scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF DEHYDROGENASES IN THE SKIN OF THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 668-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL J. C. IM
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Hair Matrix ◽  
Glutamic Dehydrogenase

The activities of the following dehydrogenase systems were demonstrated in the skin of the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta): succinic, malic, isocitric (DPN and TPN), lactic, α-glycerophosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, β-hydroxybutyric and glutamic dehydrogenase. Strong dehydrogenase activity in general is restricted to metabolically active sites such as the basal layer of the epidermis, the outer root sheath of the hair follicles, the hair matrix and bulb, the clear cells of the eccrine sweat glands and the basal cells of the sweat glands. The myelinated fibers of Meissner corpuscles and the inner bulb of the Pacinian corpuscles in the palms and soles abound in all of the dehydrogenases. The enzymes are also abundant in the arrectores pilorum muscles, the endothelium of the arterioles, the fibroblasts and mast cells.

Evidence for developmentally regulated transcriptional, translational and post-translational control of metallothionein gene expression in hair follicles

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Nishimura ◽  
GR Cam ◽  
H Nishimura ◽  
C Tohyama ◽  
Y Saitoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Proliferative Zone ◽  
Outer Root Sheath Cells

The distribution of metallothionein (MT) and MT mRNAs was examined in hair (wool) follicles, where high levels of cell proliferation are found and where the resulting cells provide a temporal record of differentiation events. MT was found in the cytoplasm and some nuclei of follicle bulb cells of the proliferative zone, outer root sheath cells and in basal layer cells of sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The population of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells in these tissues overlapped, but were not completely coincident with the distribution of MT staining. MT mRNA expression in hair (wool) follicles was assessed by in situ hybridization with four gene-specific sheep MT (sMT) isoforms. Intense signals were obtained with the sMT-Ib probe in follicle bulb cells from the proliferative zone to the keratogenous zone. Signals from the sMT-Ia probe were present in the same cells, but were much weaker. No signals were detected using the sMT-Ic and sMT-II gene-specific probes. The findings suggest that: (1) MT is important in cell proliferation and/or cell differentiation in the hair follicle bulb; (2) MT translation is inhibited during cell differentiation and migration; and (3) tissue-specific expression of uncharacterized sMT isoforms is likely.

Integrin expression during human epidermal development in vivo and in vitro

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Hertle ◽  
J.C. Adams ◽  
F.M. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Collagen Type Iv ◽  
Integrin Expression ◽  
Basal Cells

In order to investigate the role of extracellular matrix receptors of the integrin family in establishing the spatial organization of epidermal kerotinocytes, we used immunofluorescence microscopy to examine the expression of a range of integrin subunits during development of human palm and sole skin. All of the integrins expressed during development were also present in mature epidermis and were largely confined to the basal layer of keratinocytes in a pericellular distribution. The alpha 3 and beta 1 subunits were expressed prior to the initiation of stratification and did not change in abundance or distribution during subsequent development. alpha 4 and beta 3 were not detected at any time in the epidermis. Every other subunit examined showed spatial or temporal changes in expression. Staining for alpha 1 was strong before stratification and until mid-development, but was greatly decreased in neonatal epidermis. alpha 2 was first detected in small patches of basal cells prior to stratification, and thereafter was found in the entire basal layer, with greater staining in developing sweat glands. alpha 5 was not expressed until mid-development, and then primarily in developing sweat glands, with faint expression in neonatal epidermis. alpha v was detected following stratification, in developing sweat glands, and occasionally in neonatal epidermis. alpha 6 and beta 4 were peribasally expressed before stratification, but thereafter became concentrated at the basal cell surface in contact with the basement membrane, co-localizing with hemidesmosomes as determined by staining with bullous pemphigoid antiserum. We also examined the distribution of three known ligands for keratinocyte integrins: laminin and collagen type IV were present in the basement membrane zone at all stages of development, whereas fibronectin was only evident there until about 13 weeks estimated gestational age. Finally, we found that the changes in integrin expression that occur on initiation of stratification in vivo could be reproduced in organ cultures of developing skin; such cultures therefore provided a useful experimental model for further studies of the role of integrins in epidermal stratification.

