Watermelon juice concentration using ultrafiltration: Analysis of sugar and ascorbic acid

Asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anderson) in Malaysia normally used as dried fruit for ingredients in the food. Dried G. atroviridis also used for medicinal and health benefits food. Recently, G. atroviridis become more popular when RandD found that this fruit has high hydroxy acetic acid (HCA) (to reduce cholesterol and fat, slimming agent), high antioxidant content, anti-bacteria, anti-tumour, manage high blood pressure etc. This fruit was processed as health benefit foods and also as supplement and healthy drink. This traditional plant also proven can be planted on a commercial scale and give promising income to entrepreneurs. Therefore, a study on this plant also given priority. Study on different maturity stages is important to understand the development of fruit and to determine suitable harvesting stage as a guideline for harvesting and processing. Therefore, this study were carried out by tagging the fruit from flowering until the fruit set, matured and ripen stage. From the observation, fruit at age 85 days after flowering seem started matured and they were picked at every 5 days and analysed until day 125 when fruit were overripe and drop from tree. Fruit were analysed on physical (visual appearance, firmness, lightness, chroma, hue) and chemical (pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), ascorbic acid, soluble solid content (SSC) changes. Result showed that SSC of G. atroviridis were range from 6.13 – 7.73. SSC of G. atroviridis maintain during development and significantly increased after 120 days. Acidity (TTA) of G. atroviridis were very high (3.83 – 4.60 mg/100g). TTA significantly low at day 90 and 120 after fruit set, compare to other stages. Ascorbic acid content of G. atroviridis is considered low (0.77 – 1.35 mg/100g). pH of G. atroviridis is very low at 2.41 -2.60. This considered too low compared to other fruits. pH and ascorbic acid of G. atroviridis is fluctuated during the development of fruit from 85 to 125 day after flowering. Skin lightness increased significantly from day 85 to 100, maintain until day 110 and significantly decreased until day 125. Flesh lightness maintain during fruit development. Skin chroma maintain from day 85 to day 105, significantly increased after day 105 to 110, maintain until day 115 and significantly decreased thereafter. Flesh chroma remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 120, but slightly increased from day 120 to until day 125. Skin hue maintain from day 85 to day 95, significantly decreased after day 100 to 110, significantly increased until day 115 and maintain thereafter. Flesh hue remain un-change during fruit development from day 85 to day 125. Firmness of G. atroviridis maintain during development, 19.35 – 23.25 N, but significantly higher at 125 days after flowering, 25.32 N.

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Changes of Physically-Chemical Parameters of 'Nante' Carrot Hybrids During Storage in Traditional Conditions

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences Section B Natural Exact and Applied Sciences ◽

10.2478/prolas-2013-0054 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (4-5) ◽

pp. 416-421

Author(s):

Ingrīda Augšpole ◽

Tatjana Rakčejeva ◽

Ilze Grāmatiņa

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Acid Content ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Solid Content ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Soluble Solid Content ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Soluble Solid

Abstract The current research focuses on changes of physically-chemical parameters of 'Nante' carrot hybrids during storage in traditional conditions. Quality parameters during carrot storage for six months at temperature 8 ± 2 oC and relative air humidity 85 ± 1 % were evaluated using standard methods: soluble solids (digital refractometer), dietary fibre (AOAC 985.29), ascorbic acid (iodometric) and firmness (TA.XT.plus Texture Analyser). Before storage, hybrids 'Nante/Berlikum', 'Nante/Maestro' and 'Nante/Bolero' had higher soluble solid content: 1.6 times higher comparing with hybrid 'Nante/Forto' and 1.2 times higher compared with hybrid 'Nante/Champion'. These hybrids also had higher ascorbic acid content: 2.0 times higher than in 'Nante/Forto' and 'Nante/Champion'. Significant differences were not found in dietary fibre content and firmness of non-stored carrots. Substantial differences were observed in soluble solid content in the hybrid 'Nante/Berlikum' during six-month storage - the content decreased 2.0 times. However, nonsignificant decrease of soluble solids content decreases was found for the hybrid 'Nante/Forto'. Changes in hybrid firmness and dietary fibre amount were not significant during storage for four months. Ascorbic acid content of the carrot hybrids during storage decreased by 3.4 times.

