The Role of Demographic Data Bias in the Under-Provision of Retail: A Quasi-Experimental Case Study of Low Food Access Neighborhoods in Twenty-Five Southern Metros

2021 ◽  
pp. 107808742110404
Author(s):  
William Graves ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Municipal Policy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Income Data

Municipal policy attempting to remediate low food access neighborhoods tends to focus on improving demand conditions in these neighborhoods. We investigate the role of two fundamental measures of food demand (population and income) and the biases inherent in these data in creating low food access neighborhoods. Population and income data were collected for a 1-mile radius surrounding seventy-one grocery desert sites in Southern U.S. metro areas, those results were compared to thirty-eight low-income, non-desert sites in the same metros. No significant difference between the demand characteristics of desert and non-desert sites was found in our sample—suggesting that policy may need to be refocused on issues other than demand metrics. In addition, we detected significant demand underestimation bias from one source commonly used by grocery stores. Given these findings we believe that parcel level characteristics such as visibility, accessibility, and buildability may play a larger role in remediating low food access than addressing demand conditions.

scholarly journals Food Desertification: Situating Choice and Class Relations within an Urban Political Economy of Declining Food Access

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Bedore
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Food System ◽  
Food Desert ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Urban Political Economy

While food deserts create whole sets of tangible consequences for people living within them, the problem has yet to be the subject of much normative, in-depth evaluation as an urban political economy of food access. This paper provides a critical analysis of a specific food desert and its responses, drawing on a case study of the low-income, spatially segregated North End of the small city of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The main thrust of the paper is that the food desert remains a useful yet underexplored phenomenon through which to reveal the complexities and tensions surrounding the treatment of “choice” in a classed society. Understood as an urban political economy of declining food access, the food desert phenomenon reveals capital’s complex role in the promotion or violation of dignity through the urban geographies of acquiring food for oneself, family, or household. Through the data presented here, the article also argues for a collective pause among critical scholars to radicalize, rather than reject, the role of consumer choice in a more just food system, and for further normative engagement with urban landscapes of retail consolidation.

scholarly journals Increasing Healthy Food Access for Low-Income Communities: Protocol of the Healthy Community Stores Case Study Project

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
Joel Gittelsohn ◽  
Christina M. Kasprzak ◽  
Alex B. Hill ◽  
Samantha M. Sundermeir ◽  
Melissa N. Laska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Healthy Food Access

Improving healthy food access in low-income communities continues to be a public health challenge. One strategy for improving healthy food access has been to introduce community food stores, with the mission of increasing healthy food access; however, no study has explored the experiences of different initiatives and models in opening and sustaining healthy food stores. This study used a case study approach to understand the experiences of healthy food stores in low-income communities. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodology used and protocol followed. A case study approach was used to describe seven healthy food stores across urban settings in the U.S. Each site individually coded their cases, and meetings were held to discuss emerging and cross-cutting themes. A cross-case analysis approach was used to produce a series of papers detailing the results of each theme. Most case studies were on for-profit, full-service grocery stores, with store sizes ranging from 900 to 65,000 square feet. Healthy Food Availability scores across sites ranged from 11.6 (low) to 26.5 (high). The papers resulting from this study will detail the key findings of the case studies and will focus on the challenges, strategies, and experiences of retail food stores attempting to improve healthy food access for disadvantaged communities. The work presented in this special issue will help to advance research in the area of community food stores, and the recommendations can be used by aspiring, new, and current community food store owners.

Improving public housing policies that target low-income households: The value of adding proximity to discretion

2021 ◽  
pp. 239965442110411
Author(s):  
Lauro Gonzalez ◽  
Fernanda Lima-Silva ◽  
Marlei Pozzebon
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Collective Case Study ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Leading Role

