Implications of online incidental and selective exposure for political emotions: Affective polarization during elections

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110613
Author(s):  
Qinfeng Zhu ◽  
Brian E Weeks ◽  
Nojin Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Political Emotions ◽  
Incidental Exposure ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Political Groups

The Internet and social media create an environment in which individuals can selectively approach information supporting their political worldviews while also being incidentally exposed to socially shared information that challenges their beliefs. These competing information consumption patterns may help explain whether and how digital media contribute to affective polarization (i.e. affect-based division between political groups). This study examines how pro-attitudinal selective exposure and counter-attitudinal incidental exposure in tandem influence political emotions. Using data from 2, two-wave panel surveys conducted during the 2016 and 2020 US presidential elections, our findings demonstrate that seeking consonant political information is consistently associated with anger toward political opponents and enthusiasm toward like-minded partisans. In contrast, despite the purported democratic benefits endowed on political disagreement, cross-cutting incidental exposure does not temper political emotional responses associated with pro-attitudinal selective exposure. However, we find little evidence that unexpected exposure to disagreeable information backfires either.

scholarly journals What we talk about when we talk about interactivity: Empowerment in public discourse

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1052-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite Barry ◽  
Gavin Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Newspaper Coverage ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Communication Events ◽  
Action Context ◽  
Media Research ◽  
Using Data

This study offers new insights into interactivity by examining its association with empowerment in public discourse. Using data from 20 years of newspaper coverage, a mixed methods analysis reveals different ‘modes’ of interactivity in discourse. Empowerment is the dominant mode of interactivity despite substantial changes in technologies and uses over this time. A content analysis shows that older discourses associate interactivity with specific technologies, while recent discourses use more universal terms. The discourse analysis illustrates the range of empowerment found in different interactive experiences, from basic data access to collaboration across communities, even reaching beyond communication events. The study offers a new model for understanding interactivity and empowerment based on the potential in communications for action, context, strategies and outcomes. This layered and flexible approach has appeal for digital media research and production.

scholarly journals Does incidental exposure on social media equalize or reinforce participatory gaps? Evidence from a panel study

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2463-2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffael Heiss ◽  
Jörg Matthes
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Incidental Exposure ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Effort

Existing research indicates that incidental exposure to political information on social media may function as an equalizer, stimulating political engagement among the politically detached. In this article, we challenge this notion and propose that there are good reasons to assume that incidental exposure may reinforce existing gaps. We test the equalizing against the reinforcing hypothesis using data from a two-wave panel study ( N = 559). We find a positive main effect of incidental exposure on low-effort digital participation. However, this effect was not conditional on political interest, as the equalizing assumption would have suggested. More interestingly, we found that the effect of incidental exposure on high-effort digital participation was conditional on political interest. However, against the assumption of equalization, individuals with low levels of political interest were negatively affected by incidental exposure, thus lending support for the reinforcement hypothesis. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Women’s Agency in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia: The Role of Parenthood and Education

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Friedrich ◽  
Henriette Engelhardt ◽  
Florian Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Women’S Agency ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Women in Middle Eastern and North African countries continue to report low levels of agency, despite their increasing educational attainment and declining fertility rates. We address this paradox by considering how women’s agency is linked to parenthood in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia and how this association is moderated by their level of education. We study three dimensions of instrumental agency: involvement in decision-making, financial autonomy, and freedom of movement using data for married women aged 18–49 from the Integrated Labor Market Panel Surveys: Egypt 2012 (n = 7622), Jordan 2016 (n = 4550), Tunisia 2014 (n = 1480). Results from multivariate regression models of these different dimensions demonstrate that married women who are mothers generally exhibit higher levels of agency than their counterparts who are childless, though this does not hold for every dimension and the strength of the association between parenthood and agency differs by dimension and country. We find a notable exception to this pattern of positive association in the Egyptian sample: parenthood decreases agency among Egyptian women with post-secondary education. Our results suggest that parenthood may only increase women’s agency in settings with deeply entrenched patriarchal norms that imply little education for women.

Why Do Partisan Audiences Participate? Perceived Public Opinion as the Mediating Mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shira Dvir-Gvirsman ◽  
R. Kelly Garrett ◽  
Yariv Tsfati
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Spiral Of Silence ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
The Spiral Of Silence ◽  
Partisan Media ◽  
The One

The bulk of current literature on partisan media explores its various detrimental influences on the democratic sphere. This study highlights a possible positive outcome of partisan media consumption: enhanced political participation. It is hypothesized that consumption of congruent partisan media will tilt perceptions of opinion climate so that it is viewed as more supportive of one’s views, while consumption of incongruent partisan media is viewed as less supportive. Consequently, consumers of congruent partisan media will participate more, and vice versa. The hypotheses are tested using two panel studies: the first conducted during the 2012 U.S. presidential elections ( N = 377) whereas the second, during the 2013 Israeli election ( N = 340). In the Israeli case, survey data are supplemented with behavioral measures. All hypotheses are supported except the one regarding the effects of incongruent partisan media exposure. The results are discussed in light of the spiral of silence theory and the selective exposure hypothesis.

scholarly journals Digital Media and Perceptions of Source Credibility in Political Communication

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Flanagin ◽  
Miriam J. Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Information Consumers

The rich research heritage on source credibility is fundamentally linked to processes of political communication and the provision of political information. Networked digital technologies, however, have recently complicated the assessment of source credibility by modifying people’s ability to determine source expertise and trustworthiness, which are the foundations upon which credibility evaluations have traditionally rested. This chapter explores source credibility in online contexts by examining the credibility of digital versus traditional channels, the nature of political information conveyed by social media, and the dynamics of political information online. In addition, this chapter considers related research concerns, including the link between credibility and selective exposure, the potential for group polarization, and the role of social media in seeking and delivering credible political information. These concerns suggest challenges and opportunities as information consumers navigate the contemporary information environment in search of the knowledge to make them informed members of a politically engaged citizenry.

