The effect of a secondary task on identification accuracy of oxygen saturation ranges using an enhanced pulse oximetry sonification

In the operating theatre, anesthesiologists monitor an anesthetized patient’s oxygen saturation (SpO2) with a visual display but also with an auditory tone, or sonification. However, if the anesthesiologist must divide their attention across tasks, they may be less effective at recognising their patient’s SpO2 level. Previous research indicates that a sonification enhanced with additional sound dimensions of tremolo and brightness more effectively supports participants’ identification of SpO2 ranges than a conventional sonification does. This laboratory study explored the effect of a secondary task on participants’ ability to identify SpO2 range when using a conventional sonification (LogLinear sonification) versus an enhanced sonification (Stepped Effects sonification). Nineteen non-clinician participants who used the Stepped Effects sonification were significantly more effective at identifying SpO2 range ( Md = 100%) than were 18 participants using the LogLinear sonification ( Md = 80%). Range identification performance of participants using the Stepped Effects sonification tended to be less disrupted by a concurrent arithmetic task (drop from Md = 100% to 95%) than it was for participants using the LogLinear sonification (drop from Md = 80% to 73%). However, the disruption effect in each case was small, and the difference in disruption across sonifications was not statistically significant. Future research will test the sonifications under more intense cognitive load and in the presence of ambient noise.

Download Full-text

A Novel Auditory Display for Neonatal Resuscitation: Laboratory Studies Simulating Pulse Oximetry in the First 10 Minutes After Birth

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/0018720818793769 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 119-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jelena Zestic ◽

Birgit Brecknell ◽

Helen Liley ◽

Penelope Sanderson

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Pulse Oximetry ◽

Neonatal Resuscitation ◽

Identification Accuracy ◽

Target Range ◽

Distractor Task ◽

Auditory Display ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Arithmetic Task ◽

Range Change

Objective: We tested whether enhanced sonifications would improve participants’ ability to judge the oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) of simulated neonates in the first 10 min after birth. Background: During the resuscitation of a newborn infant, clinicians must keep the neonate’s SpO2 levels within the target range, however the boundaries for the target range change each minute during the first 10 min after birth. Resuscitation places significant demand on the clinician’s visual attention, and the pulse oximeter’s sonification could provide eyes-free monitoring. However, clinicians have difficulty judging SpO2 levels using the current sonification. Method: In two experiments, nonclinicians’ ability to detect SpO2 range and direction—while performing continuous arithmetic problems—was tested with enhanced versus conventional sonifications. In Experiment 1, tremolo signaled when SpO2 had deviated below or above the target range. In Experiment 2, tremolo plus brightness signaled when SpO2 was above target range, and tremolo alone when SpO2 was below target range. Results: The tremolo sonification improved range identification accuracy over the conventional display (81% vs. 63%, p < .001). The tremolo plus brightness sonification further improved range identification accuracy over the conventional display (92% vs. 62%, p <.001). In both experiments, there was no difference across conditions in arithmetic task accuracy ( p >.05). Conclusion: Using the enhanced sonifications, participants identified SpO2 range more accurately despite a continuous distractor task. Application: An enhanced pulse oximetry sonification could help clinicians multitask more effectively during neonatal resuscitations.

Download Full-text

Comparative Effects of High-Tech Visual Scene Displays and Low-Tech Isolated Picture Symbols on Engagement From Students With Multiple Disabilities

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/2019_lshss-19-0007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 693-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christine Holyfield ◽

Sydney Brooks ◽

Allison Schluterman

Keyword(s):

Language Learning ◽

Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽

Visual Analysis ◽

Multiple Disabilities ◽

Visual Scene ◽

Future Research ◽

High Tech ◽

Single Subject ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Difference

Purpose Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an intervention approach that can promote communication and language in children with multiple disabilities who are beginning communicators. While a wide range of AAC technologies are available, little is known about the comparative effects of specific technology options. Given that engagement can be low for beginning communicators with multiple disabilities, the current study provides initial information about the comparative effects of 2 AAC technology options—high-tech visual scene displays (VSDs) and low-tech isolated picture symbols—on engagement. Method Three elementary-age beginning communicators with multiple disabilities participated. The study used a single-subject, alternating treatment design with each technology serving as a condition. Participants interacted with their school speech-language pathologists using each of the 2 technologies across 5 sessions in a block randomized order. Results According to visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs calculations, all 3 participants demonstrated more engagement with the high-tech VSDs than the low-tech isolated picture symbols as measured by their seconds of gaze toward each technology option. Despite the difference in engagement observed, there was no clear difference across the 2 conditions in engagement toward the communication partner or use of the AAC. Conclusions Clinicians can consider measuring engagement when evaluating AAC technology options for children with multiple disabilities and should consider evaluating high-tech VSDs as 1 technology option for them. Future research must explore the extent to which differences in engagement to particular AAC technologies result in differences in communication and language learning over time as might be expected.

