scholarly journals Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1813-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie F Waterloo ◽  
Susanne E Baumgartner ◽  
Jochen Peter ◽  
Patti M Valkenburg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Discrete Emotions ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Social Media Platforms

The main aim of this study was to examine the norms of expressing emotions on social media. Specifically, the perceived appropriateness (i.e. injunctive norms) of expressing six discrete emotions (i.e. sadness, anger, disappointment, worry, joy, and pride) was investigated across four different social media platforms. Drawing on data collected in March 2016 among 1201 young Dutch users (15–25 years), we found that positive expressions were generally perceived as more appropriate than negative expressions across all platforms. In line with the objective of the study, some platform differences were found. The expression of negative emotions was rated as most appropriate for WhatsApp, followed by Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. For positive emotion expression, perceived appropriateness was highest for WhatsApp, followed by Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. Additionally, some gender differences were found, while age showed little variations. Overall, the results contribute to a more informed understanding of emotion expression online.

scholarly journals 1612 Unconscious Gender Bias from Patients: Are Female and Male Doctors Perceived Differently?

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Toi ◽  
S Lewis ◽  
S Lounis ◽  
A Najdawi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Healthcare Team ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Abstract Introduction While the need for gender equality has been well recognised within the medical profession, attitudes of patients towards doctors of different genders has not been addressed. We aim to identify whether gender biases exist within the minds of patients we treat and how we can address this. Method A survey was disseminated through social media platforms and work communication groups. Data was collected on gender, ethnicity, frequency of being mistaken for different members of the healthcare team and frequency of being asked to perform non-medical tasks. A free text option was available for respondents to elaborate on the context and how this made them feel. Results 88 doctors (26 male, 62 female) responded. 65% (40) of females have had their roles misidentified at least once a week, compared to 0%(0) of males. 75% (46) of women reported negative emotions associated with being mistaken in their role, 25% (15) were neutral, none were positive. 62% (38) of female doctor’s report being asked to perform non-medical tasks at least once a week compared to 31% (8) of male doctors. Conclusions There is a clear disparity in how patients perceive male and female roles in medicine, with females being less likely to be identified as a doctor and twice as likely to be asked to perform non-medical tasks. As well as being potentially disruptive to their role, responses suggest that this impacts negatively on the confidence of these respondents. Further exploration of this subject, the impacts and remedies will be required in future.

scholarly journals Social identity shapes antecedents and functional outcomes of moral emotion expression in online networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Brady ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Moral Emotion ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Political Messages ◽  
Online Networks ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Partisan Identification

As social interactions increasingly occur through social media platforms, intergroup affective phenomena such as “outrage firestorms” and “cancel culture” have emerged with notable consequences for society. In this research, we examine how social identity shapes the antecedents and functional outcomes of moral emotion expression online. Across four pre-registered experiments (N = 1,712), we find robust evidence that the inclusion of moral-emotional expressions in political messages has a causal influence on intentions to share the messages on social media. We find that individual differences in the strength of partisan identification is a consistent predictor of sharing messages with moral-emotional expressions, but little evidence that brief manipulations of identity salience increased sharing. Negative moral emotion expression in social media messages also causes the message author to be perceived as more strongly identified among their partisan ingroup, but less open-minded and less worthy of conversation to outgroup members. These experiments highlight the role of social identity in affective phenomena in the digital age, and showcase how moral emotion expressions in online networks can serve ingroup reputation functions while at the same time hinder discourse between political groups.

scholarly journals Associations Between Affective States and Sexual and Health Status Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: Exploratory Study Using Social Media Data (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Wei Zheng ◽  
Qing-Ling Yang ◽  
Zhong-Qi Liu ◽  
Jia-Ling Qiu ◽  
Jing Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Positive Sentiment ◽  
Sentiment Score

