Bacterial Flora of Processed Broiler Chicken Skin after Successive Washings in Mixtures of Potassium Hydroxide and Lauric Acid†

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1707-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR HINTON ◽  
JOHN A. CASON
Keyword(s):  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Changes in the size of populations of different groups of bacteria composing the normal flora of processed broiler skin were examined after each of five consecutive washings in mixtures of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and lauric acid (LA). Portions of skin from commercially processed broiler carcasses were washed in distilled water (control) or in mixtures of 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA or 0.5% KOH–1% LA by using a stomacher laboratory blender to agitate the skin in the solutions. After each wash, skin was transferred to fresh solutions, and washing was repeated to provide samples washed one to five times in each solution. Bacteria in rinsates of the washed skin were enumerated on plate count (PC) agar, Staphylococcus (STA) agar, Levine eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) agar, and Perfringens (PER) agar with TSC supplement. Selected isolates recovered on each medium were identified. Overall, no significant differences were observed in numbers of bacteria recovered on PC, STA, or EMB agars from skin after repeated washing in water, but there were significant reductions in the number of bacteria recovered on LAB and PER agars. Repeated washing of skin in 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA or 0.5% KOH–1% LA generally produced significant reductions in the number of bacteria recovered on all media. Furthermore, no bacteria were recovered on PER agar from skin washed five times in 0.25% KOH–0.5% LA. Likewise, no bacteria were recovered on EMB or LAB agars from skin washed three or more times in 0.5% KOH–1% LA or on PER agar from skin washed four or five times in this solution. Staphylococcus spp. were identified as the skin isolates with the highest degree of resistance to the bactericidal activity of KOH-LA. Findings indicate that although bacteria may be continually shed from poultry skin after repeated washings, bactericidal surfactants can be used to remove and kill several types of bacteria found on the surface of the skin of processed broilers.

Note. Effect of trisodium phosphate on mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial flora attached to the skin of chicken carcasses during refrigerated storage Nota. Efecto del fosfato trisódico en los microorganismos mesófilos y psicrotrofos presentes en la piel de canales de pollo durante su almacenamiento en refrigeración

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Capita ◽  
C. Alonso-Calleja ◽  
M.T. García Arias ◽  
B. Moreno ◽  
M.C. García-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Popula Tions ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Plate Counts

The potential for using trisodium phosphate (TSP) to reduce mesophilic and psychrotrophic popula tions on the skin of chicken carcasses was explored. Skin samples were immersed in sterile tap water (control) or an 8%, 10% or 12% solution of TSP at 20 °C for 15 min. Surface pH values and mesophilic and psychrotrophic plate counts were determined after 0, 1, 3 and 5 days of storage at 2° C. After washing, bacterial populations were significantly smaller in the samples treated with TSP than in the controls. The concentration of the TSP solution was a significant factor in reducing the populations of the bacteria on chicken skin. Before storage, the reduction in the presence of bacteria achieved in treated samples with respect to controls ranged between 0.95 log10 cycles and 1.78 log10 cycles in the case of mesophilic microorganisms, and 0.92 log10 cycles and 1.94 log10 cycles in the case of psychrotrophic strains. These differences between the concentrations of bacteria in samples immersed in water and those treated with TSP increased over time, ranging from 2.35 log 10 cycles to 3.08 log10 cycles (mesophilic microorganisms), and from 2.79 log10 cycles to 4.09 log10 cycles (psychrotrophic microorganisms) on day 5 of storage. The pH of the skin remained more or less constant throughout the study period, ranging between 8 and 9 in skin treated with TSP, depending on the concentration, while it was two units lower in the control samples.

Antimicrobial Activity of Potassium Hydroxide and Lauric Acid against Microorganisms Associated with Poultry Processing†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1611-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR HINTON ◽  
KIMBERLY D. INGRAM
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Poultry Processing