scholarly journals NEUROENDOCRINE AND MAST CELLS OF THE SKIN IN THE AREA OF ACUPUNCTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1S) ◽  
pp. 22-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Guryanova ◽  
E S Deomidov
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Blue Dye

Objective. We studied mast cells and neuroendocrine cells of the skin of adults in the area of the acupuncture points (AP) and outside them. Material and methods. Using the Unna method (polychrome toluidine blue dye), mast cells were detected in the skin. Conducted immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies to neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin in order to identify neuroendocrine cells. Research results. Analyzed data on the distribution of mast cells in the skin in the area of the acupuncture points in an adult. It was revealed that the distribution of mast cells in the dermis and the hypodermis differs depending on the localization of the acupuncture point. Fat cells take in maintaining homeostasis and regulation of metabolism in the skin. NSE- and synaptophysin-positive cells were detected in the basal layer of the epidermis, in the area of the the muscles that raise the hair, in the area of the hair follicles; in the secretory terminal regions of the sweat glands, as well as outwards from the basement membrane of these regions between the myoepithelial cells. A part of the neuroendocrine cells is in contact with nerve waves. Expression of NSE and synaptophysin depends on AP localization. In AP of the skin of the abdomen and upper limb, a more pronounced expression of NSE and synaptophysin is observed than at the acupuncture points of the skin of the face. The expression of NSE in the structures of the skin in the area of the acupuncture points is more pronounced than the expression of synaptophysin. In the dermis revealed structureless spaces surrounded by mast cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN SKIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Montagna
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Dermal Papilla ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Secretory Coil

1. Various amounts of ß-glucuronidase activity may be found in all of the cutaneous appendages. 2. In the epidermis, the basal layer and the Malpighian layer contain a moderate amount of it, but a band of cells, including the stratum granulosum and the cells immediately above it, is rich in ß-glucuronidase. 3. The cells of the duct of eccrine sweat glands have moderately strong enzyme activity, but those in the secretory coil are strongly reactive; small and large reactive granules are crowded in the reactive cytoplasm. 4. The cells of the secretory coil of the apocrine glands contain more ß-glucuronidase than any other cutaneous appendage. 5. In the sebaceous glands, a very strong concentration of enzyme activity is found in the undifferentiated peripheral cells, a smaller amount of it is found in the differentiating cells. 6. In active hair follicles, the largest amount of ß-glucuronidase is found in the outer root sheath and in the bulb. In the outer sheath, the strongest concentration is found around the level of the keratogenous zone of the cortex. The dermal papilla is strongly reactive. In quiescent hair follicles, the outer root sheath has a moderate amount of enzyme concentration, but the dermal papilla is unreactive. 7. In the dermis, the fibroblasts in the papillary layer, the smooth muscle cells of the arrectores pilorum and the tunica media of arteries, and the fat cells all exhibit enzyme activity. Mast cells show a great concentration of ß-glucuronidase.

scholarly journals Association of basonuclin with ability of keratinocytes to multiply and with absence of terminal differentiation.

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Tseng ◽  
H Green
Keyword(s):  
Protein A ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Hair Shaft ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Multiplication Cycle ◽  
Localization Signal

Basonuclin is a protein possessing three pairs of zinc fingers and a nuclear localization signal. Expression of the gene is largely confined to keratinocytes of stratified squamous epithelia and hair follicles. In the epidermis and in stratified epidermal cultures, basonuclin is present in the nuclei of cells in or close to the basal layer but not in the nuclei of cells in more superficial layers. The Ki-67 protein, a nuclear marker for any stage of the multiplication cycle is present in only a subclass of basonuclin-containing cells. In cultured keratinocytes, the disappearance of basonuclin mRNA is associated with loss of colony-forming ability and the appearance of mRNA for involucrin, a protein characteristic of terminal differentiation. In hair follicles, the largest reservoir of basonuclin-containing cells is the outer root sheath, which contains precursors of differentiated cells of the hair shaft and of the epidermis. Basonuclin is not a cell cycle marker but is likely instead to be a regulatory molecular whose presence in the keratinocyte is linked to the maintenance of proliferative capacity and prevention of terminal differentiation.

