How to Compare the Incomparable: An International Comparison of the Impact of Housing Costs on Levels of Social Assistance

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Kuivalainen
Keyword(s):  
Social Assistance ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Different Levels

This article analyses the importance of housing costs in cross-national comparisons of social assistance. The article explores the model family technique, the most commonly used method of comparing levels of support, and analyses the impact of housing costs on outcomes. The importance of housing costs is assessed by using different definitions of disposable income, by comparing the level of social assistance without, before and after housing costs. Three different rent levels are specified in order to evaluate the impact of housing costs and seven different family types are considered in the analysis. The countries used for comparison are Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, during the late 1990s. The findings show that housing costs have an impact on outcomes in social assistance: when housing costs are disregarded, the differences between countries are greater. The outcomes vary with different calculations of disposable income: the relative value of assistance between countries and families varies, and the ranking of countries is also altered. Different levels of housing costs have a similar impact, showing changes in the relative position of countries. Overall the findings show that taking housing costs into account makes a difference.

scholarly journals Gamification and Hazard Communication in Virtual Reality: A Qualitative Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4663
Author(s):  
Janaina Cavalcanti ◽  
Victor Valls ◽  
Manuel Contero ◽  
David Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Hazard Communication ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Compliance Behavior ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

An effective warning attracts attention, elicits knowledge, and enables compliance behavior. Game mechanics, which are directly linked to human desires, stand out as training, evaluation, and improvement tools. Immersive virtual reality (VR) facilitates training without risk to participants, evaluates the impact of an incorrect action/decision, and creates a smart training environment. The present study analyzes the user experience in a gamified virtual environment of risks using the HTC Vive head-mounted display. The game was developed in the Unreal game engine and consisted of a walk-through maze composed of evident dangers and different signaling variables while user action data were recorded. To demonstrate which aspects provide better interaction, experience, perception and memory, three different warning configurations (dynamic, static and smart) and two different levels of danger (low and high) were presented. To properly assess the impact of the experience, we conducted a survey about personality and knowledge before and after using the game. We proceeded with the qualitative approach by using questions in a bipolar laddering assessment that was compared with the recorded data during the game. The findings indicate that when users are engaged in VR, they tend to test the consequences of their actions rather than maintaining safety. The results also reveal that textual signal variables are not accessed when users are faced with the stress factor of time. Progress is needed in implementing new technologies for warnings and advance notifications to improve the evaluation of human behavior in virtual environments of high-risk surroundings.

The Impact of Social Transfers on Income Poverty and Material Deprivation

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geranda Notten ◽  
Anne-Catherine Guio
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Transfers ◽  
The Impact

In 2010, the European Union (EU) committed to lifting at least 20 million people out of poverty and social exclusion, using income poverty, severe material deprivation, and (quasi-)joblessness as metrics to measure progress on this goal. As part of a broader set of commonly agreed indicators, the EU also (crudely) measures the impact of transfers by comparing income poverty rates before and after social transfers. This chapter develops a regression approach to study the effects of transfers on material deprivation by predicting the material deprivation rate before social transfers. We apply the method to pre-recession and post-austerity EU-SILC data for Germany, Greece, Poland, and the United Kingdom. We find that, in addition to reducing income poverty, transfers substantially reduce the extent and depth of material deprivation. Changes in social transfers, therefore, have a twofold effect on Europe’s poverty-reduction target.

scholarly journals The impact of herbs and spices on the appreciation of low-salt legume-based dishes

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Vannereux ◽  
Agnes Giboreau ◽  
Anestis Dougkas
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Herbs And Spices

