scholarly journals Challenges in uncovering non-invasive biomarkers of endometriosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-447
Author(s):  
Quanah J Hudson ◽  
Alexandra Perricos ◽  
Rene Wenzl ◽  
Iveta Yotova
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cohort Selection

Endometriosis affects up to 10% of women of childbearing age, causing symptoms that can include chronic pelvic pain and reduced fertility. The symptoms are not specific to the disease and can be confused with other gynecological conditions or normal menstruation. Currently, the disease can be only definitively diagnosed by laparoscopy, as no clinically accepted biomarker exists. Biomarker discovery can either follow a hypothesis-driven approach selecting targets to be tested based on current knowledge of the disease, or take an unbiased high-throughput screening “omics” approach, such as transcriptomics or proteomics, to identify markers that are unique or elevated in accessible bodily fluids of patients with the disease. Numerous studies have been conducted using these approaches to try and identify endometriosis biomarkers, but variabilities in study design, cohort selection, and analysis, together with the fact that most studies were small-scale, have made independent validation of biomarker candidates difficult. Therefore, efforts are underway to standardize cohort selection, patient data, and sample collection to allow better cross-study comparisons. Large scale multi-center studies using this standardized approach are necessary to validate existing endometriosis biomarker candidates and uncover potential new markers. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease, it is likely that a panel of biomarkers will be necessary to diagnose and categorize endometriosis. Impact statement Endometriosis is a common disease affecting reproductive age women, which is associated with chronic pain and reduced fertility reducing the quality of life of many women. Definitive diagnosis requires invasive laparoscopic surgery creating a high barrier to diagnosis that can delay the onset of treatment significantly. Clinically approved biomarkers of endometriosis are currently lacking, making the discovery and validation of biomarkers that would lead to earlier diagnosis a priority for improving treatment of the disease.

Sample Quality Criteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A Ramsey ◽  
Claas Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Sample Quality ◽  
Incorrect Decision

Abstract The concept of Sample Quality Criteria (SQC) is the initial step in the scientific approach to representative sampling. It includes the establishment of sampling objectives, Decision Unit (DU), and confidence. Once fully defined, these criteria serve as input, in addition to material properties, to the Theory of Sampling for developing a representative sampling protocol. The first component of the SQC establishes these questions: What is the analyte(s) of concern? What is the concentration level of interest of the analyte(s)? How will inference(s) be made from the analytical data to the DU? The second component ofthe SQC establishes the DU, i.e., the scale at whichdecisions are to be made. On a large scale, a DU could be a ship or rail car; examples for small-scale DUs are individual beans, seeds, or kernels. A well-defined DU is critical because it defines the spatialand temporal boundaries of sample collection. SQC are not limited to a single DU; they can also include multiple DUs. The third SQC component, the confidence, establishes the desired probability that a correct inference (decision) can be made. The confidence level should typically correlate to the potential consequences of an incorrect decision (e.g., health or economic). The magnitude of combined errors in the sampling, sample processing and analytical protocols determines the likelihood of an incorrect decision. Thus, controlling error to a greater extent increases the probability of a correct decision. The required confidence level directly affects the sampling effort and QC measures.

scholarly journals A Robust Metatranscriptomic Technology for Population-Scale Studies of Diet, Gut Microbiome, and Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hatch ◽  
James Horne ◽  
Ryan Toma ◽  
Brittany L. Twibell ◽  
Kalie M. Somerville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Population Scale

A functional readout of the gut microbiome is necessary to enable precise control of the gut microbiome’s functions, which support human health and prevent or minimize a wide range of chronic diseases. Stool metatranscriptomic analysis offers a comprehensive functional view of the gut microbiome, but despite its usefulness, it has rarely been used in clinical studies due to its complexity, cost, and bioinformatic challenges. This method has also received criticism due to potential intrasample variability, rapid changes, and RNA degradation. Here, we describe a robust and automated stool metatranscriptomic method, called Viomega, which was specifically developed for population-scale studies. Viomega includes sample collection, ambient temperature sample preservation, total RNA extraction, physical removal of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), preparation of directional Illumina libraries, Illumina sequencing, taxonomic classification based on a database of >110,000 microbial genomes, and quantitative microbial gene expression analysis using a database of ~100 million microbial genes. We applied this method to 10,000 human stool samples and performed several small-scale studies to demonstrate sample stability and consistency. In summary, Viomega is an inexpensive, high-throughput, automated, and accurate sample-to-result stool metatranscriptomic technology platform for large-scale studies and a wide range of applications.

scholarly journals Study on TT Vaccination Status of Female Students of Khulna

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-119
Author(s):  
Farhana Ferdaus ◽  
Susmita Nargis ◽  
Heera Lal Roy ◽  
Ehsanul Islam ◽  
Md Tazul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medicine Today

