scholarly journals NEUROENDOCRINE AND MAST CELLS OF THE SKIN IN THE AREA OF ACUPUNCTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1S) ◽  
pp. 22-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Guryanova ◽  
E S Deomidov
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Blue Dye

Objective. We studied mast cells and neuroendocrine cells of the skin of adults in the area of the acupuncture points (AP) and outside them. Material and methods. Using the Unna method (polychrome toluidine blue dye), mast cells were detected in the skin. Conducted immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies to neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin in order to identify neuroendocrine cells. Research results. Analyzed data on the distribution of mast cells in the skin in the area of the acupuncture points in an adult. It was revealed that the distribution of mast cells in the dermis and the hypodermis differs depending on the localization of the acupuncture point. Fat cells take in maintaining homeostasis and regulation of metabolism in the skin. NSE- and synaptophysin-positive cells were detected in the basal layer of the epidermis, in the area of the the muscles that raise the hair, in the area of the hair follicles; in the secretory terminal regions of the sweat glands, as well as outwards from the basement membrane of these regions between the myoepithelial cells. A part of the neuroendocrine cells is in contact with nerve waves. Expression of NSE and synaptophysin depends on AP localization. In AP of the skin of the abdomen and upper limb, a more pronounced expression of NSE and synaptophysin is observed than at the acupuncture points of the skin of the face. The expression of NSE in the structures of the skin in the area of the acupuncture points is more pronounced than the expression of synaptophysin. In the dermis revealed structureless spaces surrounded by mast cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF DEHYDROGENASES IN THE SKIN OF THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 668-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL J. C. IM
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Hair Matrix ◽  
Glutamic Dehydrogenase

The activities of the following dehydrogenase systems were demonstrated in the skin of the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta): succinic, malic, isocitric (DPN and TPN), lactic, α-glycerophosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, β-hydroxybutyric and glutamic dehydrogenase. Strong dehydrogenase activity in general is restricted to metabolically active sites such as the basal layer of the epidermis, the outer root sheath of the hair follicles, the hair matrix and bulb, the clear cells of the eccrine sweat glands and the basal cells of the sweat glands. The myelinated fibers of Meissner corpuscles and the inner bulb of the Pacinian corpuscles in the palms and soles abound in all of the dehydrogenases. The enzymes are also abundant in the arrectores pilorum muscles, the endothelium of the arterioles, the fibroblasts and mast cells.

scholarly journals Histomorphometrical Study on Regional Variation in Distribution of Sweat Glands in Buffalo Skin

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Debajit Debbarma ◽  
Varinder Uppal ◽  
Neelam Bansal ◽  
Anuradha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Side ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Narrow Lumen ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Head Neck

The study was conducted on skin of 24 buffaloes collected from slaughter house. The skin tissues were collected from dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts of head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and tail regions and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The tissues were processed for paraffin blocks preparation by acetone benzene schedule. The paraffin sections of 5-6 μm were cut with rotary microtome and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The sweat glands in buffaloes were of saccular and simple coiled tubular type. Most of the sweat glands were associated with hair follicles and consisted of a coiled secretory portion (body) and a straight duct. The secretory portion was made up of glandular tubules, myoepithelium, and basement membrane. The duct portion had a narrow lumen and was lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The glandular epithelium was simple squamous, simple cuboidal, or low columnar type depending upon their stage of secretary activity. Two types of sweat glands were observed, i.e., apocrine and merocrine. Large number of blood vessels and nerve fibers were observed in the vicinity of the sweat glands. In head, neck, and tail regions the maximum number of sweat glands/mm2 was observed in dorsal side which did not vary significantly (p<0.05) from lateral and ventral side. In abdomen region the number of sweat glands/mm2 was maximum on lateral region which varied significantly from ventral region (p<0.05). Overall, the maximum number of sweat glands/mm2 was in head region followed by abdomen, thorax, neck, and tail but without any significant (p<0.05) difference. Maximum sweat gland diameter was found in abdomen region followed by thorax, head, neck, and tail region.

scholarly journals Histology, lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure of interdigital gland in crossbred sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
S. Maya ◽  
A. R. Sreeranjini ◽  
C. Leena ◽  
N.S. Sunil Kumar ◽  
K.B. Sumena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Interdigital Gland ◽  
Glandular Secretion

