Dacylglycerols from Palm Oil Deodoriser Distillate. Part 2 –                Physical and Chemical Characterisation

High-purity diacylglycerol (DAG) oil was enzymatically obtained from palm oil deodoriser distillate (PODD). Free fatty acids from PODD were esterified with glycerol (2.5:1 fatty acid to glycerol molar ratio) in the presence of 10% (w/w of oil) Rhizomucor mieheilipase (Lipozyme RM IM) and 30% (w/w of oil) molecular sieves and incubated for 6h at 65 °C in a 50 mL bioreactor. After esterification, the products were deacidified by alkaline extraction and the DAG oil was further purified by silica column chromatography. After purification, up to 85.2% (w/w) of DAG was obtained. DAG profile, fatty acid composition, iodine value, slip melting point and thermal profiles were determined.

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Diacylglycerols from Palm Oil Deodoriser Distillate. Part 1 – Synthesis by Lipase-catalysed Esterification

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/1082013204044826 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 149-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S. K. Lo ◽

B. S. Baharin ◽

C. P. Tan ◽

O. M. Lai

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Water Content ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Molecular Sieves ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Reaction Parameters ◽

Lipozyme Rm Im

Diacylglycerols (DAG) were synthesised by lipase-catalysed esterification of glycerol with fatty acids from palm oil deodoriser distillate (PODD). Effects of reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, enzyme type, enzyme load, substrate mole ratio and water content were determined. The effect of molecular sieves as a water adsorbent was also studied. Rhizomucor mieheilipase (Lipozyme RM IM) was found to be most effective among the lipases screened for DAG production. The following conditions yielded 52% (w/w) DAG: 6h reaction time, 65 °C reaction temperature, 10% (w/w) Lipozyme RM IM, 2.5:1 fatty acid to glycerol molar ratio, and 30% (w/w) molecular sieves. DAG synthesis of 10.9% (w/w) was still observed at 10% (w/w) water content.

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Comparison of Composition and Structure of Palm Oil with Lard

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.905 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 554-556 ◽

pp. 905-908 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Su Xi Wu ◽

Rui Xin Liu ◽

Hui Li

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Oil Products ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Composition And Structure

In order to confirm the substitutability of palm oil for lard, the fatty acid composition and their distribution at the Sn-2 position of triglycerides in three kinds of palm oil products and five kinds of lard products were investigated. The results obtained were as follows. Palm oil has similar saturated fatty acids composition (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2) with lard, and has slightly lower unsaturated fatty acids content than lard. The Sn-2 position of palm oil is mainly distributed with unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1, C18:2), while the Sn-2 position of lard is mainly distributed with saturated fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0), which is maybe the cause why palm oil is easier to be digested and absorbed than lard.

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Characteristics of catfish oil, red palm oil and shark liver oil as functional foods

DEPIK ◽

10.13170/depik.10.2.19131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 151-160

Author(s):

Ulil Amri ◽

Andarini Diharmi ◽

Mery Sukmiwati

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Functional Food ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Red Palm Oil ◽