The antimicrobial activity of solutions of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and mixtures of KOH and lauric acid against microorganisms associated with poultry processing was determined. In vitro tests were performed by enumerating viable microorganisms recovered from bacterial cultures suspended in peptone water (control) and in solutions of 0.1% KOH or mixtures of 0.1% KOH and 0.25 or 0.50% lauric acid. Additional studies were conducted to identify changes in the native microbial flora of poultry skin washed in distilled water, KOH, or KOH–lauric acid. Although results of in vitro studies indicated that significantly fewer bacteria (P ≤ 0.05) were recovered from cultures suspended in KOH than from cultures suspended in peptone water, there were also significantly fewer bacteria recovered from cultures suspended in KOH–lauric acid than from cultures suspended in KOH. Results of experiments with broiler skin indicated that although rinsates of skin washed in 1.0% KOH solutions contained significantly fewer total aerobic bacteria and enterococci than did skin washed in water, significantly fewer of these microorganisms were generally recovered from rinsates of skin washed in mixtures of 1.0% KOH and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0% lauric acid than from skin washed in KOH alone. Washing of broiler skin in solutions of 0.25 to 1.00% KOH or mixtures containing these concentrations of KOH and two parts lauric acid (wt/vol) also significantly reduced the populations of bacteria and yeasts in the native flora of broiler skin. Enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, and staphylococci in the native flora of the skin had the highest level of resistance to the bactericidal activity of KOH–lauric acid. These findings indicate that the antimicrobial activity of KOH–lauric acid is significantly greater than that of KOH alone in vitro and on poultry skin. Thus, KOH–lauric acid may be useful for reducing the level of microbial contamination associated with poultry processing.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of periodontal pathogen levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peri-implantitis patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taichi Ito ◽  
Gentaro Mori ◽  
Yukari Oda ◽  
Tomoki Hirano ◽  
Hodaka Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Periodontal Pathogen ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Average Copy ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Total Bacteria

Abstract Objective The mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of peri-implantitis are similar to those of periodontitis, and the causative bacteria are believed to similar. Previous studies support an association between peri-implantitis and periodontal pathogen. Thus, we investigated the bacterial flora of peri-implantitis patients in comparison to those of healthy implant and periodontitis patients. Materials and methods In total, 70 patients visiting Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital were divided into four groups: healthy, periodontitis, healthy implant, and peri-implantitis. For each group, the following five periodontal pathogens were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia. Results The average copy number of total bacteria was significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the other groups. P. gingivalis was detected in the periodontitis and peri-implantitis groups at levels as high as 18.92% and 12.29%, respectively, and P. intermedia was found in the peri-implantitis group at a rate of 2.06%. Nevertheless, periodontal pathogens were generally detected at lower levels in the peri-implantitis group than in the periodontitis group. Conclusion We found lower bacterial counts in the peri-implantitis group relative to the periodontitis group. Our results suggest that the peri-implant tissue is less resistant to bacteria, so even a small number of bacteria can be a risk factor for peri-implantitis and the causative agent of peri-implantitis can be bacteria other than periodontal pathogen.

scholarly journals Verification of prediction of growth of Listeria monocytogenes micro-organism in chicken meat

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
A. Landfeld ◽  
M. Karpíšková R Houška ◽  
K. Kýhos ◽  
P. Novotná
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Measured Water ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Raw chicken meat was comminuted and homogenised. There were measured water activity and pH (aw = 1 for temperature 25°C, pH = 5.8 for temperature 8°C). Input raw material was investigated for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes (negative) and the raw meat was inoculated by Listeria monocytogenes CCM 4699. Number of Listeria monocytogenes, total plate count and number of coliforms were determined in the range 0–7 days by bacteriological survey for the storage temperatures 4.9, 7 and 8.3°C. The increase of Listeria monocytogenes counts has been registered for temperature 4.9°C about log 1.5 CFU/g after 6 days, for temperatures 7 and 8.3°C about 2 log CFU/g (regarding to the starting counts). The prediction for listeria growth with the aid of Food MicroModel was also made. The best agreement between the experimentally analysed number of bacteria and prediction was received for the lowest incubation temperature 4.9°C.

Bioluminescent ATP Assay for Rapid Estimation of Microbial Numbers in Fresh Meat

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH J. LITTEL ◽  
SYLVIA PIKELIS ◽  
ARNOLD SPURGASH
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Meat Sample ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Atp Assay ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Double Filtration

The utility of a bioluminescence adenosine triphosphate (ATP) procedure to estimate bacterial levels in fresh meat products was investigated. A double filtration (DF) sampling procedure was used. In this system two filters were fitted in tandem. A prefilter was used to trap food particles which contained contaminating ATP while the second filter retained the microbial population. The second filter was treated with an enzyme reagent to hydrolyze nonmicrobial ATP that was present on the bacterial filter. Using standard curves, that related bacterial ATP (B-ATP) and plate counts, the bacterial ATP levels in fresh beef and chicken samples were transformed into estimated bacterial levels in the products. The ATP procedure was able to predict bacterial levels within +/− 0.5 log10 of the actual plate count for greater than 90% of the fresh beef and chicken samples tested. Mean femtogram (fg) ATP/CFU levels in fresh beef and chicken mixed bacterial flora were 0.88 and 0.94, respectively. Minimal sensitivity of the double filtration/enzyme method was approximately 5 × 104 CFU/g of meat sample.

scholarly journals THE GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIUM AND ITS AUTOCHTHONOUS BACTERIAL FLORA