BACKGROUND Affective states, including sentiment and emotion, are critical determinants of health. However, few studies among men who have sex with men (MSM) have examined sentiment and emotion specifically using real-time social media technologies. Moreover, the explorations on their associations with sexual and health status among MSM are limited. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to understand and examine the associations of affective states with sexual behaviors and health status among MSM using public data from the Blued (Blued International Inc) app. METHODS A total of 843,745 public postings of 377,610 MSM users located in Guangdong were saved from the Blued app by automatic screen capture. Positive affect, negative affect, sexual behaviors, and health status were measured using the Simplified Chinese Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Emotions, including joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust, were measured using the Weibo Basic Mood Lexicon. A positive sentiment score and a positive emotion score were also calculated. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models on the basis of a permutation test were used to assess the associations of affective states with sexual behaviors and health status. RESULTS A total of 5871 active MSM users and their 477,374 postings were finally selected. Both positive affect and positive emotions (eg, joy) peaked between 7 AM and 9 AM. Negative affect and negative emotions (eg, sadness and disgust) peaked between 2 AM and 4 AM. During that time, 25.1% (97/387) of negative postings were related to health and 13.4% (52/387) of negative postings were related to seeking social support. A multivariate analysis showed that the MSM who were more likely to post sexual behaviors were more likely to express positive affect (beta=0.3107; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and positive emotions (joy: beta=0.027; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), as well as negative emotions (sadness: beta=0.0443; <i>P</i>&lt;.001 and disgust: beta=0.0256; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). They also had a higher positive sentiment score (beta=0.2947; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and a higher positive emotion score (beta=0.1612; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). The MSM who were more likely to post their health status were more likely to express negative affect (beta=0.8088; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and negative emotions, including sadness (beta=0.0705; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), anger (beta=0.0058; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), fear (beta=0.0052; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), and disgust (beta=0.3065; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), and less likely to express positive affect (beta=−0.0224; <i>P</i>=.02). In addition, they had a lower positive sentiment score (beta=−0.8306; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and a lower positive emotion score (beta=−0.3743; <i>P</i>&lt;.001). CONCLUSIONS The MSM social media community mainly expressed their positive affect in the early morning and negative affect after midnight. Positive affective states were associated with being sexually active, whereas negative affective states were associated with health problems, mostly about mental health. Our finding suggests the potential to deliver different health-related intervention strategies (eg, psychological counseling and safe sex promotion) on a social media app according to the affective states of MSM in real time.

Self-Expression on Social Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Orehek ◽  
Lauren J. Human
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Shed Light

Self-expression values are at an all-time high, and people are increasingly relying upon social media platforms to express themselves positively and accurately. We examined whether self-expression on the social media platform Twitter elicits positive and accurate social perceptions. Eleven perceivers rated 128 individuals (targets; total dyadic impressions = 1,408) on their impulsivity, self-esteem, and attachment style, based solely on the information provided in targets’ 10 most recent tweets. Targets were on average perceived normatively and with distinctive self-other agreement, indicating both positive and accurate social perceptions. There were also individual differences in how positively and accurately targets were perceived, which exploratory analyses indicated may be partially driven by differential word usage, such as the use of positive emotion words and self- versus other-focus. This study demonstrates that self-expression on social media can elicit both positive and accurate perceptions and begins to shed light on how to curate such perceptions.

scholarly journals Associations Between Affective States and Sexual and Health Status Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: Exploratory Study Using Social Media Data

10.2196/13201 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. e13201
Author(s):  
Zhi-Wei Zheng ◽  
Qing-Ling Yang ◽  
Zhong-Qi Liu ◽  
Jia-Ling Qiu ◽  
Jing Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Positive Sentiment ◽  
Sentiment Score

Background Affective states, including sentiment and emotion, are critical determinants of health. However, few studies among men who have sex with men (MSM) have examined sentiment and emotion specifically using real-time social media technologies. Moreover, the explorations on their associations with sexual and health status among MSM are limited. Objective This study aimed to understand and examine the associations of affective states with sexual behaviors and health status among MSM using public data from the Blued (Blued International Inc) app. Methods A total of 843,745 public postings of 377,610 MSM users located in Guangdong were saved from the Blued app by automatic screen capture. Positive affect, negative affect, sexual behaviors, and health status were measured using the Simplified Chinese Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Emotions, including joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust, were measured using the Weibo Basic Mood Lexicon. A positive sentiment score and a positive emotion score were also calculated. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models on the basis of a permutation test were used to assess the associations of affective states with sexual behaviors and health status. Results A total of 5871 active MSM users and their 477,374 postings were finally selected. Both positive affect and positive emotions (eg, joy) peaked between 7 AM and 9 AM. Negative affect and negative emotions (eg, sadness and disgust) peaked between 2 AM and 4 AM. During that time, 25.1% (97/387) of negative postings were related to health and 13.4% (52/387) of negative postings were related to seeking social support. A multivariate analysis showed that the MSM who were more likely to post sexual behaviors were more likely to express positive affect (beta=0.3107; P<.001) and positive emotions (joy: beta=0.027; P<.001), as well as negative emotions (sadness: beta=0.0443; P<.001 and disgust: beta=0.0256; P<.001). They also had a higher positive sentiment score (beta=0.2947; P<.001) and a higher positive emotion score (beta=0.1612; P<.001). The MSM who were more likely to post their health status were more likely to express negative affect (beta=0.8088; P<.001) and negative emotions, including sadness (beta=0.0705; P<.001), anger (beta=0.0058; P<.001), fear (beta=0.0052; P<.001), and disgust (beta=0.3065; P<.001), and less likely to express positive affect (beta=−0.0224; P=.02). In addition, they had a lower positive sentiment score (beta=−0.8306; P<.001) and a lower positive emotion score (beta=−0.3743; P<.001). Conclusions The MSM social media community mainly expressed their positive affect in the early morning and negative affect after midnight. Positive affective states were associated with being sexually active, whereas negative affective states were associated with health problems, mostly about mental health. Our finding suggests the potential to deliver different health-related intervention strategies (eg, psychological counseling and safe sex promotion) on a social media app according to the affective states of MSM in real time.

