Note. Effect of trisodium phosphate on mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial flora attached to the skin of chicken carcasses during refrigerated storage Nota. Efecto del fosfato trisódico en los microorganismos mesófilos y psicrotrofos presentes en la piel de canales de pollo durante su almacenamiento en refrigeración

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Capita ◽  
C. Alonso-Calleja ◽  
M.T. García Arias ◽  
B. Moreno ◽  
M.C. García-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Popula Tions ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Plate Counts

The potential for using trisodium phosphate (TSP) to reduce mesophilic and psychrotrophic popula tions on the skin of chicken carcasses was explored. Skin samples were immersed in sterile tap water (control) or an 8%, 10% or 12% solution of TSP at 20 °C for 15 min. Surface pH values and mesophilic and psychrotrophic plate counts were determined after 0, 1, 3 and 5 days of storage at 2° C. After washing, bacterial populations were significantly smaller in the samples treated with TSP than in the controls. The concentration of the TSP solution was a significant factor in reducing the populations of the bacteria on chicken skin. Before storage, the reduction in the presence of bacteria achieved in treated samples with respect to controls ranged between 0.95 log10 cycles and 1.78 log10 cycles in the case of mesophilic microorganisms, and 0.92 log10 cycles and 1.94 log10 cycles in the case of psychrotrophic strains. These differences between the concentrations of bacteria in samples immersed in water and those treated with TSP increased over time, ranging from 2.35 log 10 cycles to 3.08 log10 cycles (mesophilic microorganisms), and from 2.79 log10 cycles to 4.09 log10 cycles (psychrotrophic microorganisms) on day 5 of storage. The pH of the skin remained more or less constant throughout the study period, ranging between 8 and 9 in skin treated with TSP, depending on the concentration, while it was two units lower in the control samples.

Effectiveness of Trisodium Phosphate against Listeria monocytogenes on Excised and Nonexcised Chicken Skin

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSA CAPITA ◽  
CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA ◽  
MIGUEL PRIETO ◽  
MARÍA del CAMINO GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
BENITO MORENO
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Skin Samples

The influence of sample type (i.e., excised versus nonexcised chicken skin) on the efficiency of trisodium phosphate (TSP) solutions in reducing Listeria monocytogenes populations and inhibiting their growth during refrigerated storage was studied. Whole chicken legs and excised chicken leg skin fragments inoculated with 108 CFU of L. monocytogenes per ml were dipped for 15 min in sterile tap water (control) or in a solution containing 8, 10, or 12% TSP. L. monocytogenes counts were determined after 0, 1, 3, and 5 days of refrigerated storage (2°C). The decontamination effect of TSP was greater for excised skin than for whole legs. Microbial differences between control and TSP-treated samples were significantly larger for excised skin than for whole legs for 9 (75%) of 12 tested combinations of TSP concentrations and storage times. These differences varied from 1.05 ± 0.26 log10 cycles (day 1) to 3.30 ± 0.14 log10 cycles (day 5) for nonexcised-skin samples (whole legs) and from 1.54 ± 0.48 log10 cycles (day 1) to 4.28 ± 0.86 log10 cycles (day 5) for excised-skin samples. Significantly larger reductions were observed from the third day of refrigerated storage onward. The TSP concentration was a significant factor in the reduction of L. monocytogenes populations. These results suggest that bacteria are more readily accessible to TSP in excised than in nonexcised chicken skin and that the type of sample used to ascertain the efficacy of antimicrobial surface treatments may influence the findings of this type of study.

Efficacy of Trisodium Phosphate Solutions in Reducing Listeria monocytogenes Populations on Chicken Skin during Refrigerated Storage

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1627-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSA CAPITA ◽  
CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA ◽  
CAMINO GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
BENITO MORENO
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Microbial Monitoring ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Phosphate Solutions ◽  
Sampling Times ◽  
Skin Samples

Chicken skin inoculated with 108 CFU/ml of Listeria monocytogenes was dipped for 15 min in sterile water (control) and in 8, 10, or 12% trisodium phosphate (TSP) solutions. Skin samples were stored at 2°C for 5 days, with microbial monitoring on days 0, 1, 3, and 5 after treatment. Compared to the water dip, all TSP treatments significantly (P < 0.05) reduced L. monocytogenes populations on chicken skin. The concentration of the TSP was a significant factor in reducing the populations of the bacteria at days 0, 1, 3, and 5 of refrigerated storage. For all sampling times, the best outcomes were attained with the highest TSP concentration studied (12%). Bacterial reductions in counts during the first day of storage were between 1.52 and 2.70 log10 cycles for 8 and 12% TSP-treated samples, respectively. Significantly greater reductions were observed from the third day of refrigerated storage onward. This occurred largely because populations of L. monocytogenes on control samples increased somewhat, but on TSP-treated samples the pathogen remained practically constant. Differences between L. monocytogenes counts in skin samples immersed in water and those treated with TSP ranged from 2.10 (8% TSP-treated samples) and 3.63 (12% TSP-treated samples) log10 cycles on day 5 of storage. These results indicated that TSP is effective against L. monocytogenes in chicken meat, especially after several days of refrigerated storage.

