In Brief

Contexts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Women ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Rap Artists

Racial disparities and discrimination in the job market, why white women vote for trump, and are present day rap artists speaking to and about their communities?

Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-associated Intimate Partner Homicide

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199083
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Kivisto ◽  
Samantha Mills ◽  
Lisa S. Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Intimate Partner Homicide ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Pregnancy-associated femicide accounts for a mortality burden at least as high as any of the leading specific obstetric causes of maternal mortality, and intimate partners are the most common perpetrators of these homicides. This study examined pregnancy-associated and non-pregnancy-associated intimate partner homicide (IPH) victimization among racial/ethnic minority women relative to their non-minority counterparts using several sources of state-level data from 2003 through 2017. Data regarding partner homicide victimization came from the National Violent Death Reporting System, natality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics, and relevant sociodemographic information was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Findings indicated that pregnancy and racial/ethnic minority status were each associated with increased risk for partner homicide victimization. Although rates of non-pregnancy-associated IPH victimization were similar between Black and White women, significant differences emerged when limited to pregnancy-associated IPH such that Black women evidenced pregnancy-associated IPH rates more than threefold higher than that observed among White and Hispanic women. Relatedly, the largest intraracial discrepancies between pregnant and non-pregnant women emerged among Black women, who experienced pregnancy-associated IPH victimization at a rate 8.1 times greater than their non-pregnant peers. These findings indicate that the racial disparities in IPH victimization in the United States observed in prior research might be driven primarily by the pronounced differences among the pregnant subset of these populations.

Determinants of Racial Disparities in Female Incarceration Rates, 2000–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 003464462110510
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Myers ◽  
William J. Sabol ◽  
Man Xu
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Female ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Women In Prison

In The Growth of Incarceration in the United States, the National Research Council documents the large and persistent racial disparities in imprisonment that accompanied the more than quadrupling of the U.S. incarceration rate since the 1980s. Largely unnoticed by policy makers and opinion leaders in recent years is an unprecedented decrease in the number of African American women incarcerated at the same time that the number of white women in prison has grown to new heights. The result of these recent changes is a near convergence in black-white female incarceration rates from 2000 to 2016. In some states, the changes occurred abruptly and almost instantaneously. In other states, the convergence has been gradual. We find that changes in the population composition—the fraction of the population that is black—was the major contributor to the decline in the disparity among women. We also find that race-specific differences in drug overdose deaths stemming from the recent increases in opioid use lowered the disparity by increasing the white female imprisonment rate and lowering it for black women.

Distant metastases after diagnosis: Racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1084-1084
Author(s):  
Julia Blanter ◽  
Ilana Ramer ◽  
Justina Ray ◽  
Emily J. Gallagher ◽  
Nina A. Bickell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
White Women ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis

1084 Background: Black women diagnosed with breast cancer are more likely to have a poor prognosis, regardless of breast cancer subtype. Despite having a lower incidence rate of breast cancer when compared to white women, black women have the highest breast cancer death rate of all racial and ethnic groups, a characteristic often attributed to late stage at diagnosis. Distant metastases are considered the leading cause of death from breast cancer. We performed a follow up study of women with breast cancer in the Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) to determine differences in distant metastases rates among black versus white women. Methods: Women were initially recruited as part of an NIH funded cross-sectional study from 2013-2020 to examine the link between insulin resistance (IR) and breast cancer prognosis. Women self-identified as black or white race. Data was collected via retrospective analysis of electronic medical records (EMR) between September 2020-January 2021. Distant metastases at diagnosis was defined as evidence of metastases in a secondary organ (not lymph node). Stage at diagnosis was recorded for all patients. Distant metastases after diagnosis was defined as evidence of metastases at any time after initiation of treatment. Univariate analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test, multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression, and results expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We identified 441 women enrolled in the IR study within the MSHS (340 white women, 101 black women). Median follow up time for all women was 2.95 years (median = 3.12 years for white and 2.51 years for black women (p=0.017)). Among these patients, 11 developed distant metastases after diagnosis: 4 (1.2%) white and 7 (6.9%) black (p=0.004). Multivariate analysis adjusting for age, race and stage at diagnosis revealed that black women were more likely to have distant metastasis (OR 5.8, CI 1.3-25.2), as were younger women (OR for age (years) 0.9, CI 0.9-1.0), and those with more advanced stage at diagnosis. Conclusions: Black women demonstrated a far higher percentage of distant metastases after diagnosis even when accounting for age and stage. These findings suggest that racial disparities still exist in the development of distant metastases, independent from a late-stage diagnosis. The source of existing disparities needs to be further understood and may be found in surveillance, treatment differences, or follow up.