Images, Text, and Emotions

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-245
Author(s):  
Itziar Castelló ◽  
David Barberá-Tomás ◽  
Frank G. A. de Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Strategic Communication ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media And Communication

Organizations are increasingly communicating online with their key stakeholders. Chats on social media platforms, videos, and online meetings constitute key spaces for strategy communication and for the legitimation of organizations and their activities. In these digital spaces, emotions play an important role in conveying messages and convincing people to enact change. This chapter explains how strategic communication in multimodal spaces such as online communication platforms could be enhanced through emotion-symbolic work. Emotion-symbolic work involves using both text and visuals to transform negative emotions into positive ones in order to facilitate the enactment of a strategy. The chapter also discusses how multimodality, that is textual discourse to accompany visual images, can guide emotion-symbolic work and then reviews the characteristics of social media and communication platforms and the challenges and opportunities of studying emotion-symbolic work in online platforms The chapter concludes by discussing opportunities for further research.

Gender Differences in Fear of Missing out Experiences among Undergraduate Students in Oman

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ghalib Qutishat
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fear Of Missing Out ◽  
Sultan Qaboos University ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Social Media Platforms

BACKGROUND: Students with fear of missing out (FOMO) are profoundly connected and updated with others via constant social media connections to satisfy their needs and self-recognition. They use social media platforms to build new relationships, belong to some social group, remain fully informed, and fulfill their affiliation needs, which can increase their urge to spend more time visiting other people’s profiles and comparing their life achievements with others. Thus, this study has been conceptualized to investigate gender differences of FOMO experiences among undergraduate students in Oman. METHODS: A descriptive correlational and cross-sectional study design was chosen to achieve the research purpose among Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) undergraduate students. The total sample was 339. The experiences of fear of missing out was measured by using the Fear of Missing Out scale. The items were measured on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from (“not at all true of me”) (“extremely true of me”). RESULTS: The mean age was approximately 21.56 years. Our study shows a homogeneous gender variation (female 50.15% (n=170), and male 49.85% (n=169)). However, the majority of the participants were single (93.5%), lived out-campus (56%), and in their 5th academic year (33.92%). : Males scored higher fear of missing out than females 24.8693 and 22.829, respectively, the results of this study possess a significant gender differences in the experiences of fear of missing out (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: The university students surveyed experienced a moderate level of FOMO. However. Males scored a higher level of fear of missing out than females. They focus more on expanding social connections compared to females. Factors such as culture, norms, and self-image may play a role in experiencing FOMO, more studies are required in that claim.

scholarly journals Can Social Media Incivility Induce Enthusiasm?

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (S1) ◽  
pp. 284-308
Author(s):  
Spyros Kosmidis ◽  
Yannis Theocharis
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Emotional Effects

Abstract  Most studies of online incivility report negative effects on attitudes and behaviors of both the victims and the audiences who are exposed to it. But while we have extensive insights about the attitudinal and behavioral consequences of incivility, less emphasis has been paid on its emotional effects. We conduct a series of survey experiments using statements posted on Twitter by elite actors along with the comments they receive and measure the emotional reactions of the public in relation to the content of the original post. We find that when the raw information is accompanied by uncivil commentary (compared to civil or no commentary), respondents express higher levels of positive and lower levels of negative emotions. Further analysis of heterogeneous effects focusing on partisanship shows that the effects are primarily driven by those who are generally expected to agree with the expert’s claim. The broader consequences of incivility as entertainment on social media platforms are discussed.

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