scholarly journals Newspapers and Parties: How Advertising Revenues Created an Independent Press

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA PETROVA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Media Freedom ◽  
Outdoor Advertising ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Newspaper Distribution ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Political Groups

Media freedom strongly inhibits corruption and promotes good governance, but what leads to media freedom? Do economic development and higher advertising revenues tend to make media outlets independent of political groups' influence? Using data on nineteenth-century American newspapers, I show that places with higher advertising revenues were likelier to have newspapers that were independent of political parties. Similar results hold when local advertising rates are instrumented by regulations on outdoor advertising and newspaper distribution. In addition, newly created newspapers were more likely to enter the market as independents in places with higher advertising rates. I also exploit the precise timing of major changes in advertising rates to identify how advertising revenues affected the entry of new newspapers. Finally, I demonstrate that economic development, and concomitant higher advertising revenue, is not the only reason that an independent press expands; political factors also played a role.

scholarly journals Investigating the Determinants and Effects of Local Drought Awareness

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Switzer ◽  
Arnold Vedlitz
Keyword(s):  
Water Policy ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Opinion Formation ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Building Policy

Abstract Literature in environmental public opinion has recently focused on the linkages between biophysical conditions and opinion formation. Where environmental issues and weather are more severe, individuals have been shown to have greater perception of environmental risk and greater support for environmental protection. Perceptions, however, do not always reflect actual weather, and perceptions may actually matter more when it comes to the formation of opinions. This paper explores this possibility in the context of drought, examining what variables determine individual awareness of drought and further exploring how drought awareness influences risk perception and policy preferences. Using data from two nationally representative probability-based panel surveys, as well as data from the U.S. Drought Monitor, the analysis indicates that while drought severity is the largest predictor of drought awareness, ideological and demographic variables also play a role. Importantly, drought awareness is actually a stronger predictor of concern for water shortages and support for water policy than drought severity, showing that understanding what determines drought awareness may be crucial for building policy support.

scholarly journals Does the Recruitment of Offline Households Increase the Sample Representativeness of Probability-Based Online Panels? Evidence From the German Internet Panel

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelies G. Blom ◽  
Jessica M. E. Herzing ◽  
Carina Cornesse ◽  
Joseph W. Sakshaug ◽  
Ulrich Krieger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Recruitment Methods ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Sample Representativeness ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Online Panels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Internet Panels

The past decade has seen a rise in the use of online panels for conducting survey research. However, the popularity of online panels, largely driven by relatively low implementation costs and high rates of Internet penetration, has been met with criticisms regarding their ability to accurately represent their intended target populations. This criticism largely stems from the fact that (1) non-Internet (or offline) households, despite their relatively small size, constitute a highly selective group unaccounted for in Internet panels, and (2) the preeminent use of nonprobability-based recruitment methods likely contributes a self-selection bias that further compromises the representativeness of online panels. In response to these criticisms, some online panel studies have taken steps to recruit probability-based samples of individuals and providing them with the means to participate online. Using data from one such study, the German Internet Panel, this article investigates the impact of including offline households in the sample on the representativeness of the panel. Consistent with studies in other countries, we find that the exclusion of offline households produces significant coverage biases in online panel surveys, and the inclusion of these households in the sample improves the representativeness of the survey despite their lower propensity to respond.

scholarly journals Electoral Reinforcement and the Dynamics of Partisanship Strength

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Andrew J. LoTempio
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
National Election ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Election Studies

The partisanship strength of individuals is investigated as dependent upon the cumulative effect of their electoral decisions. Using data from the 1956-1960 and 1972-1976 American National Election Studies (NES), voters who reinforce their party identification through loyal presidential vote choices over their life-cycle were found to experience gains in partisanship strength to a larger degree than those who vote for different parties or who do not vote. Additionally, short-term forces such as defecting from one’s party identification in a single election or casting a split-ticket vote hinder life-cycle gains in partisanship. The totality of the evidence shows that the dynamics of partisanship may be better understood if the absence or presence of electoral reinforcement is accounted for across several presidential elections and across the entire ballot in a single election.

scholarly journals LEARNING HISTORY FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT WITH DIGITAL LEARNING MEDIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Andhika Sari ◽  
Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Digital Learning ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Media Learning

Education is a crucial aspect of survival. Education is a system consisting of several components that can influence and determine. In the education field, history needs to be taught to introduce humanities, space, society, and the relation between the present and the past. In the globalization era, to make a good education, there should be an innovation, such as digital media, to create the curriculum. The method used in the study is the qualitative description and literature review from 20 journal articles with publication years in 2019-2021. The result of the study is that the high school student's interest in learning history is still reduced because of the learning media. Based on the results obtained, it is expected to provide information about learning history for curriculum development with digital media in the 21st century. This research was conducted at SMA Wachid Hasyim 5 Surabaya using data collection techniques through observation and interview. This study aims to provide the latest innovations in historical learning in the 21st century based on existing problems. The researcher focuses on how teachers can apply digital learning methods to students in the 21st century to become better in the future. The development of science and technology in the 21st century is overgrowing to provide a positive supply to students. Several recommendations can be submitted related to improving motivation and learning outcomes of history through digital media learning models. This advice is intended for interested parties in education: the Ministry of Education and Teachers. The research has limitations, which are limited to curriculum development on learning history with digital media in the 21st century.

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