Introduction: The purpose of giving the TT vaccine to women of childbearing age and to pregnant women is to protect them from tetanus and to protect their newborn infants against neonatal tetanus. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on January, 2017 to find out the TTvaccination status of students of Khulna Government Pioneer Girls College, Khulna. During scheduled time period. Data were collected from 100 respondents selected by purposive type of convenient sampling by face to face interview using a prepared mixed type of questionnaire. Results: Among total respondent’s majority 36(36%) were belonged to 17-19 years of age group. People of our country nowadays more aware of TT vaccination as 97 (97%) of our total respondents had knowledge about TT vaccination. Achievement in TT vaccination coverage has been impressive throughout the country in recent years. It has also been reflected in our study, we had 84(84%) coverage and 55 (42%) of our respondents had completed their vaccination (5doses). Establishment and improvement of infrastructure of government health organizations 70(83.33%) of our study population received vaccination in government organization. Acceptance of TT vaccination has increased to a satisfactory level. In our study TT vaccination coverage was maximum (85.51%) in upper class and only (71.43%) in lower class respondents. Conclusion: Despite high knowledge, completion of recommended doses of TT vaccine was not guaranteed due to stock-outs coupled with detrimental cultural and religious beliefs.That is why large scale study is needed to find out TT coverage among women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) of Bangladesh which can ensure the real scenario as well as factors related to this. Medicine Today 2019 Vol.31(2): 117-119

scholarly journals Stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment: a small-scale experiment to improve understanding of the risks of solar geoengineering

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2031) ◽  
pp. 20140059 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Dykema ◽  
David W. Keith ◽  
James G. Anderson ◽  
Debra Weisenstein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Perturbation Experiment ◽  
Radiation Management

Although solar radiation management (SRM) through stratospheric aerosol methods has the potential to mitigate impacts of climate change, our current knowledge of stratospheric processes suggests that these methods may entail significant risks. In addition to the risks associated with current knowledge, the possibility of ‘unknown unknowns’ exists that could significantly alter the risk assessment relative to our current understanding. While laboratory experimentation can improve the current state of knowledge and atmospheric models can assess large-scale climate response, they cannot capture possible unknown chemistry or represent the full range of interactive atmospheric chemical physics. Small-scale, in situ experimentation under well-regulated circumstances can begin to remove some of these uncertainties. This experiment—provisionally titled the stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment—is under development and will only proceed with transparent and predominantly governmental funding and independent risk assessment. We describe the scientific and technical foundation for performing, under external oversight, small-scale experiments to quantify the risks posed by SRM to activation of halogen species and subsequent erosion of stratospheric ozone. The paper's scope includes selection of the measurement platform, relevant aspects of stratospheric meteorology, operational considerations and instrument design and engineering.

A Brief Survey of the Meteorological Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution

1959 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diffusion Theory ◽  
Radioactive Fallout ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Intermediate Scale

This article is intended to provide a brief survey of current knowledge of the meteorological aspects of air pollution for meteorologists and others who are not specialists in diffusion. Improved understanding of atmospheric dispersal processes has largely occurred in proportion to the amount of satisfactory empirical data available. The most comprehensive observations refer to small-scale processes, but considerable information on large-scale processes has been obtained in studies of radioactive fallout; comparable data for intermediate-scale processes of the type involved in community air pollution appear to be lacking. Although a satisfactory diffusion theory has not yet emerged, the outlook is encouraging.

scholarly journals A robust metatranscriptomic technology for population-scale studies of diet, gut microbiome, and human health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hatch ◽  
James Horne ◽  
Ryan Toma ◽  
Brittany L. Twibell ◽  
Kalie M. Somerville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Population Scale

ABSTRACTA functional readout of the gut microbiome is necessary to enable precise control of the gut microbiome’s functions, which support human health and prevent or minimize a wide range of chronic diseases. Stool metatranscriptomic analysis offers a comprehensive functional view of the gut microbiome, but despite its usefulness, it has rarely been used in clinical studies due to its complexity, cost, and bioinformatic challenges. This method has also received criticism due to potential intra-sample variability, rapid changes, and RNA degradation. Here, we describe a robust and automated stool metatranscriptomic method, called Viomega, which was specifically developed for population-scale studies. Viomega includes sample collection, ambient temperature sample preservation, total RNA extraction, physical removal of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), preparation of directional Illumina libraries, Illumina sequencing, taxonomic classification based on a database of >110,000 microbial genomes, and quantitative microbial gene expression analysis using a database of ~100 million microbial genes. We applied this method to 10,000 human stool samples, and performed several small-scale studies to demonstrate sample stability and consistency. In summary, Viomega is an inexpensive, high throughput, automated, and accurate sample-to-result stool metatranscriptomic technology platform for large-scale studies and a wide range of applications.

HEALTH FEATURES OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-201
Author(s):  
Yu. O Turbine ◽  
N. V Polunina ◽  
Valery S. Polunin
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Total Female

The relevance of the study. In Russia, the number of women of reproductive age makes up 38% of the total female population, there is a negative natural increase in the population. The aim is to study the medical and social aspects of the health of women of childbearing age (18-45 years). Materials and methods:the study of observed women was conducted for three years (2016-2018) according to medical records and questionnaire results in Moscow. The results. The majority of observed women are working, the average age of births by a woman of a child was 25-29 years, more than 80% of women performed abortion, 20.8% of women have gynecological diseases: pathology of the endometrium of the uterus and ovarian (44% and 27% respectively), 12% - had complications of pregnancy and childbirth, irregular menstrual cycle have 55.3% of women. For every woman, on average there are 1.3 diseases, the most common disease is respiratory diseases. In terms of health, women observed are almost evenly distributed to women with good health 35%, with satisfactory health - 37%, with poor health - 28%. The conclusion. In order to improve the health of the women observed and increase their medical activity, preventive interviews were conducted among them on the formation of a healthy lifestyle, which is advisable to conduct constantly.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document