AbstractIntroductionDespite the well-documented health benefits of a dietary pattern higher in plant-based food such as legumes, their consumption remains low. Knowing that taste is the first factor in consumers’ food choice, flavoring of legumes using blends of herbs and spices (H&S) is an interesting approach to increase their consumption. This study examines the effect of H&S on the appreciation and energy intake of low salt legume-based dishes in a real context ecological environment.Materials and MethodsA 2-step pilot testing was designed to determine the most favorable recipe between 4 different blends of H&S. Firstly, 4 recipes were evaluated in a balanced order of presentation using different blends of legumes (chickpeas and lentils) and H&S by 115 participants (age 18–35) in an experimental restaurant. Overall liking was measured, followed by a preference-ranking test. Secondly, a perception assessment test was performed (n = 54) with the preferred recipe being divided into 4 variants higher (S) or lower in salt (LS) and H&S (S, LS, LSHS, SHS), according to a 2×2 factorial design (2-AFC test). In a randomized cross-over trial, 94 participants (age 18–35) attended 4 sessions 1 week apart and received the 4 variants as a mezze-type starter. Overall liking, food intake and appetite ratings (VAS) were assessed before and after the starter, main dish and dessert during lunch.ResultsParticipants significantly preferred the Spinach recipe compared with the Ginger, Paprika and Curcuma recipes and they could easily determine the different levels for salt and spices (t-test 5%). There were no significant differences in overall liking and taste between the different levels of salt and spiciness, although Principal Component Analysis showed 55% of the participants rating higher scores for the H&S recipes. Similarly, there were no differences in energy intake between S, LS, LSHS, SHS or total energy intake of the complete lunch. There was no difference in the ratings of hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption although fullness was significantly higher followed by the S compared with LSHS (P < 0.005).DiscussionOverall appreciation was similar after the addition of H&S in low-salt starter to the high-salt starters, implying that reducing salt content without compromising acceptance is a feasible strategy at an ecological setting. However, there was no difference in energy intake of the four variants and overall appetite ratings. Further analysis, on interindividual differences in terms of eating behavior and acceptance, seems prudent.

Neighbourhood Social Capital and Neighbourhood Effects

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1443-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Johnston ◽  
Carol Propper ◽  
Rebecca Sarker ◽  
Kelvyn Jones ◽  
Anne Bolster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Neighbourhood Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Neighbourhood Social Capital ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
General Elections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Recent research has provided very strong circumstantial evidence of the existence of neighbourhood effects in voting patterns at recent UK general elections. The usual reason adduced to account for these spatial variations is the neighbourhood effect. This hypothesises that people are influenced in their decisionmaking and behavioural patterns by their neighbours, with interpersonal conversation being the main means of transmitting such influence. Although there is an increasing body of evidence showing the impact of such conversations—that people who talk together, vote together—relatively little of this has grounded the geography of such conversations in the individuals' local neighbourhoods. Those who interact locally should show more evidence of ‘neighbourhood-effect-like’ patterns than those who do not. To inquire whether this is indeed so, this paper extends recent work on voting patterns in the United Kingdom by investigating the behaviour of individuals with different levels of participation in their local milieux—what we define below as neighbourhood social capital.

scholarly journals The Reception Process in Ireland and the United Kingdom

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Besson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the reception of the ECHR in the UK and Ireland both before and after incorporation. Both countries incorporated the ECHR using roughly the same model. One might have assumed that the mode of incorporation into a dualist legal order would largely determine outcomes. In Ireland and the UK, however, the impact of acts of incorporation was heavily mediated by pre-existing constitutional structure and practice.

scholarly journals Increase the glyde path diameter improves the centering ability of F6 Skytaper

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 089-093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Troiano ◽  
Mario Dioguardi ◽  
Armando Cocco ◽  
Khrystyna Zhurakivska ◽  
Domenico Ciavarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Amount ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Glide Path ◽  
Before And After ◽  
San Rafael ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shaping Ability ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of glide path preparation, performed with PathGlider 0.15 (Komet Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany) and PathGlider 0.20 (Komet Brasseler GmbH & Co., Lemgo, Germany), on the centering ability of 25-size F6 Skytaper in J-shape simulated root canals, compared with no glide path executed. Materials and Methods: Sixty J-shaped ISO 15 0.02 taper endo training blocks (Dentsply Maillefer) were assigned to three groups (n = 20 for each group). Photographic images were taken on endoblocks before and after shaping procedures. After superimposition, the software AutoCAD 2013 (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, USA) was used for record the centering and shaping ability at 9 different levels from the apex. Results: Shaping procedures including the using of PathGlider 0.20 resulted in a lower amount of resin removed and in a clear improvement of centering ability of the Skytaper 0.25 at almost all reference point levels. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that the glide path procedure, performed with the PathGlider 0.20 before the shaping with 25-size F6 Skytaper, might determine a lower amount of resin removed and a better centering ability compared with the groups without glide path procedure and those treated with PathGlider 0.15.

scholarly journals ‘You come because it is an interesting place’: The impact of attending a heritage programme on the well-being of people living with dementia and their care partners