Influence of Poultry Carcass Skin Sample Site on the Effectiveness of Trisodium Phosphate against Listeria monocytogenes

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSA CAPITA ◽  
CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA ◽  
ROBERTO RODRÍGUEZ-PÉREZ ◽  
BENITO MORENO ◽  
MARÍA del CAMINO GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Skin Sample ◽  
Sample Site ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Dorsal Area ◽  
Poultry Carcass

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of skin sample site on the efficacy of trisodium phosphate (TSP) solutions in reducing Listeria monocytogenes populations on chicken carcasses during refrigerated storage. Chicken skin samples from the legs, the breasts, and the dorsal area inoculated with L. monocytogenes (108 CFU/ml) were dipped for 15 min in sterile tap water (control) or in 8, 10, or 12% TSP. L. monocytogenes counts and surface pH values were determined after 0, 1, 3, and 5 days of storage at 2°C. For all sampling times and TSP concentrations, the reductions in L. monocytogenes numbers in breast skin were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than those in leg skin or dorsal skin. No significant differences were found in pH values as an effect of skin site. Our results suggest that skin sampling site is an important factor that needs to be considered when decontamination protocols are developed for poultry carcasses with the TSP treatment.

Bacterial flora in bottled uncarbonated mineral drinking water

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1120-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen González ◽  
Carmen Gutiérrez ◽  
Teresa Grande
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Glass Containers ◽  
Plate Counts

A quantitative study of bacterial populations in mineral water was carried out. Samples were stored at 6 and 20 °C, and the colony counts were determined on tryptone agar plates incubated at 22 and 37 °C. Samples were collected from the spring source in sterile glass flasks and from the bottling factory in conventional plastic and glass containers. In both cases, the initial population (101–102 cfu/mL water) increased to 105–106 cfu/mL after 3 days storage as determined from plate counts incubated at 22 °C. The levels reached by this population were similar to those of samples of mineral water obtained at the market stage. Results from plate counts incubated at 37 °C showed that populations in samples collected at the bottling factory reached 102–103 cfu/mL. No growth was observed in water collected from spring source. Bacterial multiplication was not stopped even when water was stored at 6 °C. Caulobacter was the genus found most frequently in both types of samples, followed by Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas fluorescens were frequently found in only two springs, and Pseudomonas putida, Arthrobacter, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Corynebacterium were isolated less frequently. Janthinobacterium was recovered only once from a single spring. A giant bacterium closely resembling Hyphomicrobium and a budding one similar to Pasteuria were recovered from all samples of a single spring and from some of the commercial samples.

Effect of Trisodium Phosphate on Salmonellae Attached to Chicken Skin

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. LILLARD
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Commercial Plant ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Efficient Recovery ◽  
Water Rinse

Processed carcasses from a commercial plant were inoculated with 108 or 102 colony forming units (CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium 14028. Inoculated carcasses were dipped in a 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP) solution for 15 min. Whole carcass rinses and skin homogenates were tested with and without a 2 L water rinse to remove residual TSP, using unbuffered or buffered peptone solutions. High pH values in test solutions resulting from TSP treatments could interfere with the efficient recovery of Salmonella. Salmonellae levels were reduced by 2 logs, but decreases in total aerobic counts were much smaller as a result of TSP treatments. Salmonellae were recovered from skin and carcasses inoculated with 108 or 102 CFU when a 2 L water rinse followed the TSP treatment, and buffered peptone was used for bacterial recovery.

Bacterial Flora of Processed Broiler Chicken Skin after Successive Washings in Mixtures of Potassium Hydroxide and Lauric Acid†

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1707-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR HINTON ◽  
JOHN A. CASON
Keyword(s):  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Changes in the size of populations of different groups of bacteria composing the normal flora of processed broiler skin were examined after each of five consecutive washings in mixtures of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and lauric acid (LA). Portions of skin from commercially processed broiler carcasses were washed in distilled water (control) or in mixtures of 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA or 0.5% KOH–1% LA by using a stomacher laboratory blender to agitate the skin in the solutions. After each wash, skin was transferred to fresh solutions, and washing was repeated to provide samples washed one to five times in each solution. Bacteria in rinsates of the washed skin were enumerated on plate count (PC) agar, Staphylococcus (STA) agar, Levine eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) agar, and Perfringens (PER) agar with TSC supplement. Selected isolates recovered on each medium were identified. Overall, no significant differences were observed in numbers of bacteria recovered on PC, STA, or EMB agars from skin after repeated washing in water, but there were significant reductions in the number of bacteria recovered on LAB and PER agars. Repeated washing of skin in 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA or 0.5% KOH–1% LA generally produced significant reductions in the number of bacteria recovered on all media. Furthermore, no bacteria were recovered on PER agar from skin washed five times in 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA. Likewise, no bacteria were recovered on EMB or LAB agars from skin washed three or more times in 0.5% KOH–1% LA or on PER agar from skin washed four or five times in this solution. Staphylococcus spp. were identified as the skin isolates with the highest degree of resistance to the bactericidal activity of KOH-LA. Findings indicate that although bacteria may be continually shed from poultry skin after repeated washings, bactericidal surfactants can be used to remove and kill several types of bacteria found on the surface of the skin of processed broilers.

