Diacylglycerols from Palm Oil Deodoriser Distillate. Part 1 – Synthesis by Lipase-catalysed Esterification

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Lo ◽  
B. S. Baharin ◽  
C. P. Tan ◽  
O. M. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Lipozyme Rm Im

Diacylglycerols (DAG) were synthesised by lipase-catalysed esterification of glycerol with fatty acids from palm oil deodoriser distillate (PODD). Effects of reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, enzyme type, enzyme load, substrate mole ratio and water content were determined. The effect of molecular sieves as a water adsorbent was also studied. Rhizomucor mieheilipase (Lipozyme RM IM) was found to be most effective among the lipases screened for DAG production. The following conditions yielded 52% (w/w) DAG: 6h reaction time, 65 °C reaction temperature, 10% (w/w) Lipozyme RM IM, 2.5:1 fatty acid to glycerol molar ratio, and 30% (w/w) molecular sieves. DAG synthesis of 10.9% (w/w) was still observed at 10% (w/w) water content.

Dacylglycerols from Palm Oil Deodoriser Distillate. Part 2 – Physical and Chemical Characterisation

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Lo ◽  
B. S. Baharin ◽  
C. P. Tan ◽  
O. M. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
Silica Column ◽  
Slip Melting Point ◽  
Physical And Chemical

High-purity diacylglycerol (DAG) oil was enzymatically obtained from palm oil deodoriser distillate (PODD). Free fatty acids from PODD were esterified with glycerol (2.5:1 fatty acid to glycerol molar ratio) in the presence of 10% (w/w of oil) Rhizomucor mieheilipase (Lipozyme RM IM) and 30% (w/w of oil) molecular sieves and incubated for 6h at 65 °C in a 50 mL bioreactor. After esterification, the products were deacidified by alkaline extraction and the DAG oil was further purified by silica column chromatography. After purification, up to 85.2% (w/w) of DAG was obtained. DAG profile, fatty acid composition, iodine value, slip melting point and thermal profiles were determined.

Hybrid Approach for Optimizing Process Parameters in Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 834 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Pongchanun Luangpaiboon ◽  
Pasura Aungkulanon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Influential Parameters

Biodiesel was synthesized from direct transesterification of palm oil reacted with methanol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. There is a sequence of three consecutive reversible reactions for the transesterification process. These process parameters were optimized via the hybrid optimization approach of a conventional response surface method and artificial intelligence mechanisms from Sine Cosine and Thermal Exchange Optimization metaheuristics. The influential parameters and their combined interaction effects on the transesterification efficiency were established through a factorial designed experiments. In this study, the influential parameters being optimized to obtain the maximum yield of biodiesel were reaction temperature of 60–150°C, reaction time of 1–6 hours, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1 mol/mol and weight of catalyst of 1–10wt. %. On the first phase, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the reaction time as the most influential parameter on biodiesel production. Based on the experimental results from the hybrid algorithm via the SCO, it was concluded that the optimal biodiesel yield for the transesterification of palm oil were found to be 100°C for reaction temperature, 4 hours for reaction time, 10:1 wt/wt of ratio methanol to oil and 8% of weight of catalyst with 92.15% and 90.97% of biodiesel yield for expected and experimental values, respectively.

scholarly journals Influences of Water Content in Feedstock Oil on Burning Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1130
Author(s):  
Cherng-Yuan Lin ◽  
Lei Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Palm Oil Biodiesel