Abstract: Histology, lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure of interdigital gland in sheep was studied using six adult cross bred sheep of either sex collected from the Meat Technology Unit, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. The manus and pes were detached from the rest of limbs and after recording the gross observations, the interdigital glands were fixed in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin and processed for histological examinations. Stratified squamous epithelium with a prominent keratin layer lined the lumen, similar to the skin over the dorsal surface of manus and pes. The epidermis presented mucosal folds, which projected into the lumen. The dermis contained small sebaceous glands, hair follicles of different sizes, arrector pili muscles and apocrine sweat glands. The secretory epithelium of sweat glands was lined with a simple layer of cuboidal and relatively flattened cells. The excretory ducts of these glands were lined by cuboidal cells, with darker appearance than its secretory portion. The fibrous capsule was composed of dense connective tissue with collagen, adipose cells, blood vessels and nerve fibers. Glandular secretion and the granules in the stratum granolosum of the surface squamous epithelium showed positive reaction for lectin Ulex europaeus (UEA-I). The apocrine nature of sweat glands was revealed in the ultrastructural studies by scanning electron microscope. Keywords: Interdigital gland, sheep, histology, lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure

Neuronal Hypertrophy in Acute Appendicitis

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (10) ◽  
pp. 1429-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigang Xiong ◽  
Prem Puri ◽  
Laszlo Nemeth ◽  
D. Sean O'Briain ◽  
Denis J. Reen
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Muscularis Externa

Abstract Objective.—The pathogenesis of appendicitis remains poorly understood. However, there is increasing evidence of involvement of the enteric nervous system in immune regulation and in inflammatory responses. This study was set up to characterize the status of the enteric nervous system in normal and in inflamed appendixes. Methods.—S100– and 2′,2′-cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase–positive Schwann cells, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific, enolase-positive nerve fibers and tryptase-positive mast cells were evaluated with immunohistochemical staining in surgically resected appendixes from 20 children with histologically proven acute appendicitis (HA), 10 histologically normal appendixes (HN) from patients with a clinical diagnosis of appendicitis, and 10 normal appendixes from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Immunostained sections were subjected to quantitative image analysis. The number and size of ganglia and the number of nerve fibers, Schwann cells, and mast cells in each tissue compartment was quantitatively or semiquantitatively measured. Results.—Increased numbers of fibers, Schwann cells, and enlarged ganglia, widely distributed in the muscularis externa and submucosa, were seen in all HA appendixes and in 4 of 10 HN appendixes. The number and size of ganglia in muscularis externa and in the submucosa of appendixes with HA were significantly greater compared with those in control appendixes (P &lt; .001). A significantly increased number of individually stained nerve fibers and Schwann cells (P &lt; .05) were present in the muscularis externa in HA appendixes compared with control appendixes. Significantly increased numbers of tryptase-positive mast cells (P &lt; .05) were present in the submucosa, muscularis, and especially in the lamina propria in HA specimens, compared with that of control tissue. Conclusions.—The significant increase in neural components and mast cells in acute appendicitis is unlikely to develop during a single acute inflammatory episode. This suggests an underlying chronic abnormality as a secondary reaction to repeated bouts of inflammation, obstruction, or both. These results challenge our current understanding of the pathophysiological processes that give rise to acute appendicitis.

scholarly journals Acupuncture Point “Hegu” (LI4) Is Close to the Vascular Branch from the Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanae Umemoto ◽  
Munekazu Naito ◽  
Kaori Tano ◽  
Hayato Terayama ◽  
Taro Koike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radial Artery ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Circulatory Failure ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Superficial Branch ◽  
Dorsal Metacarpal Artery ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Arterial Constriction

The acupuncture point “Hegu” (LI4) has been used for treating peripheral circulatory failure, which is located in the area covered by the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN). SBRN has branches reaching arteries, so-called vascular branches (VBs), which are thought to be involved in the arterial constriction. The distribution areas of the VBs from the SBRN have been reported, but the positional relationship between these distribution areas and the acupuncture points are not known. To examine the positional relationship between LI4 and VBs from the SBRN, forty hands were examined to assess the positional relationship between the acupuncture points “Erjian” (LI2), “Sanjian” (LI3), LI4, and “Yangxi” (LI5) in the Yangming Large Intestine Meridian of Hand, which are located in the area covered by SBRN, and the VBs from the SBRN. After the VBs were identified, the distances from the acupuncture points (LI2, LI3, LI4, and LI5) to the point where the VBs reached the radial artery or the first dorsal metacarpal artery were measured. VBs reaching the radial arteries were observed in all specimens. The mean distances from LI2, LI3, LI4, and LI5 to the point where the VBs reached the radial artery were 64.2 ± 8.2 mm, 42.0 ± 7.5 mm, 4.3 ± 4.3 mm, and 33.0 ± 4.8 mm, respectively. LI4 was significantly closer than the other acupuncture points (P<0.01). The nerve fibers of the VBs adjacent to the radial artery were confirmed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Our findings provide anatomical evidence that stimulation at LI4 is used for treating peripheral circulatory failure such as Raynaud’s disease. LI4 is significant because it is located at a source point, making it clinically important.