Trisodium Phosphate and Cetylpyridinium Chloride Spraying on Chicken Skin to Reduce Attached Salmonella typhimurium

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 992-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEI-CHI WANG ◽  
YANBIN LI ◽  
MICHAEL F. SLAVIK ◽  
HUA XIONG
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
High Pressure Range

Spraying treatments with trisodium phosphate (TSP) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing Salmonella typhimurium attached to chicken skins. Chicken skins with an area of 38.5 cm2 were cut from the breast areas of pre-chill chicken carcasses, mounted in a plastic holder, and inoculated with S. typhimurium. The inoculated skins were sprayed with tap water, 10% (wt/vol) TSP, or 0.1 % CPC solutions at 10, 35, or 60°C and 206.8, 413.7, 620.5, 827.4, or 1034.2 kPa for 30 s. After spraying, each skin was rinsed with tap water, transferred to a plastic bag containing 50 ml buffered peptone water, and stomached for 1 min. The stomaching water was collected, diluted serially, plated on xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) agar and Petrifilm aerobic count plates, and incubated for 18 to 24 h at 37°C. The results showed that tap water spraying reduced S. typhimurium by 0.7 to 1.6 log, while the reduction ranges for TSP and CPC spraying treatments were 1.6 to 2.3 and 1.5 to 2.5 log, respectively. Greater reductions in the numbers of S. typhimurium were obtained in TSP spraying treatments in the high pressure range (620.5 to 1034.2 kPa) and in CPC spraying treatments at 10°C.

Maternal treatment with fluoxetine promotes testicular alteration in male rat pups

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline C. Ramos ◽  
Alice H. dos Santos ◽  
Kennia M. Silveira ◽  
Ana Carolina I. Kiss ◽  
Suzana F. P. Mesquita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Maternal Treatment

Fluoxetine (FLX) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant commonly prescribed during pregnancy and lactation. Pre- and post-partum depression, as well as SSRI treatment during these periods, may change maternal care, interfering with offspring development. Moreover, it is known that SSRIs may alter testes structure and function in offspring. The present study investigated the effects of maternal FLX exposure on maternal behaviour and testes function in offspring. Female Wistar rats were treated with 7.5 mg kg–1 FLX or tap water (control group) by gavage from the Day 1 of pregnancy until 21 days after birth (postnatal Day (PND) 21). Maternal behaviour was evaluated and morphofunctional analyses of offspring testes were conducted on PND 21 and 50. There were no significant differences between the FLX-treated and control groups regarding maternal behaviour. Nor did maternal treatment with FLX have any effect on bodyweight gain, anogenital distance, day of preputial separation, testis weight and the gonadosomatic index in male offspring. However, there was a decreased number of Sertoli cells at both PND 21 and 50 in FLX-exposed male offspring. The findings of the present study demonstrate that maternal exposure to FLX can impair testicular function in weanling and pubertal animals.

THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED LYSINE VASOPRESSIN BY RAT AND PIG PITUITARY NEURAL LOBES IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Neural Lobe ◽  
Lysine Vasopressin ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Uptake of tritiated lysine vasopressin ([3H]LVP) was studied in halved neural lobes of rats (which had been given either tap water (control group) or 2% (w/v) NaCl solution as drinking water for 4 days) as well as in slices of pig neural lobe. Uptake of radioactivity into the neural lobes was shown but analysis of the extracts of incubated lobes of both species by ion exchange chromatography showed that very little of it remained in the tissue as hormone. In addition, some radioactivity was associated with trichloroacetic acid-insoluble proteins. After 90 min of incubation, and after correction for the breakdown, the uptake of unchanged [3H]LVP, expressed as a tissue: medium ratio, was 0·14 ± 0·04 and 0·09 ± 0·03 (mean ± s.e.m.) for the saline-treated and control rats respectively, while the tissue: medium ratios for the breakdown product(s) were 6·47 ± 0·45 and 5·50 ± 0·36. The results suggest uptake of [3H]LVP into the cell with almost complete intracellular breakdown of the hormone.

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