Strong alkaline-catalyst transesterification with short-chain alcohol is generally used for biodiesel production due to its dominant advantages of shorter reaction time and higher conversion rate over other reactions. The existence of excess water content in the feedstock oil might retard the transesterification rate and in turn deteriorate the fuel characteristics of the fatty acid methyl esters. Hence, optimum water content in the raw oil, aimed towards both lower production cost and superior fuel properties, becomes significant for biodiesel research and industrial practices. Previous studies only concerned the influences of water contents on the yield or conversion rate of fatty acid methyl esters through transesterification of triglycerides. The effects of added water in the reactant mixture on burning characteristics of fatty acid methyl esters are thus first investigated in this study. Raw palm oil was added with preset water content before being transesterified. The experimental results show that the biodiesel produced from the raw palm oil containing a 0.05 wt.% added water content had the highest content of saturated fatty acids and total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), while that containing 0.11 wt.% water content had the lowest content of total FAME and fatty acids of longer carbon chains than C16 among the biodiesel products. Regarding burning characteristics, palm-oil biodiesel made from raw oil with a 0.05 wt.% added water content among those biodiesels was found to have the highest distillation temperatures, flash point, and ignition point, which implies higher safety extents during handling and storage of the fuel. The added water content 0.05 wt.% in raw oil was considered the optimum to produce palm-oil biodiesel with superior fuel structure of fatty acids and burning characteristics. Higher or lower water content than 0.05 wt.% would cause slower nucleophilic substitution reaction and thus a lower conversion rate from raw oil and deteriorated burning characteristics in turn.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Free Fatty Acid Removal in Nyamplung Seed Oil (Callophyllum inophylum L.) using Response Surface Methodology Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Radenrara Dewi Artanti Putri ◽  
Bayu Triwibowo ◽  
Siti Choirunisa Furi Kurnita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However, it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17%. The FFA content above 2% will cause saponification reaction, reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work, FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2%. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18%, and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01% at the temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27% and the FFA content of 4%, attained at the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 59.09℃, 1.98% g/g nyamplung seed oil, and 119.95 minutes, respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2% could be obtained at the temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 58.97℃, 3%, and 194.9 minutes, respectively, with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.

Esterification of Menthol and Lactic Acid by Silicotungstic Acid Catalyst Supported on Bentonite

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Jian Zhong Jin ◽  
Na Bo Sun
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Silicotungstic Acid ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Acid Loading

The silicotungstic acid catalyst supported on bentonite was employed in the esterification of menthol and lactic acid. The main reaction parameters were silicotungstic acid loading on bentonite, the amounts of catalyst, molar ratio of reactants, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimum conditions were determined as follows : silicotungstic acid loading on bentonite 50 wt %, catalyst 1.25 g , mole ratio of menthol to lactic acid 1:1.1, reaction temperature 130 °C and reaction time 3 h . The esterification yield of menthyl lactiate was about 83.97 %. The catalyst could be used repeatedly for many times without distinct loss in activity.

scholarly journals Effects of Water Removal from Palm Oil Reactant by Electrolysis on the Fuel Properties of Biodiesel

Processes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Cherng-Yuan Lin ◽  
Lei Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Single Pair

Biodiesel, which is composed of mono-alkyl esters of long carbon-chained fatty acids, is used as an alternative fuel to petro-diesel. The water content of the reactant mixture of feedstock oil influences the extent of transesterification and thus the fuel characteristics. Lower water content in feedstock oil is generally suggested for successful transesterification. This experimental study removed water from the reactant mixture of feedstock palm oil and methanol during transesterification using various systems composed of either electrodes or molecular sieves with rotary vibration. The effect of input electrical energy, number of electrodes, vibration modes, and operating time on the amount of water removed from the reactant mixture and the fuel properties of the final biodiesel product were analyzed and compared with those achieved using molecular sieves. The results show that the biodiesel—after water was removed during transesterification—appeared to have increased kinematic viscosity, cetane index, distillation temperature, and acid value, while the heating value, flash point, ignition point, and water content decreased with an increase in the input electrical energy of the electrodes responsible for electrolyzing water away. Electrolysis by the double-pair electrodes was more effective at reducing acid value and water content than that performed by the single-pair electrodes under the same input electrical energy. The biodiesel was found to have the lowest water content (0.0304 wt.%) and the highest water-removal rate (0.011 wt.%) when water was removed during transesterification by the double-pair electrodes with an input electrical energy of 9 J/(g palm oil). The water-removal rate of the rotary-vibrating molecular sieves was 11.24 times that of the single-pair electrodes. The biodiesel was found to have increased kinematic viscosity with higher input electrical energy, reaching 5.15 mm2/s when the double-pair electrodes with an input electrical energy of 11 J/(g palm oil) were used. Longer carbon-chained fatty acids, ranging from C20 to C24, amounted to 0.74 wt.% of the biodiesel produced using the double-pair electrodes, which was greater than that seen for the single-pair electrodes. However, the molecular sieve method consumed more energy than the double-pair electrodes did to remove the same amount of water from the palm oil reactant mixture via transesterification.