Research on street-level bureaucrats has examined the various ways in which these professionals have implemented public policies in areas such as healthcare, education, and security, often emphasizing the role played by discretion in the implementation process. Despite its importance, the concept of street-level bureaucracy has scarcely been approached by housing studies. This study focuses on the role of street-level workers in the delivery of public housing to the lower-income population. We affirm the value of complementing street-level discretion with the concept of proximity, a premise borrowed from the microfinance literature, to increase the understanding of the interactions and relationships established between street-level workers and policy recipients during the implementation process. Such complementarity may contribute to a more accurate understanding of the housing policy implementation dynamics on the street-level and the possible adjustments to meet local needs. To explore this issue, we used a theoretical lens inspired by Goffman’s frame analysis that points to the importance of relational mechanisms that characterize the interactions between street-level workers and beneficiaries. These lenses were applied to a collective case study of Minha Casa Minha Vida-Entidades, a Brazilian subprogram in which street-level workers linked to social housing movements assume a leading role in the planning and execution of interventions. The results indicate that the combination of proximity and discretion has a positive influence on the implementation of housing policies. Our analysis shows the existence of nonprofit-oriented arrangements that may present different features and nuances at the implementation (micro) level and contribute to the (macro) debate on housing policies.

scholarly journals Good, bad or indifferent: a longitudinal multi-methods study comparing four modes of training for healthcare professionals in one Australian state

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e021264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Martin ◽  
Saravana Kumar ◽  
LuJuana Abernathy ◽  
Matthew Browne
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Supervision Training ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Training Delivery

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare the differences in learning outcomes for supervision training of healthcare professionals across four modes namely face-to-face, videoconference, online and blended modes. Furthermore, changes sustained at 3 months were examined.Design/methodsA multimethods quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used. Data were collected at three points—before training, immediately after training and at 3 months post-training. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through anonymous surveys and reflective summaries, respectively.ResultsParticipants reported an increase in supervision knowledge and confidence immediately after training that was sustained at 3 months with all four modalities of training. Using analysis of variance, we found these changes were sustained at 3 months postcompletion (confidence p<0.01 and knowledge p<0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in outcomes between the four modes of training delivery (confidence, p=0.22 or knowledge, p=0.39). Reflective summary data highlighted the differences in terminology used by participant to describe their experiences across the different modes, the key role of the facilitator in training delivery and the merits and risks associated with online training.ConclusionsWhen designed and delivered carefully, training can achieve comparable outcomes across all four modes of delivery. Regardless of the mode of delivery, the facilitator in training delivery is critical in ensuring positive outcomes.

Mothers, daughters, fathers and sons: intergenerational family social capital and inequalities in Guayaquil, Ecuador

2020 ◽  
pp. 095624782095902
Author(s):  
Caroline O N Moser
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Family Social Capital ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Fathers And Sons ◽  
Over 40 Years

This paper describes the role of intergenerational processes in increasing or reducing multidimensional inequality in Indio Guayas, a low-income peripheral settlement in Guayaquil, Ecuador. It also examines the importance of family social capital, irrespective of spatial location, as against household social capital in these processes. This longitudinal case study included a dataset on trends from 1978 through 1992 to 2004, in-depth studies over the decades, and further comparative research in 2018. The anthropological narrative is provided by the voices of three women and their families over 40 years. In 2018, interviews my son and I undertook for the documentary film Calle K demonstrated the importance of family social capital in the intergenerational reciprocity among mothers, daughters, fathers and sons, while illustrating different intergenerational trajectories addressing the challenges of inequality at this micro-level. The postscript points to the likely critical importance of family social capital in the context of the appalling COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The Role of Yemen's Awqaf in Solving the Problem of Low Income Housing: A Case Study of Sana'a Capital

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Abdul Karim Ali Al-Mamary ◽  
Abdul Aziz Ahmed Al-Kabab
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Investment Return ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
Low Income Housing

This research deals with the extent to which the Waqf has contributed since the mid-1970s to solving the problem of low income housing in cooperation with the public and private sectors, and discusses the multi-faceted aspects of the endowments of land, capital, or both. The factors that led to the decline of the investment sector in the Ministry of Awqaf to continue to adopt this type of projects and most importantly not to achieve the investment return desired. The research aims to highlight the role of the Waqf in contributing to solving the problem of housing in the Municipality of the capital in particular by highlighting the projects of the residential stay in which it was built and the reasons that led to its decline. The importance of the research is to highlight the role of the Waqf in contributing to solving societal problems. The Municipality of the capital, such as the problem of housing with low income, and the possibility of returning again to contribute effectively and achieve the desired objectives, while achieving economic feasibility so as to be able to achieve comprehensive and balanced sustainable development that achieve the interest of the parties endowment and society. The research focuses on the identification and adoption of modern scientific methods in the field of investment. The study concluded several recommendations that contribute to restoring the role of the Waqf in the service of society, especially in the provision of housing for people with low income. Keywords: Waqf, Aian (land, building), Prevention, Low income, Housing.

