Corneal Surgery in the Cat: Diseases, considerations and techniques

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110610
Author(s):  
Mary Rebecca Telle ◽  
Caroline Betbeze
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Corneal Surgery ◽  
Surgical Equipment ◽  
Equipment And Supplies ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Primary Care Clinicians ◽  
Cat Diseases

Practical relevance: The ability to recognize, diagnose and treat corneal disease is essential for maintaining vision and comfort in feline patients. Being able to correctly identify appropriate techniques for surgical cases is of particular importance for success when performing corneal surgery. Clinical challenges: Many different corneal diseases present with similar clinical signs, and it can be hard to determine the appropriate treatment for individual patients. It is essential for the clinician to understand the indications for corneal surgery, instrumentation needed and microsurgical principles prior to attempting these procedures. The prognosis following surgery and potential complications should be discussed with the client. Audience: This review article aims to assist in decision-making and to provide detailed guidance for primary care clinicians considering referral of cats for corneal surgery. The review outlines common feline corneal diseases and associated surgical therapies performed by veterinary ophthalmologists, highlighting appropriate instrumentation and case selection. Some surgeries are explained in depth for ophthalmologists and residents in training. Equipment: Although some procedures may be performed with common surgical equipment and supplies, most require specialized ophthalmic instrumentation and expertise, which entails significant microsurgical training and practice, as well as financial investment. Most of the procedures require an operating microscope for the best surgical outcomes; however, surgical loupes may be sufficient in some cases. Evidence base: This review article compiles information from many published references on feline corneal diseases and surgeries, complemented by the experience of the authors.

scholarly journals Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cats: A literature review to raise clinical awareness

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-441
Author(s):  
Ingo Schäfer ◽  
Barbara Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Cat Diseases ◽  
Clinical Awareness

Practical relevance: Granulocytic anaplasmosis is a disease in humans and animals caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum within the family Anaplasmataceae. The pathogen is transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes species. Infections with A phagocytophilum have often been described in dogs but reports on natural infections in cats are rare. An infection with A phagocytophilum should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats if the history reveals tick infestation and/or outdoor access in combination with the relevant clinical signs. Global importance: A phagocytophilum is also important in human medicine because of its zoonotic potential. Due to the risk of vector-borne infections for both feline and public health, cats should be protected with ectoparasiticides, especially in endemic areas. Aim: The aim of this review is to give an overview of the published data and summarise the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical signs and therapy of feline granulocytic anaplasmosis. As clinical signs are vague and non-specific, this review aims to raise awareness of A phagocytophilum infection, both among clinicians, so that they consider testing potentially exposed cats, and scientists, in order to prompt further research. Evidence base: Sixteen publications describing 55 cats have been reviewed. Thirty-four cats were well diagnosed based on guidelines of the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases and blood analyses were performed to varying extents for these cats. Because of the limited number of studies and a lack of knowledge in cats, clinical signs and blood analyses are compared with available data in dogs.

Traumatic abdominal wall rupture in cats: Decision-making and recommended repair techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-240
Author(s):  
Julie M Hennet ◽  
John Williams
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Postoperative Morbidity ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Postoperative Patient ◽  
Surgical Equipment ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Repair Techniques

Practical relevance: Traumatic abdominal wall rupture is a potentially serious injury in cats. Feline and general practitioners should be up to date with the significance of these injuries and the procedures required to correct them. Clinical challenges: It is essential that the surgeon understands the local anatomy and adheres to Halsted’s principles in order that postoperative morbidity and mortality are kept to a minimum. Equipment: Standard general surgical equipment is required together with the facilities to provide adequate pre-, intra- and postoperative patient care. Evidence base: The authors have drawn on evidence from the published literature, as well as their own clinical experience, in developing this review aimed all veterinarians who want to update their skills in managing feline abdominal wall trauma.

scholarly journals An afebrile heartwater-like syndrome in goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhoda Leask ◽  
Kenneth P. Pettey ◽  
Gareth F. Bath
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Febrile Reaction ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
And Control