Localization of Merkel cells at hairless and hairy human skin sites using keratin 18

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 635-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Fradette ◽  
Marie-Josée Godbout ◽  
Martine Michel ◽  
Lucie Germain
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Merkel Cells ◽  
Merkel Cell ◽  
Skin Receptor ◽  
And Function

Merkel cells are neurosecretory cells of the skin with epithelial features such as desmosomes and expression of keratins 8, 18, 19, and 20. Merkel cells are scarcely distributed in adult human skin. Although they are present in hair follicles, their density is higher at hairless anatomic sites such as palms and soles. These cells are often innervated by sensory nerve fibers and are thought to be specialized mechanosensory skin receptor cells. However, their precise origin and function are not clearly established. The aim of this study was to localize Merkel cells in human hairless and hairy skin by immunohistochemistry with antibodies Ks18.174 and Ks19.1 directed against keratins 18 and 19, respectively. In glabrous skin of palm and sole, Merkel cells have been localized at the bottom of the rete ridges, in the epidermal basal layer. To study Merkel cell distribution at hairy anatomic sites, we have chosen breast skin, a tissue containing small hair follicles typical of those covering most of the body's surface. Merkel cells were present in the interfollicular epidermis. In hair follicles, they have been identified in the isthmus region.Key words: skin, human, Merkel cell, keratin, hair follicle.

Evidence for developmentally regulated transcriptional, translational and post-translational control of metallothionein gene expression in hair follicles

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Nishimura ◽  
GR Cam ◽  
H Nishimura ◽  
C Tohyama ◽  
Y Saitoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Outer Root Sheath ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Proliferative Zone ◽  
Outer Root Sheath Cells

The distribution of metallothionein (MT) and MT mRNAs was examined in hair (wool) follicles, where high levels of cell proliferation are found and where the resulting cells provide a temporal record of differentiation events. MT was found in the cytoplasm and some nuclei of follicle bulb cells of the proliferative zone, outer root sheath cells and in basal layer cells of sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The population of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells in these tissues overlapped, but were not completely coincident with the distribution of MT staining. MT mRNA expression in hair (wool) follicles was assessed by in situ hybridization with four gene-specific sheep MT (sMT) isoforms. Intense signals were obtained with the sMT-Ib probe in follicle bulb cells from the proliferative zone to the keratogenous zone. Signals from the sMT-Ia probe were present in the same cells, but were much weaker. No signals were detected using the sMT-Ic and sMT-II gene-specific probes. The findings suggest that: (1) MT is important in cell proliferation and/or cell differentiation in the hair follicle bulb; (2) MT translation is inhibited during cell differentiation and migration; and (3) tissue-specific expression of uncharacterized sMT isoforms is likely.

The regional anatomy of the human integument with special reference to the distribution of hair follicles, sweat glands and melanocytes

1967 ◽  
Vol 252 (779) ◽  
pp. 447-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face