Abstract P059: Utilizing Electronic Health Records to Evaluate Racial Disparities in Metabolic Syndrome

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Danos ◽  
Maura Kepper ◽  
Tekeda Ferguson ◽  
Claudia Leonardi ◽  
Richard Scribner
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Women ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Common Data Model ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Phenotype Definition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Metabolic Conditions

Purpose: Metabolic syndrome is defined as a clustering of clinical metabolic conditions (increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, increased body fat, abnormal cholesterol or triglycerides) and has been associated with an increased risk for several chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. The aim of this project was to identify individuals presenting with metabolic syndrome using a computational patient phenotype definition derived from electronic medical records (EHR) clinical outcomes data. Secondly, this project evaluated racial disparities in metabolic syndrome across Southeast Louisiana. Methods: Data was obtained through Research Action for Health Network (REACHnet). Using the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network Common Data Model, REACHnet has standardized and made usable EHR data for patient-centered research across Louisiana and Texas. The computational patient phenotype definition for metabolic syndrome was developed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel in Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP III) guidelines. The presence of metabolic conditions was established using ICD9 Diagnosis codes, patient vitals and lab results that are routinely available in EHR data. Logistic regression models to assess racial disparities were executed using SAS 9.4. Results: We analyzed 18,664 patient EHRs for individuals 18 years or older with complete clinical data spanning the years 2013 to 2014. The sample was 43.28% male (n=8,077) and 29.35% black (n=5,477). Based on the patient phenotype definition, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the sample was 39.09%. Controlling for age, the odds of metabolic syndrome were twice as high for black women than for white women (OR= 2 (1.83, 2.18)), while the odds were 15% greater for black men than for white men (OR: 1.15 (1.04, 1.28)). Conclusion: We observed significant disparities in the prevalence of clinically evident metabolic syndrome in southeast Louisiana. Racial disparities were greatest among women. It has been increasingly recognized that differential exposure to chronic social and nutritive stress from living in a disadvantaged neighborhood may be contributing to racial health disparities. Further research in this sample will link ancillary sources of neighborhood data to the successfully developed metabolic syndrome phenotype to explore potential mechanisms for racial disparities in cardiovascular disease among a clinically-rich, state-wide sample.

scholarly journals Making cell culture more physiological: a call for a more comprehensive assessment of racial disparities in endothelial cell culture studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (2) ◽  
pp. C238-C241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin T. Robinson ◽  
Marc D. Cook ◽  
Abbi D. Lane-Cordova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Endothelial Cell Function ◽  
Endothelial Cell Culture

In the United States, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death and disproportionately affect ethnic and racial minority populations. Black individuals are more likely to develop advanced CVD and microvascular complications resulting in end-organ damage. Endothelial cell dysfunction leads to microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction and is predictive of the development of CVD. Black versus white racial disparities in in vivo and in vitro studies of endothelial cell function are well documented. However, race-related disparities in maternal environment and lifestyle may be a major unconsidered factor in racial differences in endothelial cell culture studies. Further, rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are higher in black versus white women. These pregnancy complications may result in placental dysfunction, including excess production of inflammatory and antiangiogenic molecules that impair endothelial function. Therefore, studies that include other ethnic and racial minorities are needed, in addition to a more thorough characterization of endothelial cell donors and targeted cell culture studies (e.g., genotyping) to generate information that can be translated into effective preventive or treatment strategies for ethnic/racial disparities in CVD.