Heartwater is a serious limiting factor for sheep and goat production in the major endemic area of sub-Saharan Africa and therefore most knowledge, research and control methods originate from this region. Whilst the usual or common clinical presentations can be used to make a presumptive diagnosis of heartwater with a good measure of confidence, this is not always the case, and animals suffering from heartwater may be misdiagnosed because their cases do not conform to the expected syndrome, signs and lesions. One aberrant form found occasionally in the Channel Island breeds of cattle and some goats is an afebrile heartwaterlike syndrome. The most constant and characteristic features of this heartwater-like syndrome comprise normal temperature, clinical signs associated with generalised oedema, and nervous signs, especially hypersensitivity. The presumption that the disease under investigation is the afebrile heartwater-like syndrome entails a tentative diagnosis based on history and clinical signs and the response to presumed appropriate treatment (metadiagnosis). The afebrile heartwater-like syndrome presents similarly to peracute heartwater but without the febrile reaction. Peracute cases of heartwater have a high mortality rate, enabling confirmation of the disease on post-mortem examination. Recognition of the afebrile heartwater-like syndrome is important to prevent deaths and identify the need for appropriate control measures.

scholarly journals Resolution of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with conservative management

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
J B Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomaly ◽  
Conservative Management ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nasolacrimal Duct ◽  
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction ◽  
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction ◽  
Duct Obstruction ◽  
Topical Antibiotics ◽  
Appropriate Treatment

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is the commonly encountered congenital anomaly in pediatric population occurring in as many as 30% of new borns. Conservative management of such condition with topical antibiotics and properly performed massage of the nasolacrimal sac is appropriate treatment during the first few months of age. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of resolution of nasolacrimal duct obstruction with conservative management in infants up to 10 months of age. A total of 181 infants of age up to 10 months old with the diagnosis of Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were advised nasolacrimal duct massage with or without the prescription of topical antibiotics. Resolution of nasolacrimal duct obstruction was assessed at 3 month and 6 month and was defined as the absence of all clinical signs of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. At the 6-month examination, 163 eyes (83%) of 181 children showed resolution with conservative management. The overall success rate of Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction with conservative management was high and this form of management can be considered as one of the best options in infants.

scholarly journals A CRITICAL REVIEW ARTICLE ON PANDU W.S.R. ANAEMIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2144-2150
Author(s):  
Shivam Kumar Nigam ◽  
Rita Singh ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Pandu Roga is one of the diseases mentioned in Ayurveda characterized by the changes in the skin colour to white (Shweta), yellowish (Peeta), greenish (Harita) etc. which is one of the “Varnopalakshita Roga" i.e., a disease characterized by the change in the colour. The clinical condition of Pandu in Ayurveda can be co-related with Anaemia described in Modern Medical Science, due to the resemblance in the clinical signs and symptoms. In Modern Medicine, Pandu is a pale appearance which may be due to the decreased blood supply to the skin or de- creased visibility of oxyhemoglobin. Anaemia is a major global public health problem and the most prevalent nu- tritional deficiency disorder in the world. This article presents the Ayurvedic concept of Pandu Roga (Anaemia). Keywords: Pandu, Vyadhi, Srotas, Anaemia, Pallor,

scholarly journals Diagnosis and treatment of calcific tendinitis of the shoulder

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Min-Su Kim ◽  
In-Woo Kim ◽  
Sanghyeon Lee ◽  
Sang-Jin Shin
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Calcific Tendinitis ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Acute Calcific Tendinitis ◽  
Calcific Deposits ◽  
Pain Patients

Calcific tendinitis is the leading cause of shoulder pain. Among patients with calcific tendinitis, 2.7%–20% are asymptomatic, and 35%–45% of patients whose calcific deposits are inadvertently discovered develop shoulder pain. If symptoms are present, complications such as decreased range of motion of the shoulder joint should be minimized while managing pain. Patients with acute calcific tendinitis respond well to conservative treatment and rarely require surgery. In contrast, patients with chronic calcific tendinitis often do not respond to conservative treatment and do require surgery. Clinical improvement takes time, even after surgical treatment. This review article summarizes the processes related to the diagnosis and treatment of calcific tendinitis with the aim of helping clinicians choose appropriate treatment options for their patients.