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Role of Phospholipase D Inhibitor in Regulating Expression of Senescencerelated Phospholipase D gene in Postharvest Longan Fruit

Current Bioinformatics ◽

10.2174/1574893614666190503162645 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 649-657 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Li ◽

Jiemin Li ◽

Jian Sun ◽

Ping Yi ◽

Changbao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phospholipase D ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Solid Content ◽

Total Soluble Solid ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Soluble Solid Content ◽

Soluble Solid ◽

Pericarp Browning

Background: Phospholipase D (PLD)is closely related to browning and senescence of postharvest longan fruit. Objective: This study investigated the effects of 2-butanol (a PLD inhibitor) on the expression and regulation of PLD during storage of longan fruit at a low temperature. Methods: Senescence-related quality indices showed that the 2-butanol-treated fruit presented lower pericarp browning index, pulp breakdown index and total soluble solid value than the untreated fruit. Results: The fruit treated by 60 µL/L 2-butanol exhibited the strongest inhibition on senescence, which significantly delayed changes in weight, titratable acidity content, total soluble solid content and ascorbic acid content. This treatment maintained a high level of total phenolic content and caused significant inhibition on pericarp browning and pulp breakdown. Through ELISA method, 60 µL/L 2-butanol treatment also reduced PLD activity. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) results showed that PLD mRNA expression level was inhibited by 60 µL/L 2-butanol within 15 days. Western-blotting results further confirmed the differential expression of PLD during storage, and a relatively higher expression for PLD protein was found in control compared to the 2-butanoltreated fruit during 15-d storage. Conclusion: These results provided a scientific basis and reference to further investigating postharvest longan quality maintenance by regulating the PLD gene expression.

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Investigation on membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of latex solution

10.32920/ryerson.14654874.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amira Abdelrasoul

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Specific Power ◽

Pore Sizes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Different Types

The low-pressure membrane applications are considered to be the most effective and sustainable methods of addressing environmental problems in treating water and wastewater that meets or exceed stringent environmental standards. Nevertheless, membrane fouling is one of the primary operational concerns that is currently hindering a more widespread application of ultrafiltration (UF) with a variety of contaminants. Membrane fouling leads to higher operating costs, higher energy demand, reduced membrane life time, and increased cleaning frequency. As a consequence, an efficient and well-planned UF process is becoming a necessity for consistent and long-term monetary returns. Examining the source and mechanisms of foulant attachment to the membrane’s surface is critical when it comes to the research of membrane fouling and its potential practical implementation. A mathematical model was developed in this study in order to predict the amount of fouling based on an analysis of particle attachments. This model was developed using both homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes, with a uniform and non-uniform pore sizes for the UF of simulated latex effluent with a wide range of particle size distribution. The objective of this mathematical model was to effectively identify and address the common shortcomings of previous fouling models, and to account for the existing chemical attachments in membrane fouling. The mathematical model resulting from this study was capable of accurately predicting the mass of fouling retained by the membrane and the increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP). In addition, predictive models of fouling attachments were derived and now form an extensive set of mathematical models necessary for the prediction of membrane fouling at a given operating condition, as well as, the various membrane surface charges. Polycarbonate and Polysulfone flat membranes, with pore sizes of 0.05 μm and a molecular weight cut off of 60,000 respectively, were used in the experimental designs under a constant feed flow rate and a cross-flow mode in UF of the simulated latex paint effluent. The TMP estimated from the model agreed with the experimentally measured values at different operating conditions, mostly within 5.0 - 8.0 % error, and up to 13.0% error for the uniform, and non-uniform pore size membranes, respectively. Furthermore, different types of membranes with a variety of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) values were tested so as to evaluate the accuracy of the models for a generalized application. In addition , a power consumption model, incorporating fouling attachment as well as chemical and physical factors in membrane fouling, was developed in order to ensure accurate prediction and scale-up. Innovative remediation techniques were likewise developed and applied in order to minimize membrane fouling, enhance the membrane performance, and save energy. Fouling remediation methodologies included the pre-treating of the latex effluent, so as to limit its fouling propensity by using different types of surfactants as cationic and anionic, in addition to the pH change. The antifouling properties of the membranes were improved through the implementation of the membrane pH treatment and anionic surfactant treatment. Increasing the ionic strength of latex effluent or enhancing the membrane surface hydrophilicity facilitated a significant increase in the cumulative permeate flux, a substantial decrease in the total mass of fouling, and a noticeable decrease in the specific power consumption.

