Entwicklung des gesetzlichen sozialen Grundaltersversicherungssystems in der Volksrepublik China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
System P ◽  
Sustainability Concept ◽  
Volksrepublik China ◽  
Set Up

The first Chinese Social Security Law of 2011 states that the state should set up a social security system that is based on the legal guideline of sustainability. In this study, the author discusses a question which is still unresolved in China: What is the role of this principle of ‘sustainability’, which is hardly substantiated by legislators, as a legal concept in the pension scheme system? This book deals with the theoretical analysis of the concept of sustainability and its development on the basis of the existing legal framework, the practical interpretation and implementation of the sustainability concept as an objective in the field of pension schemes, an analysis of the dogmatic functions of the sustainability concept within the framework of China’s law on pensions, and the developments and problems in the Chinese pension scheme system and their possible solutions, while also considering the various influences on that system.

Pensions and Providence: Dutch Employers and the Creation of Funded Pension Schemes

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-303
Author(s):  
Erik Nijhof
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
The State ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Corporate Pension ◽  
Demographic Shifts

From an international perspective, the Dutch system of old age provisions stands out for its wide coverage, fixed benefits, and an overall actuarial soundness that seem to make this system more shock proof to demographic shifts and economic adversities than those in other “Western” countries. Its actual foundation is a compulsory old age insurance for all citizens, enforced by law and implemented by the state; this insurance is supplemented by fully funded pension schemes for workers and employees, operating under legal control; and finally there is a variety of additional and noncompulsory pension benefits and individual insurance arrangements. The main impetus to the genesis of this system came from employers who, with different agendas, created various pension funds; eventually it was the state, which set a decisive example with a funded pension fund for its civil servants. This became the standard to all corporate pension schemes and provoked innovations like branch funds. These initiatives were supported and regulated by legislation that made these arrangements compulsory and guaranteed their juridical independence and actuarial soundness. Only after this legally promoted maturation of private funds, the state set out to create public arrangements on a “pay-as-you-go” basis for all citizens. This delicate interplay between private and public pension arrangements is highly characteristic of the Dutch variety of capitalism in a broader context. In the polarity between liberal and coordinated market economies, as developed by Soskice and Hall, the Dutch system of old age provisions has played a prominent role in ranking this country more firmly into the latter category. However, within this range of countries the Dutch system of old age provisions is also a bit atypical: private corporate and branch arrangements were encouraged and at the same time embedded in a legal framework. The role of the state was also remarkable: a supervisor of the private funds, a collector and distributor in a universal insurance system, and an employer with an exemplary pension scheme.

scholarly journals The role of pension contributions in explaining inequalities in depressive symptoms. Results from SHARE

2020 ◽  
pp. 140349482090901
Author(s):  
Hanno Hoven ◽  
Nico Dragano ◽  
Thorsten Lunau ◽  
Christian Deindl ◽  
Morten Wahrendorf
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Health It ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Employment Participation ◽  
Employment Histories

Aims: Research has established solid evidence that socioeconomic position impacts health. It is, however, still debated to what extent characteristics of entire employment histories are associated with health inequalities later on. This study investigates associations between contributing to pension schemes throughout entire employment histories and depressive symptoms in older men and women. Methods: We use retrospective life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), collected in 2008–2009 from retired men and women. Data include detailed information on previous employment histories (between age 25 and 60 years) that allows us to measure labour market involvements and pension contributions during past working lives. In addition, we measure elevated depressive symptoms using EURO-D. Results: We observe that employed work without contributing to pension schemes is associated with elevated depressive symptoms for women, even when taking the current household income into consideration. For men (but not for women), self-employed work without pension contributions is linked to elevated depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our results indicate that studies linking previous employment participation to health after labour market exit should not only consider whether a person worked, but also whether he or she contributed to a pension scheme. In addition, our study points to interesting gender differences, where pension contributions matter most for women in employed work and for men in self-employed work.

