scholarly journals Autonomy as license to operate: Establishing the internal and external conditions of informed choice in marketing

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Anker
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Informed Choice ◽  
Ethical Principle ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Consumer Autonomy

The assumption that consumers voluntarily accept or decline marketing offerings provides the ethical justification that gives marketing as a social system its license to operate. Consumer autonomy is, therefore, the key ethical principle of marketing in capitalistic economies. However, even in domains with extensive regulatory frameworks and advanced market conditions, consumers are often ill-informed or underinformed. The resultant lack of epistemic confidence diminishes consumers’ ability to make informed choices. At the same time, consumers are by default exposed to promotional content designed to persuade them to accept marketing offerings. This threatens personal autonomy. We develop a concept of consumer autonomy which marketing regulations should protect and promote to enhance informed decision-making. We design autonomy to be robust in situations where individuals are exposed to persuasive attempts to influence them to choose a specific course of action. As such, our concept of autonomy is applicable to a range of contexts beyond marketing where it is necessary to balance external influences and individual autonomy.

History and Personal Autonomy

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Mele
Keyword(s):  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
List Type ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
New Model ◽  
Self Reflection

John Christman, in ‘Autonomy and Personal History,’ advances a novel genetic or historical account of individual autonomy. He formulates ‘the conditions of the [i.e., his] new model of autonomy’ as follows:(i) A person P is autonomous relative to some desire D if it is the case that P did not resist the development of D when attending to this process of development, or P would not have resisted that development had P attended to the process;(ii) The lack of resistance to the development of D did not take place (or would not have) under the influence of factors that inhibit self-reflection;and(iii) The self-reflection involved in condition (i) [sic] is (minimally) rational and involves no self-deception. (11)

Recent measles outbreaks in the United States: A look at the causes and responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Tracy Perron ◽  
Heather Larovere ◽  
Victoria Guerra ◽  
Kathleen Kilfeather ◽  
Nicole Pare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

As measles cases continue to rise in the United States and elsewhere, public health officials, health care providers and elected officials alike are facing critical questions of how to protect the health of the public from current and future vaccine preventable disease outbreaks while still preserving the religious and personal autonomy of the populations they serve. As measles cases are being examined and carefully managed, public health officials are also tasked with revisiting vaccination policies and agendas to determine the best evidence-based interventions to control this epidemic. To determine the best course of action for the public's interest, research and current literature must be examined to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of those currently affected by the measles outbreak and those yet to be exposed.

The Social Filter Effect of Informed Consent in Clinical Research

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
Y. H. THONG ◽  
S. C. HARTH
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Informed Choice ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives

Few would disagree with the moral principle of respect for individual autonomy in the conduct of clinical research.1-3 After all, self-determination and informed choice are the cultural norms of free societies. Rather, it is the legal and regulatory provisions of the informed consent doctrine that have caused the most difficulties. Some 25 years after the promulgation of this doctrine,4,5 many problems remain with its practical implementation. The doctrine of informed consent has four essential components. 6-8First, there must be full disclosure of risks and benefits and the therapeutic alternatives. Second, the information must be provided in writing in an easily comprehensible form, but given the intermix of medical terminology and legal jargon, this is easier said than done.9

scholarly journals The development of trial questionnaire on social exclusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.Yu. Suvorova
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social System ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Psychological Experience ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Creation

The article describes the evolution of the phenomenon of social exclusion and methods of its investigation in laboratory conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the diagnostic of social exclusion has been primarily based on external factors till now. This article is devoted to the creation of questionnaire aimed to reveal the psychological experience of social exclusion in natural conditions. Such tool is necessary because it is insufficient to refer only to external conditions of personal exposure to the periphery of social system in order to estimate psychological exclusion, as physical and psychological exclusion do not always coincide. The reliability of our questionnaire is α = 0,952. The validity of the tool was checked through the correlation with Leontiev’s Test of Sense of Life Orientations. As a result, strong links were found between scales of both tests (0,462< r < 0,725; 0,01< p< 0,05).