scholarly journals Scalp Pruritus: Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ploysyne Rattanakaemakorn ◽  
Poonkiat Suchonwanit
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Underlying Condition ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Underlying Diseases ◽  
Frequent Problem

Scalp pruritus is a frequent problem encountered in dermatological practice. This disorder is caused by various underlying diseases and is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Scalp pruritus may be localized to the scalp or extended to other body areas. It is sometimes not only associated with skin diseases or specific skin changes, but also associated with lesions secondary to rubbing or scratching. Moreover, scalp pruritus may be difficult to diagnose and manage and may have a great impact on the quality of life of patients. It can be classified as dermatologic, neuropathic, systemic, and psychogenic scalp pruritus based on the potential underlying disease. A thorough evaluation of patients presenting with scalp pruritus is important. Taking history and performing physical examination and further investigations are essential for diagnosis. Therapeutic strategy comprises removal of the aggravating factors and appropriate treatment of the underlying condition. All treatments should be performed considering an individual approach. This review article focuses on the understanding of the pathophysiology and the diagnostic and therapeutic management of scalp pruritus.

scholarly journals Hirschsprung’s Disease—Recent Understanding of Embryonic Aspects, Etiopathogenesis and Future Treatment Avenues

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Klein ◽  
Ivan Varga
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Interstitial Cells Of Cajal ◽  
Hirschsprung's Disease ◽  
Hirschsprung’S Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Cells Of Cajal ◽  
Patients Experience

Hirschsprung’s disease is a neurocristopathy, caused by defective migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural crest cells, leading to gut aganglionosis. It usually manifests rapidly after birth, affecting 1 in 5000 live births around the globe. In recent decades, there has been a significant improvement in the understanding of its genetics and the association with other congenital anomalies, which share the pathomechanism of improper development of the neural crest. Apart from that, several cell populations which do not originate from the neural crest, but contribute to the development of Hirschsprung’s disease, have also been described, namely mast cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. From the diagnostic perspective, researchers also focused on “Variants of Hirschsprung’s disease”, which can mimic the clinical signs of the disease, but are in fact different entities, with distinct prognosis and treatment approaches. The treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease is usually surgical resection of the aganglionic part of the intestine, however, as many as 30–50% of patients experience persisting symptoms. Considering this fact, this review article also outlines future hopes and perspectives in Hirschsprung’s disease management, which has the potential to benefit from the advancements in the fields of cell-based therapy and tissue engineering.

scholarly journals The Cat with Neurological Manifestations of Systemic Disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Kent
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis

Practical relevance A number of systemic diseases are associated with neurological deficits. Most systemic diseases that impact on the nervous system result in multifocal neurological signs; however, isolated deficits can also be observed. This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. Clinical challenges Early recognition of systemic signs of illness in conjunction with neurological deficits will allow for prompt diagnosis and treatment. While neurological examination of the feline patient can undoubtedly be challenging, hopefully the accompanying articles in this special issue will enable the clinician to approach these cases with more confidence. Evidence base The veterinary literature contains numerous reports detailing the impact of systemic disease on the nervous system. Unfortunately, very few references provide detailed descriptions of large cohorts of affected cats. This review summarises the literature underpinning the four key diseases under discussion.

Diabetic ketoacidosis in the cat: Recognition and essential treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1167-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Control Blood Glucose ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Fatty Acid Release ◽  
Acid Release ◽  
And Control

Practical relevance: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a not uncommon emergency in both newly diagnosed and poorly regulated diabetic cats. When there is a heightened metabolic rate and energy requirement due to concurrent illness, an increase in the release of glucose counter-regulatory hormones causes insulin receptor resistance, lipolysis, free fatty acid release and ketogenesis. This necessitates not only treatment to eliminate the ketosis and control blood glucose, but also investigation of concurrent illnesses. Clinical challenges: A number of metabolic derangements can occur with DKA, requiring a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, elimination of ketones, careful correction of glucose, electrolyte and acid base abnormalities, and close monitoring. Audience: Any veterinarian that cares for cats in urgent and emergency situations should understand the pathophysiology of DKA in order to address an individual’s clinical signs and metabolic derangements. Evidence base: This review draws evidence from the peer-reviewed literature as well as the author’s personal clinical experience.

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