The Role of Protective Factors in the Predictive Accuracy of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY)

The use of risk assessment instruments has become standard procedure in the juvenile justice system. Most empirical assessments of the predictive validity of these instruments concentrate on the ability of a total risk score, individual risk factors, or risk domains to predict negative juvenile outcomes but fail to consider the utility of the protective factors in influencing or moderating those risks. This study utilizes the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth to analyze the impact of protective factors on reoffending using a sample ( n = 460) of postadjudication juveniles in a southern state. The overall protective domain and two specific protective factors were related to reoffending in bivariate analyses. However, protective factors did not predict reoffending when controlling for risk domains. Rather, further analyses suggest that certain protective factors buffer the effects of some of the risk domains.

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Validity and Predictive Accuracy of the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk in Criminal Forensic Evaluations

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0093854816677565 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 493-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Milena Abbiati ◽

Agathe Azzola ◽

Julie Palix ◽

Jacques Gasser ◽

Valerie Moulin

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Interrater Reliability ◽

Predictive Accuracy ◽

Professional Judgment ◽

Assessment Instruments ◽

Violence Risk ◽

Forensic Evaluations ◽

Recidivism Prediction ◽

Structured Professional Judgment

Some actuarial and structured professional judgment (SPJ) risk-assessment instruments have already demonstrated their validity and predictive accuracy in expert criminal forensic evaluations. In contrast, little is known about the effectiveness of instruments identifying protective factors in risk of recidivism prediction. The present study was designed to evaluate the validity and predictive accuracy of the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk (SAPROF) in 94 violent and sexual violent offenders assessed in a Swiss pretrial criminal forensic context. The SAPROF showed good interrater reliability, and was significantly correlated to predominately dynamic instruments but not to predominately actuarial instruments. However, in terms of predictive accuracy, the SAPROF did not perform as well as expected when compared with other instruments and with previous SAPROF accuracy validation studies. These results have implications for the use of the SAPROF in criminal forensic contexts risk assessment.

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A Model for Analyzing Suicide Prevention

Crisis ◽

10.1027//0227-5910.21.2.80 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 80-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maila Upanne

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Theoretical Model ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Suicide Prevention ◽

Suicide Risk ◽

Practical Work ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Self Assessment ◽

Prevention Project ◽

Individual Risk Factors

This study monitored the evolution of psychologists' (n = 31) conceptions of suicide prevention over the 9-year course of the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland and assessed the feasibility of the theoretical model for analyzing suicide prevention developed in earlier studies [ Upanne, 1999a , b ]. The study was formulated as a retrospective self-assessment where participants compared their earlier descriptions of suicide prevention with their current views. The changes in conceptions were analyzed and interpreted using both the model and the explanations given by the subjects themselves. The analysis proved the model to be a useful framework for revealing the essential features of prevention. The results showed that the freely-formulated ideas on prevention were more comprehensive than those evolved in practical work. Compared to the earlier findings, the conceptions among the group had shifted toward emphasizing a curative approach and the significance of individual risk factors. In particular, greater priority was focused on the acute suicide risk phase as a preventive target. Nonetheless, the overall structure of prevention ideology remained comprehensive and multifactorial, stressing multistage influencing. Promotive aims (protective factors) also remained part of the prevention paradigm. Practical working experiences enhanced the psychologists' sense of the difficulties of suicide prevention as well as their criticism and feeling of powerlessness.

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‘Genetics load the gun, but the environment pulls the trigger’: novel, emerging and non-traditional risk factors in cardiovascular disease

British Journal of Cardiac Nursing ◽

10.12968/bjca.2021.0132 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Andrew Richardson

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Traditional Risk Factors ◽

Individual Risk Factors ◽

The Impact

In this article, Andy Richardson, BANCC Educational Advisor, examines several important environmental and individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Following on from the meeting of Global Leaders at COP26 in Glasgow, he considers the impact of, and exposure to, environmental factors, including pollution and noise.