Social Security and Occupational Pension Schemes

1968 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-253
Author(s):  
C. S. S. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
National Insurance

Since the idea of a wage-related national pension scheme was first launched in tangible form by the publication in 1957 of the Labour Party's ‘National Superannuation’ plan there has been a state of uneasy coexistence between national and occupational pension schemes in the United Kingdom. Social security systems providing not merely basic flat-rate benefits, but also benefits related to earnings, had been in existence for some years in other European countries, but it was not until the National Insurance Act, 1959 took effect in April 1961 that a national graduated pension scheme became a reality in the United Kingdom. Established at a modest level and designed primarily as a means of raising revenue to meet the rising outgo on flat-rate benefits, this graduated scheme has never seemed likely to endure in its original form. Nevertheless the National Insurance Act, 1966 has grafted on to it a scheme to provide short-term graduated sickness, unemployment and widows' benefits.

OPTIMALIZATION OF SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION (BPJS KETENAGAKERJAAN) TO ACCELARATE THE ACCESSABILITY OF HOUSING FACILITIES FOR LOW-INCOME PEOPLE ACCELERATING HOUSING FOR LOW INCOME PEOPLE (MBR)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Endang Kawidjaya
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Housing Facilities

Housing for low-income people has become a problem that until now cannot be solved completely. Various programs have been launched but the number of backlog of housing continues to grow. One of the parties who take in-charge in this problem settlement is the BPJS Ketenagakerjaan program that launches additional programs related to the housing. The results of this study show the role of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan in Accelerating the Accessibility of Housing Facilities for Low-Income People with several programs such as down-payment facilities (PUMP), home renovation loans (PRP) and real estate construction loans. These programs will assist the government to settle this housing deficit although there has not been any prevailing rule and regulation which also has not reached entire nation of Indonesia due to it is limited to the members of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. Therefore it is required to optimize the role of BPJS Ketenagakaerjaan to settle such housing deficit by understanding the prevailing rules and regulation and some related facilities including the application of leasing. The obstacle  which inhibited by the BI Checking that can be solved by set up the new scheme to the potential debtors that  so that they can as soon as possible live in their dream houses though still own difficulties in credit rate/BI-Checking. Then, as they change their credit rate they may purchase the house in the form of mortgage based on their capacity of income. To execute this, strong rules and regulation from the government as basis of the role of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan or “other LKNB”can also be active in this housing deficit problem with leasing scheme.

scholarly journals The Role of Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) as a regional Hub for Oil and Gas Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.21) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Wan M. Zulhafiz ◽  
. . ◽  
. .
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

Hydrocarbons projects involve multiple parties, including sovereign states and corporations, to operate expensive, complex and high-risk activities. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is often preferred more by the parties than litigation to ensure the smooth running of the projects. ADR refers to all mechanisms of dispute settlement other than litigation such as negotiation, mediation, adjudication, and arbitration. The Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) or formerly known as the Kuala Lumpur Regional Centre for Arbitration (KLRCA) is the main institution that administers and resolves all commercial arbitration disputes in Malaysia. This research argues that, due to the technicalities and complexity of operations in the oil and gas sector, there is a need to set up a special arbitration centre for oil and gas under the AIAC to handle and resolve the industrial disputes. Furthermore, by establishing the centre, it can help to promote the AIAC as the choice of arbitration hub, especially within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In doing so, it is necessary to pass a special legal framework to enable the establishment of the centre. It may function as a roadmap by the key players of the oil and gas sector to recourse in resolving disputes. The methodology employed by this research is carried out in a prescriptive, comparative and analytic manner.  

scholarly journals National Mechanisms for Ensuring Social Rights

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
Shahriyar Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Constitutional Protection ◽  
Judicial Protection ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Primary Form

The paper highlighted the role of national mechanisms for the protection of social rights. For this purpose its judicial and administrative remedies have been analyzed. The significance of the constitutional protection of the justice system, her legislative experience in the field of social security, legal and regulatory framework, features, procedural and substantive issues considered on the basis of scientific and theoretical considerations. Along with this, the paper considers a system of judicial protection of social rights, it’s civil, administrative and judicial properties, and shows the primary form of protection issues. Through administrative remedies and the Institute of Human Rights Commissioner (Ombudsman), the paper examined the current legal framework for the protection of social rights, and analyzed their activity in this field. As a result, the author has put forward a number of recomendations.