Shark Liver Oil ◽

Catfish Oil

Functional food is a food ingredient in addition to basic needs as nutrients that can also play a functional role in health. This research aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of catfish oil, red palm oil, and shark liver oil as functional food ingredients. The research method was to extract fish oil from belly flap, purify catfish oil, and process red palm oil (RPO) from crude palm oil (CPO). The analysis parameters consisted of sensory analysis, oil chemical characteristics (free fatty acid analysis, peroxide, iodine, saponification, and acid numbers), total carotene, tocopherol, and analysis of fatty acid composition. The results showed that the catfish oil after being purified had sensory characteristics, smelled slightly fishy and semi-solid, and had a bright yellow color. The results of the analysis of chemical characteristics showed that the free fatty acid numbers of catfish oil and shark liver oil were following IFOS standards (1.33 and 0.62%), and the RPO numbers for peroxide and free fatty acids according to the SNI standards (9.56 meq kg and 1.44%). The highest ω-3 and ω- 6 fatty acids were in shark liver oil (3.56 and 35.35%), followed by catfish oil (1.72 and 19.9%). and RPO does not contain ω-3 and ω-6. Catfish oil, RPO, and shark liver oil act as functional foods. The fatty acid composition of catfish, shark liver and red palm oil contains saturated and the fatty acid composition of catfish, shark liver and red palm oil contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Mono and poly unsaturated fatty acid (FUFA anf MUFA) in crude catfish oil, pure catfish oil, shark liver oil, and red palm oils were 56.71, 58.12, 63.81 and 47.39% respectively. The result of analysis showed composition of in catfish oil 1.72 and 19.9 %. The content of and of shark liver oil was 3.5 and 35.5%. Whereas in red palm oil does not Ω 3 and Ω 6. The content of EPA and DHA in shark liver oil was 0.08, 0.09 but not in catfish and red palm oil. The total content of carotene and tocopherol in red palm oil was 513.86 and 925.80 mg/kg, respectively. The nutritional composition of catfish oil, red palm oil, and shark liver oil has the potential to be used as functional food. Keywords:Characteristic physicochemicalCaroteneTocopherolω-3ω-6

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Physical and Chemical Parameters of Emulsifiers and Their Effect on the Process of Food Emulsion Formation

Food Processing Techniques and Technology ◽

10.21603/2074-9414-2021-4-915-929 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 915-929

Author(s):

Lyubov Tereshchuk ◽

Konstantin Zagorodnikov ◽

Kseniya Starovoitova ◽

Pavel Viushinskij

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Melting Point ◽

Iodine Number ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Food Emulsions ◽

Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽

Physical And Chemical

Introduction. Modern food science needs new research of food emulsifiers, their composition, properties and effect on the structural characteristics of emulsions. It looks for modern technological solutions on how to select proper emulsifiers and their mixes to produce emulsions with different mass fractions of fat. The research objective was to study the effect of physical and chemical indicators of surfactants on the properties of food emulsions, as well as to develop practical recommendations for the selection of surfactants for various types of products. Study objects and methods. The research featured model dairy fat emulsions and laboratory-made vegetable oil, as well as hard and soft mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids and lecithins. The emulsifiers were used to determine the melting point, fatty acid composition, iodine number, and solid triglyceride content at various temperatures. The melting point of emulsifiers was determined by fixing the melting temperature in a capillary oven. To identify the fatty acid composition, the methyl esters of fatty acids were subjected to the chromatogram method. After that, the separated components and their quantity were determined by the area of the peaks. The content of solid triglycerides in the emulsifiers was determined by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance was obtained from the manufacturer's specifications. Results and discussion. The solid mono- and diglycerides appeared to have a high content of stearic and palmitic acids. Oleic acid predominated in soft monoglycerides; unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic and oleic) also predominated in the monoglycerides/lecithin complex emulsifier. Solid monoglycerides had a high content of solid triglycerides at 35°C (82.93%), which correlated with the high melting point (80°C) and the lowest iodine number (3 mg I2/100 g) of all the samples. The optimal ratio of vegetable oil and the emulsifier was defined empirically. The emulsifiers were dissolved in refined deodorized vegetable oil at 5–7°C above the melting point of the emulsifier. The resulting ratios were between 6:1 and 10:1. The samples of creamy vegetable spreads were obtained using the studied emulsifiers and their compositions in different doses and ratios. The crystallization temperature and phase transition time were determined when studying the process of emulsion overcooling. The article introduces a list of technological and physicochemical indicators of emulsifiers: the fatty acid composition, the degree of saturation, the melting point, and the content of solid triglycerides. By finding out the physicochemical parameters of emulsifiers, producers can vary the ratio of the components of emulsifying compositions to achieve the desired properties of food emulsions. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance also proved to be an important index since the proportion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in surfactants affects the type of emulsions and makes it possible to adjust the fat content of the finished product. Conclusion. The research results can expand the theoretical foundations of food emulsions. The article contains scientifically grounded recommendations on how to select optimal surfactants. The research opens up prospects for further studies of emulsifiers and their effect on the quality of finished products.