Distribution rule of melanocytes in Taihe Silky Fowl’s black skin

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Li ◽  
Hui Guo ◽  
Youbao Zhong ◽  
Xiaofen Hu
Keyword(s):  
Basal Layer ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Dorsal Skin ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Abdominal Skin ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Black Skin ◽  
Distribution Rule ◽  
Staining Methods

The aim was to investigate distribution characteristics of melanocytes in Taihe Silky Fowl’s skin by Lillie’s and DOPA staining methods and transmission electron microscopy. According to the present results, mature melanocytes were mainly located in basal layer of epidermis and hair follicle bulbs, whereas the amelanotic melanocytes were in the outer root sheath of hair follicles. In various partial skins, maturity levels of melanocytes generally were as: claw skin>rear skin>dorsal skin>abdominal skin>wattle skin>cockscomb skin. In mature melanocytes, melanosomes were divided into stage I, II, III and IV, and mostly belonged to stage IV. To conclude, melanocytes in hairy skin more easily reached mature status than in meaty skin and the melanocytes in dorsal skin matured faster than in abdominal skin as well. Furthermore, the melanin migration was subjected to the strict control of melanocytes, but had nothing to do with keratinocytes.

scholarly journals Multiple gap junction genes are utilized during rat skin and hair development

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Risek ◽  
F.G. Klier ◽  
N.B. Gilula
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Gap Junction ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Rat Skin ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Skin Development ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Beta 2

The expression of four different gap junction gene products (alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3) has been analysed during rat skin development and the hair growth cycle. Both alpha 1 (Cx43) and beta 2 (Cx26) connexins were coexpressed in the undifferentiated epidermis. A specific, developmentally regulated elimination of beta 2 expression was observed in the periderm at E16. Coinciding with the differentiation of the epidermis, differential expression of alpha 1 and beta 2 connexins was observed in the newly formed epidermal layers. alpha 1 connexin was expressed in the basal and spinous layers, while beta 2 was confined to the differentiated spinous and granular layers. Large gap junctions were present in the basal layer, while small gap junctions, associated with many desmosomes, were typical for the differentiated layers. Although the distribution pattern for alpha 1 and beta 2 expression remained the same in the neonatal and postnatal epidermis, the RNA and protein levels decreased markedly following birth. Hair follicle development was marked by expression of alpha 1 connexin in hair germs at E16. Following beta 2 detection at E20, the expression increased for both alpha 1 and beta 2 in developing follicles. A cell-type-specific expression was detected in the outer root sheath, in the matrix, in the matrix-derived cells (inner root sheath, cortex and medulla) and in the dermal papilla. In addition, alpha 1 was specifically expressed in the arrector pili muscle, while sebocytes expressed both alpha 1 and beta 3 (Cx31) connexin. beta 1 connexin (Cx32) was not detected at any stage analysed. The results indicate that multiple gap junction genes contribute to epidermal and follicular morphogenesis. Moreover, based on the utilization of gap junctions in all living cells of the surface epidermis, it appears that the epidermis may behave as a large communication compartment that may be coupled functionally to epidermal appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous glands) via gap junctional pathways.

scholarly journals Directed Expression of Keratin 16 to the Progenitor Basal Cells of Transgenic Mouse Skin Delays Skin Maturation

1998 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 1035-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolph D. Paladini ◽  
Pierre A. Coulombe
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Transgenic Mouse ◽  
Egf Receptor ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Type I ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Tail Domain ◽  
Keratin 16