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Investigation on membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of latex solution

10.32920/ryerson.14654874 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amira Abdelrasoul

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Power Consumption ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Specific Power ◽

Pore Sizes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Different Types

The low-pressure membrane applications are considered to be the most effective and sustainable methods of addressing environmental problems in treating water and wastewater that meets or exceed stringent environmental standards. Nevertheless, membrane fouling is one of the primary operational concerns that is currently hindering a more widespread application of ultrafiltration (UF) with a variety of contaminants. Membrane fouling leads to higher operating costs, higher energy demand, reduced membrane life time, and increased cleaning frequency. As a consequence, an efficient and well-planned UF process is becoming a necessity for consistent and long-term monetary returns. Examining the source and mechanisms of foulant attachment to the membrane’s surface is critical when it comes to the research of membrane fouling and its potential practical implementation. A mathematical model was developed in this study in order to predict the amount of fouling based on an analysis of particle attachments. This model was developed using both homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes, with a uniform and non-uniform pore sizes for the UF of simulated latex effluent with a wide range of particle size distribution. The objective of this mathematical model was to effectively identify and address the common shortcomings of previous fouling models, and to account for the existing chemical attachments in membrane fouling. The mathematical model resulting from this study was capable of accurately predicting the mass of fouling retained by the membrane and the increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP). In addition, predictive models of fouling attachments were derived and now form an extensive set of mathematical models necessary for the prediction of membrane fouling at a given operating condition, as well as, the various membrane surface charges. Polycarbonate and Polysulfone flat membranes, with pore sizes of 0.05 μm and a molecular weight cut off of 60,000 respectively, were used in the experimental designs under a constant feed flow rate and a cross-flow mode in UF of the simulated latex paint effluent. The TMP estimated from the model agreed with the experimentally measured values at different operating conditions, mostly within 5.0 - 8.0 % error, and up to 13.0% error for the uniform, and non-uniform pore size membranes, respectively. Furthermore, different types of membranes with a variety of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) values were tested so as to evaluate the accuracy of the models for a generalized application. In addition , a power consumption model, incorporating fouling attachment as well as chemical and physical factors in membrane fouling, was developed in order to ensure accurate prediction and scale-up. Innovative remediation techniques were likewise developed and applied in order to minimize membrane fouling, enhance the membrane performance, and save energy. Fouling remediation methodologies included the pre-treating of the latex effluent, so as to limit its fouling propensity by using different types of surfactants as cationic and anionic, in addition to the pH change. The antifouling properties of the membranes were improved through the implementation of the membrane pH treatment and anionic surfactant treatment. Increasing the ionic strength of latex effluent or enhancing the membrane surface hydrophilicity facilitated a significant increase in the cumulative permeate flux, a substantial decrease in the total mass of fouling, and a noticeable decrease in the specific power consumption.

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Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Canned Fruit Juices, Cordials, and Soft Drinks with Iron(III) and 1,10-Phenanthroline as Reagents

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/70.3.518 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 518-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oi-Wah Lau ◽

Shiu-Fai Luk

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Calibration Graph ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Background Correction ◽

Reduction Of Iron ◽

Wide Range ◽

Canned Fruit

Abstract A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of ascorbic acid in canned fruit juices, cordials, and soft drinks, based on the reduction of iron(III) by ascorbic acid to iron(II), which is then complexed with 1,10-phenanthroline. Background correction is necessary for most samples and can be achieved by copper(II)-catalyzed oxidation of the acid. The calibration graph was linear from 0 to 8 μg/mL of ascorbic acid with a slope of 0.12/ppm. The precision for the determination of ascorbic acid in a lemon drink containing 210 μg/mL of the acid was 0.9%. Many ingredients commonly found in fruit juices, cordials, and soft drinks do not interfere; however, tannic acid, pyrogallol, and sulfite interfere with the method. A wide range of samples was analyzed for ascorbic acid content by the proposed method. The samples included mango and lemon tea drinks and also grapefruit juices, for which no background correction is needed.

