRSA's core competencies, and areas for future research.

Identifying emotion subtypes from individualized emotion space

Many investigations into emotion processing contend that emotions can be reduced to a set of lower dimensions (e.g., valence and arousal). Additionally, emotion dysregulation is associated with numerous psychiatric disorders, whose treatment(s) may require inspiration from personalized medicine. To translate emotion research to the clinical domain, one may therefore need to investigate at the individual level, employing data-driven methods and forgoing classical assumptions regarding emotions. To this end, we explored the relative structure of emotion information resulting from 85 participants organizing emotionally-charged images following their own emotional responses to the pictures. Using cluster analyses and multidimensional scaling, we investigated the underlying composition of individuals’ emotion spaces. Hierarchical clustering revealed five subtypes that reflect differing layouts of the emotion space; multidimensional scaling of each subtype’s representative emotion space demonstrated that, although valence explained the primary organization of all emotion spaces, arousal as a secondary explanatory variable played a reduced role differentially for the subtypes, suggesting intrinsic differences in emotion information processing. Such data-driven methods yield new, unbiased ways of studying emotions and may reveal limitations of classic models or idiosyncrasies of individuals, which can inform future neuroimaging research and offer new approaches for studying emotions and emotion dysfunctions in psychiatric disorders.