scholarly journals Research on the Effectiveness of Educational Internship——A Case Study on Primary Education Major

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa Li
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Teaching Ability ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of teaching ability of pre-service teachers during their internship. Methods: The pre-service teachers were divided into experimental group and control group, and the video of each class was recorded, encoded and scored by experts from primary schools, and SPSS was used to analyze the data. Results: The teaching ability of the pre-service teachers in the primary school Chinese subject had a significant improvement in the six weeks of teaching practice. The teaching ability of the pre-service teachers in the primary school mathematics discipline had no significant improvement in the six weeks of teaching practice; there is no significant difference in the teaching ability of pre-service teachers who have experienced six classroom lectures and 18 classroom lectures. Conclusion: Educational universities should attach importance to the role of educational internship in promoting the development of pre-service teachers' teaching ability and increase the internship time. Instructors should pay attention to the cultivation of pre-service teachers' teaching reflection ability and give feedback and guidance in time.

scholarly journals Technology for Educational Purposes Among Low-Income Latino Children Living in a Mobile Park in Silicon Valley: A Case Study Before and During COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-514
Author(s):  
Claire Ji Hee Kim ◽  
Amado M. Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Systematic Improvement ◽  
Access To Technology ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Improve Student Learning

Our case study explored the role of technology in education among low-income Latino residents living in a mobile park in Silicon Valley. Through surveys and in-person interviews with parents and children, we report qualitative data on home Internet access and availability of technological devices utilized for school-related purposes. The results of this study indicated that despite having a baseline level of access to technology as well as an understanding of its importance in the context of a child’s education, our study population currently faces significant barriers to having adequate access to technology at home due to socioeconomic barriers. The digital divide in educational technology was magnified when schools were abruptly closed in favor of online instruction for all children due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings strongly support the recommendation that more attention and systematic improvement are required in order to eliminate disparities and improve student learning and parental involvement with schooling for marginalized communities.

Conditions and Consequences of ELULU Improvement: Environmental Justice Lessons from San Francisco, CA

2020 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2092940
Author(s):  
Miriam Solis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Neighborhood Relationship ◽  
Locally Unwanted Land Uses

Existing locally unwanted land uses (ELULUs) are disproportionately located in low-income communities of color. As ELULUs fall into disrepair, can planners redevelop them in ways that advance environmental justice and, if so, how? Through a case study of a San Francisco ELULU redevelopment planning process, this article highlights the central role of community-based organizing in generating policy changes that promoted certain environmental justice outcomes. A reconceptualization of the agency-neighborhood relationship was key. Findings also identify the obduracy of infrastructure and directed redress as central planning considerations and tensions.

Do body mass index (BMI) and history of nutritional supplementation play a role in the severity of COVID-19? A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Houra Mohseni ◽  
Shirin Amini ◽  
Behnaz Abiri ◽  
Mojtaba Kalantar
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
History Of

Purpose The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that puts strain on health-care systems. Obesity is considered as a risk factor for the severity of infection. Hypotheses also suggested some nutritional supplements may be useful in COVID-19. This paper aims to assess the role of body mass index (BMI) and nutritional supplements on the severity of COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted on 603 participants (in five groups including: exposure to virus and healthy, COVID-19 positive patients with severity of mild, moderate, severe and death from COVID-19), in age 18 to 65 years. Demographic data and history of nutritional supplements were asked. Anthropometric measurements were measured in a healthy group and in a patient. They were collected by referring to patients' medical records. Findings The mean of BMI in groups with severity symptoms of moderate (27.57 kg/m2), severe (29.70 kg/m2) and death persons (28.13 kg/m2), was significantly higher than healthy (26.70 kg/m2) and mild symptoms (26.57 kg/m2) groups (p = 0.001). The logistic regression shown, the fourth quartile of BMI was significantly associated with occurrence of COVID19, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI): [OR: 1.81, (95% CI: 1.13– 2.89), p-for trend = 0.55]. There was no significant difference in the percentage of vitamin C, D3, Zinc, Iron and multivitamin supplements intake, between groups, in the past six months (p = 0.11). Originality/value This study indicated the role of higher BMI in the occurrence and severity of COVID-19. Researches are not enough to recommend consumption of nutritional supplements for the prevention of COVID-19.

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