1968 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwayne C. Savage ◽  
René Dubos ◽  
Russell W. Schaedler
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mucous Layer ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by bacteria of the normal flora was followed by bacteriological and special histological techniques in mice from several colonies. These histological techniques were designed to preserve the intimate associations that become established between particular strains of microorganisms and the epithelium of the mucosa of certain areas of the gut. The findings were as follows: 1. The various strains of bacteria of the normal flora became established in the different areas of the guts of infant mice according to a definite time sequence. 2. The first types of bacteria that could be cultured from the gut were lactobacilli and Group N streptococci. Within the first day after birth, these bacteria colonized the entire digestive tract and formed layers on the stratified squamous epithelium of the nonsecreting portion of the stomach and of the distal esophagus. 3. The bacterial types that appeared next were coliforms and enterococci. From about the 9th to the 18th day after birth, these bacteria could be cultured in extremely high numbers from the cecum and the colon. Histological sections of those organs taken during the first 2 or 3 days of that interval revealed microcolonies of Gram-positive cocci in pairs and tiny Gram-negative rods embedded in the mucous layer of the epithelium. The microcolonies were well separated from the mixture of digesta and bacteria that occupied the center of the lumen; they may have consisted of the coliforms and enterococci mentioned above; but this possibility remains to be proved. 4. Histological sections also revealed that, at about the 12th day after birth, long, thin Gram-variable rods with tapering ends were present, side by side, with the small Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive cocci in the mucous layer. By the 15th day after birth, the fusiform bacteria formed thick layers in the mucus, and seemed to be the only bacteria remaining in that location. It has not yet been possible to enumerate these tapered rods by culture methods, but as judged by visual appearances in the histological sections, they seemed to outnumber all other bacteria in the cecum and the colon by a factor of as much as 1000. It must be stressed that these bacterial layers are readily disrupted and even washed away by conventional histological techniques; their discovery was largely due to the use of the special histological techniques described in the text. The bacteriological and histological findings described here constitute further evidence for the hypothesis that symbiotic associations exist between microorganisms and animals, and that a very large percentage of the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract constitutes a true autochthonous flora. The constant occurrence of several distinct associations of bacteria with the special histological structures of the animal host renders obsolete the notion that the intestine constitutes a chemostat in which the bacterial populations are randomly mixed. For a full understanding of the ecology of the normal microflora, it is necessary to think of body surfaces as distinct microenvironments in which virtually pure cultures of a few species of microorganisms interact with their host and the adjacent microbial populations. Experiments based on this hypothesis are admittedly difficult to design, but on the other hand studies based on the assumption that microorganisms exist as mixtures in the gastrointestinal tract will be only of limited value and may often be misleading.

A Rapid Microbiological Method for Enumerating Escherichia colifrom Broiler Chicken Carcasses

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1375-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA L. EDMISTON ◽  
SCOTT M. RUSSELL
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Inspection Service

Experiments were conducted to evaluate a rapid method for enumerating Escherichia coli from broiler chicken carcasses. In three separate trials, carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing plant, temperature abused at 37°C for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 h, and then rinsed. E. coli were enumerated from carcass rinses using Petrifilm E. coli count plates (PC) and by placing the rinse into double-strength colifiform medium supplemented with 2% dextrose (CMD). The CMD mixture was placed into a Bactometer module and conductance was measured at 44°C. Once a detection time (DT) was recorded, the sample was immediately recovered from the module well, diluted, and spread onto plate count agar. Colonies on plates at the highest dilution from each module well were randomly selected and identified. After 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of temperature abuse, E. coli was the bacterial species identified 97, 92, 88, 87, and 61% of the time, respectively. These results indicate that the medium/temperature combination was excellent for enumerating E. coli from samples that contain mixed microflora using conductance. Significant linear correlations were observed between time of abuse (TA) and log10 PC (LPC) or DT (R2 = 0.86 and R2 = −0.90, respectively). A significant linear correlation was observed between LPC and DT (R2 = −0.92). This rapid method (1 to 7.6 h) for enumeration of E. coli on chicken should provide a way to determine E. coli levels before a product is shipped, and it should aid the poultry industry in meeting the E. coli testing requirement of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service pathogen reduction regulation.

scholarly journals TOTAL BAKTERI DAN IDENTIFIKASI Escherichia coli PADA JAJANAN SIOMAY IKAN YANG DIJAJAKAN DI BEBERAPA SD NEGERI DI KOTA KENDARI

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Wa Ode Rusmianur ◽  
Asnani Asnani ◽  
Suwarjoyowirayatno Suwarjoyowirayatno
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

