scholarly journals Analysis of Drug Trafficking and Corruption Nexus in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Salawati Mat Basir ◽  
Mohammad Naji Shah Mohammadi ◽  
Elmira Sobatian
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Drug Related Problems ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Drug Traffickers

<p>The main objective of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is economic development in its region but directly unproductive profit seeking activities such as drug trafficking is the prominent barrier to reach this goal. All members spend lots of money to fight against drug trafficking, as all of them suffer from drug addiction and drug related problems. The first step to cope with this problem is to identify the factors and incentives that make this region vulnerable for drug trafficking activities and to unearth what makes this region a haven for drug traffickers. A bulk of literature supports the concept that organized criminal organizations are not able to operate when there are not any forms of corruption since they are strongly interrelated. In this paper, we analyze the link between drug trafficking and corruption in ECO region in order to develop ECO strategies to hamper and interrupt these transnational crimes. Corruption has posed major challenges to the efforts taken to control drug and also has seriously damaged the ECO members’ image in international community. One of the practical solutions is the responsibility of ECO organization in implementing rule of law in the region. Undoubtedly, fighting against corruption in ECO region is a joint responsibility of international and intercontinental community and this responsibility requires collective action and cooperation among countries in the region.</p>

scholarly journals La captura del Estado peruano por el narcotráfico: el caso de los “cuello blanco del puerto”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
Laura Zúñiga Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The Government ◽  
Drug Traffickers

Since the 1980s, Peru has been a key player in the international drug trafficking scenario. The second largest producer of cocaine in the world and one of the countries where the main input, the coca leaf, is grown, the port of El Callao, being one of the main ports in Latin America due to its volume, is presumed to be where important cargoes of this drug leave from. The interception of communications in 2018 to investigate the violent organized crime that was taking place in that province revealed a network of judges, prosecutors, congressmen, and businessmen who were collaborating with drug traffickers, favoring them with impunity. This is not the first attempt to capture the Peruvian State for drug trafficking. In the 1990s, the government of Fujimori-Montesinos used drug trafficking money -among others- to bribe the country's highest authorities: military chiefs, the Supreme Court, the Attorney General, the media, and businessmen, all of whom were close to the government. The "narco-indulgence" of Alan García's second administration is another symptom of the seriousness of the collaboration of authorities from the highest spheres of the State with the powerful drug traffickers. The "double standard" of the Peruvian Criminal Policy against international drug trafficking is made evident, strong for the weak and weak for the strong: high penalties for small-scale traffickers and impunity for those at the apex of the criminal organizations. In addition, the enormous corrupting capacity of money from drug trafficking (money laundering) to capture members of the powers of the State: Executive, Legislative and Judicial, is of concern. The "case of the white collars of the port" is an empirical example of the intersection of judicial corruption -and its minions- within the Peruvian State and the organized crime criminal organizations. In order to conjure up these alliances, it is necessary to emphasize the punishment against the white-collar criminals of drug trafficking and their collaborators: lawyers, judges, prosecutors, etc., who use their profession as a cover to enrich themselves personally to the detriment of the common good.

scholarly journals West Africa – the Region’s Pivotal Role in International Drug Trafficking

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Richard Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
African Continent ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Drug Traffickers ◽  
Drugs And Crime ◽  
The Impact

Africa is a pivotal continent for international drug traffickers and criminal organizations. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates, approximately 40 to 50 tons of cocaine destined for the European market passes through the African continent each year.1 The illicit profits from such activities amount to at least 1.8 billion dollars, but it could be much larger according to some estimates. Such profits provide drug traffickers with the financial means to destabilize already weak governmental structures and law enforcement institutions in various African countries. This massive profits fuel a trade that has far reaching consequences for Africa and the destination countries for these illegal drugs. What is the impact of the illicit drug trade on Africa?

From Black Death to Black Hole

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Piatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Black Death ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past

In this chapter I explain why Poland and most countries in Eastern Europe have always lagged behind Western Europe in economic development. I discuss why in the past the European continent split into two parts and how Western and Eastern Europe followed starkly different developmental paths. I then demonstrate how Polish oligarchic elites built extractive institutions and how they adopted ideologies, cultures, and values, which undermined development from the late sixteenth century to 1939. I also describe how the elites created a libertarian country without taxes, state capacity, and rule of law, and how this ‘golden freedom’ led to Poland’s collapse and disappearance from the map of Europe in 1795. I argue that Polish extractive society was so well established that it could not reform itself from the inside. It was like a black hole, where the force of gravity is so strong that the light could not come out.