scholarly journals Stochastic Actuarial Modelling of a Defined-Benefit Social Security Pension Scheme: An Analytical Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subramaniam Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Stochastic Methods ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Social Security Reforms

ABSTRACTAmong the systems in place in different countries for the protection of the population against the long-term contingencies of old-age (or retirement), disability and death (or survivorship), defined-benefit social security pension schemes, i.e. social insurance pension schemes, by far predominate, despite the recent trend towards defined-contribution arrangements in social security reforms. Actuarial valuations of these schemes, unlike other branches of insurance, continue to be carried out almost exclusively on traditional, deterministic lines. Stochastic applications in this area, which have been restricted mainly to occasional special studies, have relied on the simulation technique. This paper develops an analytical model for the stochastic actuarial valuation of a social insurance pension scheme. Formulae are developed for the expected values, variances and covariances of and among the benefit expenditure and salary bill projections and their discounted values, allowing for stochastic variation in three key input factors, i.e., mortality, new entrant intake, and interest (net of salary escalation). Each deterministic output of the valuation is thus supplemented with a confidence interval, that is, a range with an attached probability. The treatment covers the premiums under the different possible financial systems for these schemes, which differ from the funding methods of private pensions, as well as the testing of the level of the Fund ratio when the future contributions schedule is pre-determined. Although it is based on a relatively simplified approach and refers only to retirement pensions, with full adjustment in line with salary escalation, the paper brings out the stochastic features of pension scheme projections and illustrates a comprehensive stochastic valuation. It is hoped that the paper will stimulate interest in further research, both of a theoretical and a practical nature, and lead to progressively increasing recourse to stochastic methods in social insurance pension scheme valuations.

Monitoring: The Role of Independent Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 174-187
Author(s):  
Gauthier de Beco
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
System P ◽  
National Human ◽  
Set Up ◽  
National Human Rights Institutions ◽  
Paris Principles

This chapter concerns the role of independent mechanisms. It explains what national human rights institutions (NHRIs) are as well as the fundamental principles that should guide these institutions as set out in the Paris Principles. It then examines the requirement to set up a ‘framework including one or more independent mechanism’ in accordance with the CRPD as well as the way in which such mechanisms relate to the said Principles and all the possibilities open to States Parties regarding this framework. It finishes by exploring what the reference to the Paris Principles has come to mean for NHRIs and what the Convention reveals in the field of international human rights law through its elaborate monitoring system.

Social Insurance Pension Schemes: Stochastic Actuarial Valuation Using an Analytical Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subramaniam Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Retirement Pension ◽  
Simulation Methodology ◽  
Valuation Model ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Practical Research

AbstractActuarial valuations of social insurance pension schemes continue to be carried out almost exclusively on traditional, deterministic lines, despite certain advantages of stochastic valuations. The few instances, that there are of such valuations, have been based on the simulation methodology, which is computer-intensive and requires extensive data. It is believed that the analytical approach may provide a simpler alternative and therefore encourage the spread of stochastic valuations. This paper refines the theoretical basis of an existing analytical valuation model, and generalizes the projection formulae to accommodate several inter-correlated stochastic factors. A stochastic valuation of an on-going retirement pension scheme is illustrated. It is hoped that the paper will stimulate further theoretical and practical research, and eventually lead to the spread of stochastic valuations in social security.

Pension Scheme Funding and Sponsor Covenants. A Discussion Meeting

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Keyword(s):  
Current Situation ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Credit Quality ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Future

INTRODUCTIONUnder the new regulatory regime, it is a requirement that the trustees and the sponsors of pension schemes negotiate scheme funding according to a defined process. For some schemes these negotiations have already started; for many they are due to start shortly. What is clear is that the outcome of the first funding negotiation is critical, as it will set the benchmark for the future.This Sessional Meeting covers pension scheme funding negotiation, with an emphasis on:— the ways in which actuaries, trustees and sponsors can, or should, take account of the credit quality of the sponsor;— the lessons on negotiation drawn from other areas of finance; and— the role of the regulator.The meeting takes the form of presentations by three speakers, taking stock of the current situation, and the discussion follows.

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