ABSTRACT          Contamination in food may cause foodborne disease, one of them are diarrhea and food poisoning. The cause of contamination in food is microbial contamination. This study aims to determine the presence of contamination Escherichia coli and the number of bacteria on fish siomay, being sold at public elementary school in Kendari city (Kendari  barat, Mandonga, Puwatu and Poasia). This Research used a descriptive survey with random sampling  method to determine the number of bacteria and Escherichia coli using total plate count (TPC) and EMBA medium. The results showed that the number of bacteria were (A) 3,50 x 103CFU/gram, (B) 3,00 x 103 CFU/gram,  (C) 6,67 x 103 CFU/gram dan (D) 8,00 x 103CFU/gram and wasfound Escherichia coli in samples A, C and D, while samples B not found Escherichia coli. This research showed that 3 out of 4 siomay fish samples (80%) contain Escherichia coli and the number of bacteria still according to SNI standar and siomay is still suitable for consumption.Keywords: Escherichia coli. Foodborne disease, Siomay, Total Plate Count (TPC).ABSTRAKAdanya kontaminasi pada pangan jajanan dapat menyebabkan foodborne disease, salah satunya adalah diare dan keracunan pangan. Penyebab kontaminasi pada pangan adalah cemaran mikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya cemaran  Escherichia coli dan jumlah bakteri pada jajanan siomay ikan yang dijajakan di Beberapa Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kota Kendari (kecamatan Kendari barat, Mandonga, Puwatu dan Poasia). Metode penelitian yaitu Survey deskriptif dengan pengambilan sampel secara acak (random sampling) untuk mengetahui jumlah bakteri dan adanya bakteri Escherichia coli pada makanan jajanan siomay ikan dengan menggunakan metode TPC dan isolasi pada media EMBA. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan rata-rata jumlah bakteri yaitu (A) 3,50 x 103CFU/gram, (B) 3,00 x 103 CFU/gram,  (C) 6,67 x 103 CFU/gram dan (D) 8,00 x CFU/gram ditemukan Escherichia coli pada sampel A, C dan D sedangkan sampel B tidak ditemukan bakteri Escherichia coli. Hal iniMenunjukkan bahwa 3 dari 4 sampel siomay telah tercemar bakteri Escherichia coli sebesar 80% dengan total koloni bakteri masih memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan SNI siomay ikan dan masih layak dikonsumsi.Kata kunci: Escherichia coli, Foodborne disease, Siomay, Total Plate Count (TPC).

scholarly journals Association of Malassezia pachydermatis with the otitic and the normal ear canal of the dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
E. BOURTZI-HATZOPOULOU (Ε. ΜΠΟΥΡΤΖΗ-ΧΑΤΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) ◽  
E. PETRIDOU (Ε. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ) ◽  
V. PSYHOYOS (B. ΨΥΧΟΓΙΟΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Direct Microscopic Examination ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Ear Canals ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of M. pachydermatis in otitic and healthy ear canals of the dogs and to test the sensitivity of this microorganism to antifungal agents. A total of 180 swabs, 98 from otitic and 82 from clinically healthy dogs, were collected during the years 1998-2000 in Thessaloniki area (Greece). From all the swabs, smears for direct microscopic examination and inoculation on selective media for bacteria and fungi isolation were made. From the 90 M. pachydermatis isolates, 68 (69,38%) were made from infected and 32 (39,02%) from clinically healthy dogs. M. pachydermatiswas the sole isolate in 20 (20,39%) infected and in 12 (14,63%) non infected dogs. In 48 otitic and in 20 clinically healthy dogs, M. pachydermatis was associated with bacteria as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Streptococcus spp. and fungi as Candida spp. ana Aspergillus spp.. S. intermediuswas isolated from 13 infected and 20 non infected animals. A mixed bacterial flora was grown from 6 infected and 22 clinically healthy animals, respectively, while no growth of microorganisms from 11 otitic and 8 healthy dogs was observed. All Malassezia tested strains (46) were found sensitive to ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole and clotrimazole. Nystatin was found effective to 38 isolates and noneffective to 8.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in the Mouth Before and After Ablution

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Fitriah Fitriah ◽  
Mochammad Erwin Rachman ◽  
Sri Wahyuni Gayatri ◽  
Fendy Dwimartyono ◽  
Hasta Handayani Idrus
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Background: The oral is the gateway for the entry of various kinds of microorganisms into the body, with the prevalence of people having dental and oral problems in Indonesia increasing every year. The normal flora of the oral acts as a body defense, but it can cause disease due to predisposing factors, namely oral hygiene. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative in maintaining oral health. Islam is a religion that emphasizes personal hygiene, such as performing ablution. Content: The types of bacteria found in the oral before ablution was 33.33% Pseudomonas sp., 6.67% Lactobacillus sp., 3.33% Streptococcus sp. and 0.14% Staphylococcus sp. while the types of bacteria found in the oral after ablution were 26,8% Pseudomonas sp., 20% Lactobacillus sp., 5% Streptococcus sp. and 2% Staphylococcus sp. Conclusion: There was a change in the number of bacteria, namely an increase in gram-positive bacteria in the oral after ablution.

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