We previously hypothesized that the type I keratin 16 (K16) plays a role in the process of keratinocyte activation that occurs in response to skin injury (Paladini, R.D., K. Takahashi, N.S. Bravo, and P.A. Coulombe. 1996. J. Cell Biol. 132:381–397). To further examine its properties in vivo, the human K16 cDNA was constitutively expressed in the progenitor basal layer of transgenic mouse skin using the K14 gene promoter. Mice that express approximately as much K16 protein as endogenous K14 display a dramatic postnatal phenotype that consists of skin that is hyperkeratotic, scaly, and essentially devoid of fur. Histologically, the epidermis is thickened because of hyperproliferation of transgenic basal cells, whereas the hair follicles are decreased in number, poorly developed, and hypoproliferative. Microscopically, the transgenic keratinocytes are hypertrophic and feature an altered keratin filament network and decreased cell–cell adhesion. The phenotype normalizes at ∼5 wk after birth. In contrast, control mice expressing a K16-K14 chimeric protein to comparable levels are normal. The character and temporal evolution of the phenotype in the K16 transgenic mice are reminiscent of the activated EGF receptor– mediated signaling pathway in skin. In fact, tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor is increased in the newborn skin of K16 transgenic mice. We conclude that expression of K16 can significantly alter the response of skin keratinocytes to signaling cues, a distinctive property likely resulting from its unique COOH-terminal tail domain.

The regional anatomy of the human integument with special reference to the distribution of hair follicles, sweat glands and melanocytes

1967 ◽  
Vol 252 (779) ◽  
pp. 447-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face

The regional anatomy of human skin is discussed in terms of ( a ) the regional variation of the architectural pattern of the basal layer of the epidermis, ( b ) the regional variation in the distribution of hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands, and the regional variation in the distribution of melanocytes. ( a ) The architecture of the basal layer is regionally specific. The epidermis of the cheek is almost flat between the numerous hair follicles. Regions under tension have parallel ridges that end abruptly (neck, breast, abdomen); regions with a thick keratin or mucous layer have deep ridges with circular imprints of tall dermal papillae (sole, palm, knee, heel and oral mucosa). Elsewhere in the epidermis the creases of the skin surface divide the pattern of the basal layer into diamond-shaped areas where the imprints of the dermal papillae are to be seen. ( b ) There is great individual and regional variation in the distribution of hair follicles and sweat ducts:700 + 40 hair follicles per cm 2 were counted on the face, but only 65 + 5 in the rest of the body. The corresponding density for eccrine sweat glands was 270 + 25 in the face and 160 + 15 in the rest of the body. There are altogether about two million hair follicles and three million sweat glands in the integument. The epidermal appendages are symmetrically distributed; there is no significant difference between male and female in the density of hairs or sweat glands. The density of appendages is much higher in the foetus and in the infant than in the adult. Numerical estimates have shown that the differential rate of growth of the body surface may be solely responsible for regional differences in the density of appendages. A uniformly distributed foetal population of appendages would become ‘diluted’ three times more on the trunk and extremities than on the head during postnatal growth. The numerical ratio of sweat ducts/hair follicles is the same throughout foetal and postnatal life. ( c ) On the average there are about 1500 epidermal melanocytes/mm 2 of skin surface, excluding those in hair follicles. The total number of epidermal melanocytes in an adult is about 2000 million. They occur consistently in the basal layer of the epidermis of ‘white’ human skin (including the oral and nasal cavities). Their absolute number and their proportion to the keratinizing basal Malpighian cells are constant and characteristic in given regions. The distribution of melanocytes is also bilaterally symmetrical and their regional frequency is the same in male and female. The individual and regional variations of melanocyte distribution are, however, great. There are two or three times as many melanocytes per unit area in the epidermis of the cheek or forehead as in the other regions of the integument. Because melanocytes are mostly located on ridges, the numerical ratio of Malpighian cells/melanocytes is lower on than between the ridges. The cause of the great regional variation of melanocytes is not known. The regional differences are smaller in foetal than in adult skin. Regional differences in the degree of expansion of the body surface by growth cannot, however, explain the regional variation in the adult. Melanocyte density in the foetus is lower than in the adult, and in old epidermis a decrease in melanocyte density is one of the manifestations of ageing. Comparisons of the frequency distribution of melanocytes reveal no significant difference between the various human races. The degree of melanization of skin therefore depends not only on the number of melanocytes, but, more particularly, on their physiological activity in melanogenesis. The absolute number of melanocytes and the ratio of Malpighian cells/melanocytes are high enough to allow melanocytes to make contact with every Malpighian cell and so to disseminate melanin through the entire basal layer of the epidermis.

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