KAJIAN AWAL PENGARUH WAKTU REAKSI DAN RASIO MOLAR ASAM OLEAT DENGAN BUTANOL TERHADAP SIFAT FISIKO KIMIA PLASTISIZER BUTIL OLEAT

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Mers Selly ◽  
Nirwana
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Optimal Operating ◽  
Acid Esterification

Vol 7 No 2ABSTRACTEsterification reaction is a reaction between fatty acids or carboxylic acids with alcohols toesters. Fatty acid (oleic acid) sourced from palm oil. One alternative to increase the economicvalue of palm oil is oleic acid esterification into oleic butyl known as plasticizers. Plasticizeradditives are compounds added to polymers to improve its flexibility and workabilitas. Thisstudy aims to study the effect of reaction time and molar ratio of the plasticizer synthesis oleicbutyl and identify the plasticizer oleic butyl. In this study, the first step is preparation H-Zeolitecatalyst, then synthesis of plasticizer butyl oleic esterification using natural zeolite catalystswere activated to H-zeolites with variables in the reaction time (6, 9 and 12 hours) and themolar ratio of oleic acid and butanol (1: 6, 1: 9 and 1:12) with the permanent variable stirringspeed of 200 rpm, 108-112 ° C of temperature and the catalyst were 15% oleic acid-based. Fromthe test results obtained 0.862 specific gravity, viscosity of 8.39 mPa and showed that thespecific gravity and viscosity of the resulting plasticizer has commercial plasticizer standardnamely 0.862 to 0.928 and from 8.2 to 9.4. Optimal operating conditions obtained in thisresearch is the molar ratio of 1:12, reaction time 12 hours resulted in a conversion reaction of76.73%.Keywords: Esterifikasi, H-zeolite, Oil, Plasticizer

OPTIMIZATION OF COCOA BUTTER EQUIVALENT PRODUCTION FROM FORMULATED HARD PALM OIL MID-FRACTION AND CANOLA OIL BLENDS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiza Mutia ◽  
Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel ◽  
Ida Idayu Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The study to find cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) as an alternative to cocoa butter (CB) from available and low cost commercial oils or fats has been increased recently. Current study investigates the blending of hard palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce high nutritional CBE using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the percentage of saturated-unsaturated-saturated (StUSt) triacylglycerols (TAGs). The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50 to 90% (w/w), lipozyme load between 5% and 10% (based on the weight of substrate) with a reaction time between 2 to 14 hours. The best reaction conditions to attain this target was 89.35% (w/w) of hard PMF concentration, 2 hours of reaction time, and 5% (based on the weight of substrate) of lipozyme load, resulting CBE which contains 64.44±1.18% of StUSt. The addition of canola oil improved the nutritional value of CBE which was marked by the higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega-6, 4.53±0.06%) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 0.74±0.14%) in CBE than CB (omega-6, 2.68±0.34%). Enzymatic interesterification was not altering fatty acid content in the CBE, especially linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3) which was characterized by no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the fatty acid profile of initial mixture (before interesterification) and CBE (after interesterification).

Heterogeneous Microwave Irradiation Biodiesel Processing of Jatropha Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 500-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Nasir Ani ◽  
Ahmed Bakheit Elhameed
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Reaction Parameters

This paper investigated the three critical reaction parameters including catalyst concentration, microwave exit power and reaction time for the transesterification process of jatropha curcas oil using microwave irradiation. The work is an attempt to reduce the production cost of biodiesel. Similar quantities of methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1 and calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst were used. The results showed that the best yield percentage 96% was obtained using 300W microwave exit power, 8 %wt CaO and 7 min. The methyl ester FAME obtained was within the standard of biodiesel fuel.

scholarly journals A facile and effective method for preparation of 2.5-furandicarboxylic acid via hydrogen peroxide direct oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Long Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Furandicarboxylic Acid

Abstract In this paper, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was efficiently prepared by the direct oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in alkaline conditions without any catalysts. The effects of reaction parameters on the process were systematically investigated and the optimal parameters were obtained as follows: molar ratio of 5-HMF:KOH:H2O2 was 1:4:8, reaction temperature and reaction time were determined as 70°C and 15 minutes, respectively. Under these conditions, the yield of FDCA was 55.6% and the purity of FDCA could reach 99%. Moreover, we have speculated the detailed oxidation mechanism of 5-HMF assisted by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline condition to synthesize FDCA.

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