Dementia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 147130122098538
Author(s):  
Anthea Innes ◽  
Helen F Scholar ◽  
Jana Haragalova ◽  
Monika Sharma
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Care Partners ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Promoting access to heritage settings has been acknowledged as a way to promote well-being in the United Kingdom for people living with dementia and their care partners. Yet there is a lack of information available internationally on the contribution of heritage sites to promote well-being and social inclusion for those living with dementia. This study addresses this gap by reporting on the impact for 48 people of participating in the ‘Sensory Palaces’ (SP) programme run by Historic Royal Palaces at Hampton Court and Kew Palaces in the United Kingdom. Two primary data sources were used; post-session interviews involving 30 participants (the person living with dementia and/or their care partners), and 131 sets of self-complete pre- and post-session mood questionnaires administered directly before and after SP session attendance. Analysis of the data sets is presented under three themes: enjoyment and engagement; connecting and learning and place, space and time. The findings demonstrate that participants highly valued the heritage sessions and reported positively on the impact this had for their individual well-being and their relationships with one another. This study highlights the opportunity for heritage sites to contribute to promoting well-being for people living with dementia.

scholarly journals Family farm and income support policies

2021 ◽  
Vol LXII (2) ◽  
pp. 114-122
Author(s):  
Elena Zapryanova ◽  
◽  
Ivan Penov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
The Family ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Different Levels

Family farms are the main form of organization in agriculture and play an essential role in the development of rural areas. One of the main characteristics of the family farms is that the members of the households work in them. The purpose of the study is, based on an analysis of a real farm and the impact of direct support on family income, to draw recommendations for policy development in this direction. In order to achieve this goal, an economic-mathematical model was developed, and eight scenarios with different levels of support were examined. The main conclusion is that the farm could operate without receiving support because the income generated by this scenario is sufficient to provide an average standard of living for the family. However, CAP support helps its faster development.

scholarly journals Child Poverty and Policy - A Comparison of New Zealand and Scandinavia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tor-Espen Stenerud
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poverty Levels ◽  
Different Levels

<p>This thesis provides a comparative analysis of poverty among children in New Zealand, Norway and Sweden using the most recent available income data from year 2000. By comparing different countries with different levels of poverty, and differing policies it attempts to say something about the causes of child poverty and evaluate the importance of policy as a remedy. This is done within one theoretical framework and understanding of what poverty is and why it is important. More specifically, the purpose is to explore to what extent policy in the form of benefits (and taxes) explain the differences in child poverty, in this case why children in New Zealand are so much more likely to be poor than those in Norway and Sweden. This is in part done by a process of elimination, where poverty levels before and after taxes and transfers are compared in various sectors of the population divided by demographic, ethnic, educational, employment status and other factors. Even though the picture formed by the findings is complex and far from straight forward, and policy differences cannot explain all the differences, policy variables are fundamental in explaining the differences in child poverty levels. In order to summarize the findings in a more accessible way the last part of the thesis puts together findings from previous chapters by asking a counterfactual 'what if?' question, based on the statistics in chapter 4 and 5. It estimates what the impact would have been on child poverty levels in various groups in the New Zealand community if its policy had achieved the same rate of poverty reduction as the equivalent groups experience in Scandinavia. In the counterfactual chapter the importance of differences across the countries in demographic composition and market income (i.e. the income before government intervention through taxes and benefits) are also tested for. This way of presenting the findings further reinforces the image of complexity with few straightforward causal mechanisms. However, while the thesis shows that many variables play a role in explaining the variation in outcome across the countries, it leaves little room for doubting that much of this variation must be explained by government intervention. There is, in other words, scope for governments to reduce poverty more than the New Zealand policies did in year 2000.</p>

Do means-tested benefits alleviate poverty?: Evidence on Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom from the Luxembourg Income Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Behrendt
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Security Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyses the relationship between means-tested benefits and poverty in Western Europe. Means-tested benefits, as social assistance or housing benefits, are designed as safeguards against poverty for the low-income strata of the population, but our knowledge on their impact is fairly limited. How effective are they in reducing poverty rates? To what degree can they fill the gap that income redistribution through taxes and non-means-tested social security benefits leaves? How large is the impact of means-tested transfers in private household budgets, and how does the role of means-tested benefits vary across countries? This article uses the household data of the Luxembourg Income Study to explore the effectiveness of means-tested programmes in terms of poverty alleviation in Britain, Germany and Sweden in the early 1990s. The results of this analysis show a considerable variation in the degree means-tested benefits can actually protect people from poverty. A comparison of household income before and after means-tested benefits exhibits different patterns of poverty alleviation. Using four relative poverty lines (30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent and 60 percent of median household income adjusted for family size), this piece of research illustrates that there is considerable variation in the degree people are lifted up the income scale by means-tested benefits.

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