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Effect of Sonication Duration in the Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan Bilayer Films and Their Effect on Strawberry Preservation

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24071408 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1408 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jie Ding ◽

Rong Zhang ◽

Saeed Ahmed ◽

Yaowen Liu ◽

Wen Qin

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

Water Vapor Permeability ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Solid Content ◽

Bilayer Film ◽

Vapor Permeability ◽

Soluble Solid Content ◽

Health Food ◽

Bilayer Films

In this study, we fabricated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS) bilayer films by casting and investigated the effects of preparation conditions and CS content (2, 2.5, or 3 wt.%) on the ability of these films to preserve packaged strawberries. The best performance was achieved at a CS loading of 2.5 wt.% (ultrasound time, 25 min); the strain and stress values were 143.15 ± 6.43% and 70.67 ± 0.85 MPa, respectively, oxygen permeability was 0.16 ± 0.08 cm2·m2·day−1·MPa−1, water vapor permeability was 14.93 ± 4.09 g·cm−1·s−1·Pa−1, and the shelf life of fresh strawberries packaged in the PVA/CS 2.5 wt.% bilayer film was determined to be 21 days at 5 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 60 ± 5%. Treatment with PVA/CS bilayer films prevented the decrease in the firmness of strawberries during storage (21 days). The evaluated physicochemical parameters (weight loss, decay, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solid content, ascorbic acid content, and color) indicated that treatment with PVA/CS bilayer films led to better maintenance of the fruit quality. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to literature because it paves the way to the fabrication of smart packaging materials and facilitates the commercialization of fresh strawberries as an important health food.

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Membrane Fouling and Molecular Weight Cutoff Effects on the Partitioning of Pectinesterase

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf950192v ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 2091-2095 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rami Snir ◽

Louise Wicker ◽

Phillip E. Koehler ◽

Kevin A. Sims

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Molecular Weight Cutoff

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Concentration Polarization Quantification and Minimization in Cork Process Wastewater Ultrafiltration by an Ozone Pretreatment

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9122182 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 2182

Author(s):

Miguel Minhalma ◽

Maria Norberta de Pinho ◽

Joaquin R. Dominguez

Keyword(s):

Mass Transfer ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Concentration Polarization ◽

Film Theory ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Direct Oxidation ◽

Cellulose Acetate Membranes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ozone Pretreatment

Concentration polarization and membrane fouling have been identified as the main problems during the ultrafiltration treatment of cork processing wastewaters. These problems drastically reduce the permeate fluxes and, therefore, their potential applications. In this work, a soft ozonation pretreatment was applied to minimize these undesirable effects. A new systematic study was carried out for membranes with different molecular weight cut-offs and at different operating conditions to monitor and quantify the concentration polarization caused by the wastewater’s remaining ozonated compounds. Film theory was used to correlate the mass transfer coefficient, k, and the intrinsic rejection coefficient, f′, with the resistance introduced by concentration polarization. The ultrafiltration treatment was carried out under varying hydrodynamic operating conditions (circulating flow rates of 100–200 L/h) and transmembrane pressures (1–3 bar) for a set of four cellulose acetate membranes covering a wide range of molecular weight cut-offs (5000–100,000 Da) and hydraulic permeabilities (25–110 kg/h/m2/bar). The ozone pretreatment (at wastewater pH) reduced the phenolic content selectively (direct oxidation) by more than 50%, reducing membrane fouling and concentration polarization and increasing permeate fluxes (by 22–45%) and mass transfer coefficients (up to six times).

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Algae-Laden Fouling Control by Gravity-Driven Membrane Ultrafiltration with Aluminum Sulfate-Chitosan: The Property of Floc and Cake Layer

Water ◽

10.3390/w12071990 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1990 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peng Du ◽

Xing Li ◽

Yanling Yang ◽

Zhiwei Zhou ◽

Xiaoyan Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Aluminum Sulfate ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Cake Layer ◽

Important Approach ◽

Gravity Driven ◽

Parallel Tests

Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) ultrafiltration is a promising water treatment method due to its low energy consumption and low maintenance. However, the low stable permeability in algae-laden water treatment is currently limiting its wider application. With the ultimate goal of increasing permeability, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a composite coagulant of aluminum sulfate-chitosan (AS-CS) on the GDM filtration performance. In parallel tests with a single AS coagulant and without pre-coagulation, the analysis of membrane fouling resistance and the membrane fouling mechanism were evaluated. The results indicated that the AS-CS/GDM system can alleviate 23.74% and 58.80% membrane fouling, respectively, compared with AS/GDM and the GDM system. The AS-CS/GDM system can effectively remove humic-like substances having a molecular weight (MW) of 3–100 kDa, resulting in removal of 98.32% of algae cells and removal of 66.25% of dissolved organic carbon; the AS-CS/GDM system thereby improved the concentration of attached biomass on the membrane surface with the stronger biodegradability of organic matters. The application of AS-CS pre-coagulation in the GDM process could enhance the proliferation of microorganisms and the removal of low molecular weight humic-like substances. Therefore, the AS-CS/GDM system is a potentially important approach for algae-laden water treatment.

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