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Lipase-mediated interesterification of oils and fats for the preparation of bakery and confectionery fats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-67079/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

HITHAMANI G ◽

Yella Sunki Reddy ◽

Sakina Khatoon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Solid Fat Content ◽

Palm Stearin ◽

Fat Content ◽

Solid Fat ◽

Slip Melting Point ◽

Confectionery Fats

Abstract Bakery and confectionary fats were prepared by enzymatic interesterification of sal fat with palm stearin and palm mid fraction blends in various ratios. Slip melting point, free fatty acids, fatty acid composition, solid fat content and triglyceride composition were determined. Fatty acid composition revealed that the blends were rich in palmitic (13.9-58.5%), stearic (7.7-36.7%) and oleic (25.2-39.9%) with no trans fatty acids. Blends of sal:PSt (50:50), sal:PMF (50:50 and 25:75) showed high solid fat content at 20 and 25 °C with short melting range. After interesterification, plasticity of products increased, which were comparable with commercial bakery fat. Some of the blends alone showed short melting profile like cocoa butter. Interesterification produced significant alteration in the triacylglycerol composition of the blends studied. Blends and the interesterified products prepared showed favorable characteristics with no transfats and hence could be used in the place of commercial bakery and confectionary fats.

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Influence of fish oil, palm oil and glycerol on milk fatty acid composition and metabolism in cows during early lactation

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-55-540-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 540-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Kupczyński ◽

M. Kuczaj ◽

M. Szołtysik ◽

T. Stefaniak

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Glycerol Concentration

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine an influence of diet additives in a form of protected palm oil, protected fish oil or unprotected fish oil with glycerol in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows on milk fatty acid composition, metabolism, milk yield and milk composition. Milk production, milk fat, and milk protein did not differ statistically between the groups. A significant increase (P<0.01) in glucose level in blood was noted after application of unprotected fish oil with glycerol. The lowest concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids, with the highest cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentration was observed in protected fish oil. An increase in the content of long-chain acids was observed in milk fat of cows receiving protected fish oil when compared to the group receiving palm oil and unprotected fish oil with glycerol. Concentration of trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) was higher (P<0.01) in protected fish oil and unprotected fish oil with glycerol when compared to palm oil group. These changes were corresponded by concentration of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (1.71, 1.68 and 0.61 g/100 g of total fatty acids, respectively). Irrespectively of the form of fish oil administration, an increase in milk eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was noted. The present experiment provides evidence that milk fatty acids can be manipulated via dietary fish oil or unprotected fish oil and glycerol application.

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Fatty acid composition of swine fat when using different feedstuffs in diets

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies ◽

10.32718/nvlvet-f9604 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (96) ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

N. Chyzhanska ◽

A. Polishchuk

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Human Diet ◽

Quality Of Products ◽

Physical And Chemical

Human health is largely determined by the influence of environmental factors, including the quality of foodstuff. Nutrition is one of the most important factors, so the application of modern knowledge about the energy value and fatty acid composition of basic foods, as well as the organization of a rational diet of people on this basis can significantly improve it. This article analyses data on the fatty acid composition of fat when using different feedstuffs in swine diets. The use of additives in animal diets in order to increase their productivity affects the quality of products, in particular the fatty acid composition of swine fat, which influences the physical and chemical properties and technological properties of food products. The role of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human and animal bodies, which play an extremely important role in metabolism, is described. The data on their content in fat and swine products as the main source of these substances in the human diet are summarised. The importance of a balanced intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human diet is discussed, which contributes to the prevention of various diseases, and a review of the results of studies on the effect of various feedstuffs on the fatty acid composition of swine products is given, since the content of individual fatty acids that are not synthesised in the animal body is affected by feed quality and the presence of fatty acids in lipids of feed, which determine the quality of human foods.