Mill and Millians on Liberty and Moral Character

1985 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry M. Clor
Keyword(s):  
Character Development ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
Human Excellence

This essay critically explores the efforts of John Stuart Mill and contemporary Millian scholarship to provide a utilitarian justification for a categorical principle of personal liberty. What is distinctive about Mill's argument is its pronounced emphasis upon character development as an essential constituent of happiness; the heart of the argument is that freedom of choice promotes a kind of elevated or worthy human character upon which happiness ultimately depends. Hence, society must be prevented from imposing any conventional or customary morality which would restrict individual autonomy. This case for the sovereignty of personal autonomy is infected with a number of difficulties and ambiguities. Central among these are weighty problems associated with Mill's crucial concept of individuality and its relation to human excellence or nobility of character. The refinements upon Millian doctrine introduced by his current supporters do not, and cannot, resolve its inherent ambiguities.

Does Depression Invalidate Competence? Consultants' Ethical, Psychiatric, and Legal Considerations

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernlè W. D. Young ◽  
James C. Corby ◽  
Rodney Johnson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Informed Choice ◽  
Ethical Principle ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Respect For Autonomy ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
American Medicine ◽  
Patient Competence

The ethical principle of respect for autonomy has come into its own In American medicine since World War II as equal in importance to the traditional medicomoral principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. Respect for autonomy provides the ethical underpinning for the patient's right to exercise an informed choice – whether to consent to or to refuse recommended medical treatment. However, an informed choice demands a certain level of competence. Typical criteria for patient competence to accept or to refuse medical treatments Include ability to make a choice and ability to comprehend the nature of the treatment, as well as the risks and benefits of accepting or refusing the treatment.

scholarly journals Reflections on bioethics: consolidation of the principle of autonomy and legal aspects

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S91-S98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Segre
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Ethical Principle ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
External Assessment ◽  
Freudian Theory ◽  
Rational Thought ◽  
Ethical Reflections ◽  
Inside Out

The author highlights the importance of emotions in all ethical reflections. He describes the most common positions of ethicists employing duties and rights as the basis for ethical thought. The author, goes to Freudian theory as viewed by the utilitarians, stating that the 'quest for pleasure' is not necessarily egocentric, especially for adults. For example, the feeling of solidarity emerges 'from the inside out', making irrelevant all the emphasis laid on obedience to duty (from the outside in). The article questions the essence of Kantian theory, based exclusively on 'reason' with disregard for feelings, by establishing what he considers a 'positivist' view of rational thought. It emphasizes the principle of autonomy, which it seen as basically opposing the principles of beneficence and fairness. It is proposed that the latter should be seen as what he calls heteronomy (a concept different from that of the rational ethicists). In theory, autonomy is not assigned to anyone on the basis of an external assessment. Any intervention in individual autonomy must be made (by the intervenor) when it becomes imperative in the defense of social or cultural values. The article distinguishes between ethics and morals) and states that the sole acceptable ethical principle is that ethics (theoretically) has no principle.

The Evolution of Autonomy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Lucas Swaine
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
A Value ◽  
Democratic Societies

This chapter examines the origins of autonomy and outlines the development of autonomy as a value in democratic societies. It is commonly believed that the idea of autonomy was originally restricted to the discourse of interstate relations in ancient Greece. However, early understandings of autonomia were applied to a wide variety of entities, including those of a nonpolitical nature. Individual-level discussion of autonomy emerged prior to the work of Immanuel Kant, furthermore, foreshadowing contemporary theories of personal autonomy and casting new light on the proliferation of autonomy in democracy. Autonomy has burgeoned into a widely endorsed value in free societies, and pejorative connotations of individual autonomy have vanished.

Individual Autonomy and Civil Liberties

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Chan
Keyword(s):  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Moral Agent ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Moral Life ◽  
Life Goals ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
Moral Autonomy ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Moral Environment

This chapter introduces a new Confucian perfectionist approach to individual autonomy and civil liberties. Confucianism has often been criticized for failing to recognize individual autonomy. But Confucian ethics does promote individual moral autonomy, in the sense that the moral agent must voluntarily accept the demands of morality and reflectively engage in the moral life. To a considerable extent, this notion supports toleration and freedom, since a highly restrictive or oppressive moral environment is harmful to the development of a genuine moral life. To cope with the demands of a fast-changing, pluralistic society, Confucian ethics must incorporate a moderate notion of personal autonomy in the wider sense that people should have the freedom to form life goals and chart a personal path of life.

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