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Race and Stereotypes Matter When You Ask About Conduct Problems: Implications for Violence Risk Assessment in Juvenile Justice Settings

Journal of Black Psychology ◽

10.1177/0095798418821278 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 26-51

Author(s):

James R. Andretta ◽

Frank C. Worrell ◽

Katara M. Watkins ◽

Ryan M. Sutton ◽

Adrian D. Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Juvenile Justice ◽

Conduct Problems ◽

Juvenile Justice System ◽

African American Adolescents ◽

Substantial Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Violence Risk ◽

Identity Attitudes ◽

The Impact

We examined the impact of stigma priming on self-reported severe conduct problems in two studies conducted with African American adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system. Data-collection interviews were conducted in a secure detention setting following arrest. In Study 1 ( N = 193), stigma was primed by manipulating the ordering of surveys. Adolescents who completed a questionnaire about racial identity attitudes prior to questions about severe conduct reported substantively more problematic behaviors than control group peers (β = 0.43). In Study 2 ( N = 264), stigma was primed by manipulating whether adolescents were interviewed by an African American or European American mental health professional. Racial group membership of the interviewer did not have a substantial effect on self-reported conduct problems (β = −0.04). Although the studies were not without limitations, they highlight the need for more research on the degree to which interview methods and context influence self-reported severe conduct behavior in forensic settings.

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Assessing the impact of a targeted electronic medical record intervention on growth factor usage in cancer patients.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2014.32.30_suppl.262 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (30_suppl) ◽

pp. 262-262

Author(s):

Jordan Bernens ◽

Kara Hartman ◽

Brendan F. Curley ◽

Sijin Wen ◽

Jame Abraham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Febrile Neutropenia ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Medical Record ◽

Electronic Medical Record ◽

Low Risk ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Individual Risk Factors ◽

The Impact

262 Background: Patients receiving chemotherapy are at risk for febrile neutropenia following treatment. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommend screening patients for risk of febrile neutropenia and risk stratification based on likelihood of febrile neutropenia events. Prophylactic growth factors (G-CSF) should be in patients receiving high-risk regimens or intermediate-risk regimens with individual risk factors. The impact of electronic medical record system (EMR) implementation on compliance with G-CSF support guidelines has not been studied. Methods: At West Virginia University/Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center we conducted an IRB approved retrospective chart review of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy from January 1, 2007 to August 1, 2008 (pre-EMR) and January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011 (post-EMR). We reviewed the chemotherapy regimens and patient risk factors for developing febrile neutropenia, and determined if the G-CSF usage was consistent with guideline recommendations. Results: Compliance with prophylactic G-CSF guidelines was 75.6% in the post-EMR arm, compared to 67.5% in the pre-EMR arm (p=0.041, ch-square). The post EMR data of 1,042 new chemotherapy initiations showed: (see Table). The appropriateness of usage in high and low risk patients were the most compliant, as G-CSF orders were built into chemotherapy plans of high risk regimens and omitted from low risk regimens. Conclusions: Appropriate prophylactic G-CSF usage can be improved when orders are integrated into standard chemotherapy order sets in an EMR. An area of further improvement would include automatic identification of individual risk factors by the EMR. [Table: see text]

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The Discontinuity of Offending Among African American Youth in the Juvenile Justice System

Youth & Society ◽

10.1177/0044118x14551322 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 610-633 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abigail B. Williams ◽

Joseph P. Ryan ◽

Pamela E. Davis-Kean ◽

Vonnie C. McLoyd ◽

John E. Schulenberg

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Juvenile Justice ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Impulse Control ◽

Justice System ◽

Juvenile Justice System ◽

Developmental Change ◽

African American Youth ◽

Parental Supervision ◽

The Impact

Little is known about what factors contribute to African American youth desisting from offending. Participants were 3,230 moderate- to high-risk adolescents from Washington State who completed a statewide risk assessment to assess the likelihood of recidivism. Participants were screened by juvenile probation officers between 2003 and 2010. Researchers investigated whether youth possessed protective factors and whether developmental change took place after contact with the juvenile justice system. It was hypothesized that having protective factors would decrease the likelihood of recidivism and the impact of each factor would differ by gender. Findings indicate African American youth have protective factors across a range of domains. However, little developmental change occurs after contact with the juvenile justice system. Impulse control, parental supervision, and pro-social peers were important for reducing recidivism. Problem solving was more influential for African American males, while impulse control and parental supervision were more influential for African American females. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.