Does Universal Coverage Mitigate Racial Disparities in Potentially Avoidable Maternal Complications?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Ranjit ◽  
Tomas Andriotti ◽  
Cathaleen Madsen ◽  
Tracey Koehlmoos ◽  
Barton Staat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
African American Mothers ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
American Women

Abstract Objective Potentially avoidable maternity complications (PAMCs) have been validated as an indicator of access to quality prenatal care. African-American mothers have exhibited a higher incidence of PAMCs, which has been attributed to unequal health coverage. The objective of this study was to assess if racial disparities in the incidence of PAMCs exist in a universally insured population. Study Design PAMCs in each racial group were compared relative to White mothers using multivariate logistic regression. Stratified subanalyses assessed for adjusted differences in the odds of PAMCs for each racial group within direct versus purchased care. Results A total of 675,553 deliveries were included. Among them, 428,320 (63%) mothers were White, 112,170 (17%) African-American, 37,151 (6%) Asian/Pacific Islanders, and 97,912 (15%) others. African-American women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02–1.08) were more likely to have PAMCs compared with White women, and Asian women (aOR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.89–0.95) were significantly less likely to have PAMCs compared with White women. On stratified analysis according to the system of care, equal odds of PAMCs among African-American women compared with White women were realized within direct care (aOR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.07), whereas slightly higher odds among African-American persisted in purchased (aOR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10). Conclusion Higher occurrence of PAMCs among minority women sponsored by a universal health coverage was mitigated compared with White women. Protocol-based care as in the direct care system may help overcome health disparities.

scholarly journals Investigation of Racial Disparities in Early Supportive Medication Use and End-of-Life Care Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Stage IV Breast Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (19) ◽  
pp. 2265-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon K. Check ◽  
Cleo A. Samuel ◽  
Donald L. Rosenstein ◽  
Stacie B. Dusetzina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
End Of Life Care ◽  
White Women ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Life Care ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Stage Iv Breast Cancer

Purpose Early supportive care may improve quality of life and end-of-life care among patients with cancer. We assessed racial disparities in early use of medications for common cancer symptoms (depression, anxiety, insomnia) and whether these potential disparities modify end-of-life care. Methods We used 2007 to 2012 SEER-Medicare data to evaluate use of supportive medications (opioid pain medications and nonopioid psychotropics, including antidepressants/anxiolytics and sleep aids) in the 90 days postdiagnosis among black and white women with stage IV breast cancer who died between 2007 and 2012. We used modified Poisson regression to assess the relationship between race and supportive treatment use and end-of-life care (hospice, intensive care unit, more than one emergency department visit or hospitalization 30 days before death, in-hospital death). Results The study included 752 white and 131 black women. We observed disparities in nonopioid psychotropic use between black and white women (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.74) but not in opioid pain medication use. There were also disparities in hospice use (aRR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.99), intensive care unit admission or more than one emergency department visit or hospitalization 30 days before death (aRR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.63), and risk of dying in the hospital (aRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.22 to 2.09). Supportive medication use did not attenuate end-of-life care disparities. Conclusion We observed racial disparities in early supportive medication use among patients with stage IV breast cancer. Although they did not clearly attenuate end-of-life care disparities, medication use disparities may be of concern if they point to disparities in adequacy of symptom management given the potential implications for quality of life.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in the Incidence, Breast Conserving Rate and Survival of Breast Cancer Patients Who Underwent Breast Conserving Surgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Han ◽  
Jianjun Liu ◽  
Weifang Tang ◽  
Shengying Wang ◽  
Shikai Hong
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
White Women ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Breast Conserving Surgery ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Specific Survival

Abstract Objective: In the current study, we aimed to provide a clear insight on the racial disparity of breast conserving rate (BCR) and survival in breast cancer after breast conserving surgery (BCS). Materials and Methods: Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), we estimated breast cancer incidence rates and the rate of BCS by race in two periods (2000-2004 and 2013-2017). Relative survival analysis was based on patient-level data from 1998 to 2017. To be adjusted for baseline differences for different races, inverse probability weighting (IPW) models were stepwise performed.Results: From 2000-2004 to 2013-2017, both the breast cancer incidence (from 4.18 to 5.05 per 1000 white women) and the proportion of patients after BCS (from 55.5% to 59.9) were highest in whites than that of other races. Black individuals’ incidence (1.20 per 1000 black women or relatives 43.6% increased) and the BCR were increased most rapidly (6%) than other races. Asian or Pacific Islanders (APIs) were less likely to be diagnosed at a later stage and had the best prognosis than those of other races. After baselines fully adjusted, whites had the better Breast Cancer Specific Survival (BCSS) and Overall Survival (OS) than that of minorities (all p< 0.001).Conclusions: We identified the racial disparities of breast cancer incidence, BCR, and survival differences. We found increase trends of breast cancer incidence and BCR in minorities; however, we also identified the worse survival of minorities than that of whites, regardless of age, tumor stage, grade, and Luminal subtype.

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