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Effect of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Phosphatidylcholine on Maze Behavior and Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma and Brain Lipids in Mice

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.70.5.251 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 251-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Sun-Young Lim ◽

Hiramitsu Suzuki

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Maze Learning ◽

Learning Ability ◽

Control Group ◽

Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Group 5

We investigated the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) on maze behavior and brain fatty acids in mice. Male Crj:CD-1 mice (3 wk old) were fed a diet containing 2% DHA and 3% palm oil (DHA group); 5% PC (PC group); 1% DHA, 2.5% PC and 1.5% palm oil (DHA+PC group); 5% palm oil (Palm oil control group) or MF laboratory chow (MF control group) for 7 mo. After this time maze-learning ability was assessed. The time required to reach the maze exit and the number of times that a mouse strayed into blind alleys in the maze were measured three times every four days. After the last learning test, all mice were sacrificed and plasma and brain were analyzed for fatty acid composition. The DHA and PC groups required less time to reach the maze exit and strayed less into blind alleys than the control group in the third trial. The difference between the DHA or PC groups and control mice was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the total lipids of plasma and brain of mice fed DHA, there was a significant increase in DHA levels and a concomitant decrease in arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6). Similar changes in fatty acid composition were observed in brain phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine for this group of mice. However, this pattern of changes in brain fatty acids was not evident in the PC group. Our data suggest that maze-learning ability in mice is enhanced by intakes of DHA and PC. However, the mechanisms by which the DHA and PC diets improved learning ability appear to be different. A synergistic effect of DHA and PC on learning ability is not apparent in the DHA+PC group.

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Platelet Aggregation in Finnish Men and Its Relation to Fatty Acids in Platelets, Plasma and Adipose Tissue

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1660071 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 54 (03) ◽

pp. 563-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M K Salo ◽

E Vartiainen ◽

P Puska ◽

T Nikkari

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Free Living ◽

Ω3 Fatty Acids ◽

Induced Aggregation

SummaryPlatelet aggregation and its relation to fatty acid composition of platelets, plasma and adipose tissue was determined in 196 randomly selected, free-living, 40-49-year-old men in two regions of Finland (east and southwest) with a nearly twofold difference in the IHD rate.There were no significant east-southwest differences in platelet aggregation induced with ADP, thrombin or epinephrine. ADP-induced platelet secondary aggregation showed significant negative associations with all C20-C22 ω3-fatty acids in platelets (r = -0.26 - -0.40) and with the platelet 20: 5ω3/20: 4ω 6 and ω3/ ω6 ratios, but significant positive correlations with the contents of 18:2 in adipose tissue (r = 0.20) and plasma triglycerides (TG) (r = 0.29). Epinephrine-induced aggregation correlated negatively with 20: 5ω 3 in plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) (r = -0.23) and TG (r = -0.29), and positively with the total percentage of saturated fatty acids in platelets (r = 0.33), but had no significant correlations with any of the ω6-fatty acids. Thrombin-induced aggregation correlated negatively with the ω3/6ω ratio in adipose tissue (r = -0.25) and the 20: 3ω6/20: 4ω 6 ratio in plasma CE (r = -0.27) and free fatty acids (FFA) (r = -0.23), and positively with adipose tissue 18:2 (r = 0.23) and 20:4ω6 (r = 0.22) in plasma phospholipids (PL).The percentages of prostanoid precursors in platelet lipids, i. e. 20: 3ω 6, 20: 4ω 6 and 20 :5ω 3, correlated best with the same fatty acids in plasma CE (r = 0.32 - 0.77) and PL (r = 0.28 - 0.74). Platelet 20: 5ω 3 had highly significant negative correlations with the percentage of 18:2 in adipose tissue and all plasma lipid fractions (r = -0.35 - -0.44).These results suggest that, among a free-living population, relatively small changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma and platelets may be reflected in significant differences in platelet aggregation, and that an increase in linoleate-rich vegetable fat in the diet may not affect platelet function favourably unless it is accompanied by an adequate supply of ω3 fatty acids.

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