The Continuity of Settlement of Social Feuds among Kurds in the Kurdistan Region

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-107
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Lalik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Iraqi Kurdistan

Abstract The autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan Region currently prides itself not only in its political autonomy and rapid economic development but also in promotion of the idea of human rights and the rule of law. It can be understood that modernising processes may inevitably lead to atrophy of traditional customs and social organisation of Kurdish society. One can easily discern that many cases of disputes among the inhabitants of the Kurdistan Region are processed according to judiciary principles that contradict the official legal doctrines. The examination and comparison of this mechanism in the previous century and nowadays led the author to the conclusion that the unofficial system of justice actually refers to the old tribal mechanism of solving feuds that has been repeatedly practised by bygone Kurdish generations.

scholarly journals KERJASAMA INDONESIA- MALAYSIA DALAM MENANGANI PEREDARAN NARKOBA DI PERBATASAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Ade Priangani ◽  
Kunkunrat Kunkunrat ◽  
Silvia Nurindah
Keyword(s):  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Drug Smuggling ◽  
Drug Packaging ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Drug Traffickers

Indonesia and Malaysia have close ties especially in their land borders, making it easier to access buying and selling that occurs between communities on the border. Especially in trade to drug trafficking that occurs in border areas such as the Entikong-Sarawak region. Purchase until delivery of drugs. The circulation of drugs that enter from Malaysia is not only from the waters border, but also from land to air lines. In addition, drug traffickers not only pass through the official flight routes and ports, but drug traffickers entering from Malaysia can also take advantage of unofficial lanes on the land and water borders between Indonesia and Malaysia which have minimal security. The research of this study is to find out, explore and describe the cooperation carried out by the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia in dealing with drug trafficking on the border, especially on the Entikong and Sarawak borders, where the drug smuggling is most often deposited by couriers or which is directly taken by the dealer. By changing the form of drug packaging into a form or stored in another place, which can trick the officers at immigration. This research is expected to be useful to increase the repertoire of the development of international relations science. Furthermore, practically, this research is expected to be useful and useful for decision makers, especially the central and regional governments of the two countries, in addressing drug trafficking and trafficking that occurs on the borders of the two countries, because it will threaten the lives of the two generations. The results of this study are with the cooperation of the two governments which are always discussed in once a year in the General Border Committee forum and cooperation between the institutions of the two countries such as the National Narcotics Agency, Customs, Police and PDRM are expected to help eradicate and reduce circulation and Drug sales that occur in the border areas of the two countries, both in the sea, air, and land. There were successes after Indonesia and Malaysia collaborated in combating drug trafficking as in 2014, Kuching PDRM succeeded in capturing two Indonesian Police officers related to drugs, which in this matter coordinated the POLRI through the West Kalimantan Regional Police with Malaysian PDRM. The collaboration between Indonesia and Malaysia is considered important because the location of the two countries is very close. As well as the two countries have a long coastline, this has the potential to serve as one of the entry points for drug smuggling. Although various prevention efforts have been carried out in the eradication of drugs by the two countries by involving various parties, there are still many obstacles that become obstacles in cooperation between the two countries to be able to minimize the level of drug trafficking and trafficking that occurs in border lanes, whether it's official or unofficial border lines.

scholarly journals CORRUPTION, CAPITAL ABUNDANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlatka Bilas ◽  
Mile Bošnjak ◽  
Sanja Franc
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this paper is to establish and clarify the relationship between corruption level and development among European Union countries. Out of the estimated model in this paper one can conclude that the level of corruption can explain capital abundance differences among European Union countries. Also, explanatory power of corruption is higher in explaining economic development than in explaining capital abundance, meaning stronger relationship between corruption level and economic development than between corruption level and capital abundance. There is no doubt that reducing corruption would be beneficial for all countries. Since corruption is a wrongdoing, the rule of law enforcement is of utmost importance. However, root causes of corruption, namely the institutional and social environment: recruiting civil servants on a merit basis, salaries in public sector competitive to the ones in private sector, the role of international institutions in the fight against corruption, and some other corruption characteristics are very important to analyze in order to find effective ways to fight corruption. Further research should go into this direction.

scholarly journals Rule of Law and Law Reform in Korea

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (0) ◽  
pp. 49-79
Author(s):  
Joon-Hyung Hong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
American Military ◽  
Japanese Colonial

As a theater of historical experimentation, Korean society merits special attention. Economic and social transformations that unfolded over two centuries or more in Western societies and over more than a century in Japan have exploded in a far shorter time in Korea. Various features of Korean society are radically heterogeneous in origin: some echo feudal structures of the pre-modem Chosun Dynasty, which lasted through the 1890s. Others stem from institutions of Japanese colonial rule(1905-1945), from the American military occupation of 1945-1948, from the corrupt autocracy of Syngman Rhee(1948-1960) or from the "developmental dictatorships" that ruled Korea by military decree from 1961 until only a few years ago. In the quasi-pluralistic Korean society of today, a commerce-centered network of relations interacts with oligarchical structures deeply rooted in recent as well as remote history. Confronted with unprecedented challenges, internal and external, Korea presently is in a period of transition, groping its way toward democratization while trying to maintain momentum for sustained economic development.

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