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The families of Dutch terrorist suspects: Risk and protective factors among parents and siblings

Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform ◽

10.1515/mks-2021-0133 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. 271-282

Author(s):

Elanie Rodermond ◽

Frank Weerman

Keyword(s):

Protective Factors ◽

Family Members ◽

Risk And Protective Factors ◽

Small Sample ◽

Family Characteristics ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Education Careers ◽

The Family ◽

Small Sample Sizes ◽

Individual Risk Factors

Abstract Newsmedia have regularly reported about acts of terrorism that involved members of the same family, but also about instances where one sibling becomes a terrorist, whereas the other becomes a successful, law-abiding citizen. The question is, then, to what extent family circumstances and individual risk factors impact on pathways towards these shared or divergent outcomes. To date, studies on the family characteristics of terrorist suspects have been hampered by a lack of empirical data, small sample sizes and non-representative samples. Using register data on individuals suspected of a terrorist offense in the Netherlands and their family members, the present study examines the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the families, as well as criminal, employment and education careers of individual family members (parents and brothers/sisters). We compare these characteristics with those of two control groups: suspects of non-terrorist offenses and a matched sample from the population. We also compared the terrorist suspects with matched siblings who were not suspected of a terrorist offence. We will end with a discussion of both risk and protective factors that are present within these families and that can put members of the same family on different pathways.

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Reductions in cancer screening: The consequence of changes in routine care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.10550 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 10550-10550

Author(s):

Ashley Kim ◽

Matthew Gitlin ◽

Ela Fadli ◽

November McGarvey ◽

Ze Cong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Screening ◽

Task Force ◽

The United States ◽

Routine Care ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Health Seeking ◽

Laboratory Services ◽

And Shifts ◽

Individual Risk Factors ◽

The Impact

10550 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic imposes significant impact on daily activities with regard to public health orders and individual responses to the pandemic. Much of the direct or indirect impact is potentially in reductions in healthcare encounters for services such as preventive care. Here, we quantified changes in cancer screening rates to better understand the impact of the evolving COVID-19 implications and shifts in health-seeking behaviors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of cancer screening rates during March-June 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and March-June 2020 (post-COVID-19 restrictions), using Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database which includes Medicare and commercially insured members. Members meeting age and/or sex criteria as detailed in the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendations for breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, and cervical cancer screening represented the eligible membership for screening. Procedure and laboratory services were used to identify those who received cancer screening. Analyses were conducted cross-sectionally by cancer screening type. Results: Eligible cohorts were identified from insured members within March-June 2019 and 2020 (2019: 17,931,318; 2020: 17,521,411). The percent of eligible members screened in March-June 2019 was 19.3%, 9.4%, 16.7%, 0.4%, and 7.8% for breast, cervical, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer, respectively. Changes in screening rates from 2019 to 2020 are summarized in Table, with the sharpest decline in April. The percent change from 2019 to 2020 during the combined March-June period for each cancer screening type was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Routine cancer screening rates from March-June 2020 showed meaningful reductions when compared to the same period in 2019, with substantial declines during the initial peak of the pandemic in April. These declines may be impacted by variations in regional restrictions with tighter restrictions leading to larger screening declines and loosening restrictions reflecting catch-up screening. Efforts to promote cancer screening in a safe and timely manner are crucial given individual risk factors, to reduce later stage cancer diagnoses and improve clinical outcomes.[Table: see text]

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Hypertension is the Prominent Risk Factor in Cataract Patients

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55080430 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 430 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ioanna Mylona ◽

Maria Dermenoudi ◽

Nikolaos Ziakas ◽

Ioannis Tsinopoulos

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cataract Surgery ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Department Of Ophthalmology ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Almost All ◽

Individual Risk Factors ◽

The Impact

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the most prominent cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: The study included 812 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral, uneventful cataract surgery by means of phacoemulsification, at the 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, during a calendar year. Patients were assessed for the type of cataract and the presence of three diseases, under pharmacological treatment, that have been reported as risk factors for the development of cataract (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia). Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the types of cataract and individual risk factors (p < 0.001). Hypertension was the most frequentrisk factor, ranging from 43.8% in patients with subcapsular cataracts, 24.3% in patients with nuclear cataracts, 28.6% in patients with cortical cataracts, and 27.6% in patients with mixed type cataracts. There was a statistically significant difference as to the total number of risk factors per cataract type (p < 0.001); almost all patients with subcapsular cataracts had at least one risk factor (98.4%) while this percentage was 90.5% for patients with mixed cataracts, 85.7% for patients with cortical cataracts, and78.6% for patients with nuclear cataracts. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus did not have a large incidence in our sample as a single risk factor, while hypertension did. This finding raises the importance of early detection of hypertension, a cardiovascular condition that typically progresses undetected for a number of years.

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