The regional anatomy of human skin is discussed in terms of ( a ) the regional variation of the architectural pattern of the basal layer of the epidermis, ( b ) the regional variation in the distribution of hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands, and the regional variation in the distribution of melanocytes. ( a ) The architecture of the basal layer is regionally specific. The epidermis of the cheek is almost flat between the numerous hair follicles. Regions under tension have parallel ridges that end abruptly (neck, breast, abdomen); regions with a thick keratin or mucous layer have deep ridges with circular imprints of tall dermal papillae (sole, palm, knee, heel and oral mucosa). Elsewhere in the epidermis the creases of the skin surface divide the pattern of the basal layer into diamond-shaped areas where the imprints of the dermal papillae are to be seen. ( b ) There is great individual and regional variation in the distribution of hair follicles and sweat ducts:700 + 40 hair follicles per cm 2 were counted on the face, but only 65 + 5 in the rest of the body. The corresponding density for eccrine sweat glands was 270 + 25 in the face and 160 + 15 in the rest of the body. There are altogether about two million hair follicles and three million sweat glands in the integument. The epidermal appendages are symmetrically distributed; there is no significant difference between male and female in the density of hairs or sweat glands. The density of appendages is much higher in the foetus and in the infant than in the adult. Numerical estimates have shown that the differential rate of growth of the body surface may be solely responsible for regional differences in the density of appendages. A uniformly distributed foetal population of appendages would become ‘diluted’ three times more on the trunk and extremities than on the head during postnatal growth. The numerical ratio of sweat ducts/hair follicles is the same throughout foetal and postnatal life. ( c ) On the average there are about 1500 epidermal melanocytes/mm 2 of skin surface, excluding those in hair follicles. The total number of epidermal melanocytes in an adult is about 2000 million. They occur consistently in the basal layer of the epidermis of ‘white’ human skin (including the oral and nasal cavities). Their absolute number and their proportion to the keratinizing basal Malpighian cells are constant and characteristic in given regions. The distribution of melanocytes is also bilaterally symmetrical and their regional frequency is the same in male and female. The individual and regional variations of melanocyte distribution are, however, great. There are two or three times as many melanocytes per unit area in the epidermis of the cheek or forehead as in the other regions of the integument. Because melanocytes are mostly located on ridges, the numerical ratio of Malpighian cells/melanocytes is lower on than between the ridges. The cause of the great regional variation of melanocytes is not known. The regional differences are smaller in foetal than in adult skin. Regional differences in the degree of expansion of the body surface by growth cannot, however, explain the regional variation in the adult. Melanocyte density in the foetus is lower than in the adult, and in old epidermis a decrease in melanocyte density is one of the manifestations of ageing. Comparisons of the frequency distribution of melanocytes reveal no significant difference between the various human races. The degree of melanization of skin therefore depends not only on the number of melanocytes, but, more particularly, on their physiological activity in melanogenesis. The absolute number of melanocytes and the ratio of Malpighian cells/melanocytes are high enough to allow melanocytes to make contact with every Malpighian cell and so to disseminate melanin through the entire basal layer of the epidermis.

scholarly journals Pathophysiological Roles of Neuro-Immune Interactions between Enteric Neurons and Mucosal Mast Cells in the Gut of Food Allergy Mice

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
Tomoe Yashiro ◽  
Hanako Ogata ◽  
Syed Faisal Zaidi ◽  
Jaemin Lee ◽  
Shusaku Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Adenosine A3 Receptor ◽  
Myenteric Neurons ◽  
Mucosal Mast Cells

Recently, the involvement of the nervous system in the pathology of allergic diseases has attracted increasing interest. However, the precise pathophysiological role of enteric neurons in food allergies has not been elucidated. We report the presence of functional high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRIs) in enteric neurons. FcεRI immunoreactivities were observed in approximately 70% of cholinergic myenteric neurons from choline acetyltransferase-eGFP mice. Furthermore, stimulation by IgE-antigen elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration in isolated myenteric neurons from normal mice, suggesting that FcεRIs are capable of activating myenteric neurons. Additionally, the morphological investigation revealed that the majority of mucosal mast cells were in close proximity to enteric nerve fibers in the colonic mucosa of food allergy mice. Next, using a newly developed coculture system of isolated myenteric neurons and mucosal-type bone-marrow-derived mast cells (mBMMCs) with a calcium imaging system, we demonstrated that the stimulation of isolated myenteric neurons by veratridine caused the activation of mBMMCs, which was suppressed by the adenosine A3 receptor antagonist MRE 3008F20. Moreover, the expression of the adenosine A3 receptor gene was detected in mBMMCs. Therefore, in conclusion, it is suggested that, through interaction with mucosal mast cells, IgE-antigen-activated myenteric neurons play a pathological role in further exacerbating the pathology of food allergy.

scholarly journals A First Case Report of Orbital Extra-Adrenal Paraganglioma in Cat

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Leonardo Leonardi ◽  
Raluca Ioana Rizac ◽  
Ilaria Pettinari ◽  
Luca Mechelli ◽  
Carlo De Feo
Keyword(s):  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm ◽  
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein ◽  
Veterinary Clinic ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Right ◽  
Extra Adrenal Paraganglioma

Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm originating from paraganglia and consisting of neuroendocrine cells of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Extra-adrenal paraganglioma occurs with a low incidence in both humans and animals. This report presents the first case of paraganglioma in a cat with orbital primary location. An 18-year-old spayed female European domestic shorthair cat of 3.60 kg body weight was evaluated in a private veterinary clinic in Perugia, Italy, for a pronounced exophthalmos of the right eye. The cat underwent surgery for the enucleation of the right eye and of the mass. The biopsy samples of the removed tissue were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin for histological and immunohistochemical evaluations. Therefore, specific markers were used for immunohistochemical investigations, such as anti-neuron specific enolase (NSE), anti-synaptophysin, anti-glial fibrillary acid protein, anti-cytokeratin and anti-chromogranin. The results of these investigations allowed establishing the final diagnosis of ocular extra-adrenal paraganglioma of the cat.

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