Download Full-text

Using a Process Approach to Pandemic Planning: A Case Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11094121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 4121

Author(s):

Hana Tomaskova ◽

Erfan Babaee Tirkolaee

Keyword(s):

Process Model ◽

Process Mining ◽

Process Approach ◽

Research Topic ◽

Future Research ◽

Critical Situation ◽

Pandemic Planning ◽

The Difference ◽

Smart Technologies

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the difference between a pandemic plan’s textual prescription and its effective processing using graphical notation. Before creating a case study of the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) of the Czech Republic’s pandemic plan, we conducted a systematic review of the process approach in pandemic planning and a document analysis of relevant public documents. The authors emphasized the opacity of hundreds of pages of text records in an explanatory case study and demonstrated the effectiveness of the process approach in reengineering and improving the response to such a critical situation. A potential extension to the automation and involvement of SMART technologies or process optimization through process mining techniques is presented as a future research topic.

Download Full-text

Eyewitness identification performance is not affected by time-of-day optimality

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82628-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sergii Yaremenko ◽

Melanie Sauerland ◽

Lorraine Hope

Keyword(s):

Eyewitness Identification ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Decision Time ◽

Identification Accuracy ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Identification Performance ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Facial Stimuli ◽

Time Accuracy ◽

Accuracy Relationship

AbstractThe circadian rhythm regulates arousal levels throughout the day and determines optimal periods for engaging in mental activities. Individuals differ in the time of day at which they reach their peak: Morning-type individuals are at their best in the morning and evening types perform better in the evening. Performance in recall and recognition of non-facial stimuli is generally superior at an individual’s circadian peak. In two studies (Ns = 103 and 324), we tested the effect of time-of-testing optimality on eyewitness identification performance. Morning- and evening-type participants viewed stimulus films depicting staged crimes and made identification decisions from target-present and target-absent lineups either at their optimal or non-optimal time-of-day. We expected that participants would make more accurate identification decisions and that the confidence-accuracy and decision time-accuracy relationships would be stronger at optimal compared to non-optimal time of day. In Experiment 1, identification accuracy was unexpectedly superior at non-optimal compared to optimal time of day in target-present lineups. In Experiment 2, identification accuracy did not differ between the optimal and non-optimal time of day. Contrary to our expectations, confidence-accuracy relationship was generally stronger at non-optimal compared to optimal time of day. In line with our predictions, non-optimal testing eliminated decision-time-accuracy relationship in Experiment 1.

Download Full-text

Visualizing molecular structures and shapes: a comparison of virtual reality, computer simulation, and traditional modeling

Chemistry Teacher International ◽

10.1515/cti-2019-0009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Corina E. Brown ◽

Ben Whaley ◽

Richard M. Hyslop

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Chemistry Education ◽

Research Question ◽

Molecular Geometry ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Future Research ◽

Chemistry Students ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

The Difference ◽

Students Attitudes

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three methods used to assist in teaching molecular geometry to college chemistry students. A pre- and post-test quasi-experiment was used to collect data about students’ performance in a given chemistry exercise. One research question was intended to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the three methods in assisting students to understand the topic and carry out the exercise correctly, and a second research question addressed students’ attitudes towards the use of Virtual Reality (VR) in chemistry education. Results show a positive attitude towards the use of VR as an assisting tool to aid in understanding chemistry concepts. While the difference among the three methods was not significant, the results show that the VR brought more enthusiasm and positive attitudes toward the topic of molecular geometry among the students. Educational implications and recommendations for future research are presented as well.

Download Full-text

What Countries Select More Experienced Leaders? The PolEx Measure of Political Experience

British Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0007123421000107 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Alexander Baturo ◽

Johan A. Elkink

Keyword(s):

Career Paths ◽

Latent Variable ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Future Research ◽

Variable Model ◽

Data Set ◽

Political Experience ◽

National Leaders ◽

Regime Types ◽

The Difference

Abstract How can one assess which countries select more experienced leaders for the highest office? There is wide variation in prior career paths of national leaders within, and even more so between, regime types. It is therefore challenging to obtain a truly comparative measure of political experience; empirical studies have to rely on proxies instead. This article proposes PolEx, a measure of political experience that abstracts away from the details of career paths and generalizes based on the duration, quality and breadth of an individual's experience in politics. The analysis draws on a novel data set of around 2,000 leaders from 1950 to 2017 and uses a Bayesian latent variable model to estimate PolEx. The article illustrates how the new measure can be used comparatively to assess whether democracies select more experienced leaders. The authors find that while on average they do, the difference with non-democracies has declined dramatically since the early 2000s. Future research may leverage PolEx to investigate the role of prior political experience in, for example, policy making and crisis management.

Download Full-text

A Survey of Function Analysis and Applied Dynamic Equations on Hybrid Time Scales

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23040450 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 450

Author(s):

Chao Wang ◽

Ravi P. Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Time Scales ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Dynamical Behavior ◽

Research Field ◽

Dynamic Equations ◽

Future Research ◽

Dynamical Models ◽

Time Scale Calculus ◽

The Difference

As an effective tool to unify discrete and continuous analysis, time scale calculus have been widely applied to study dynamic systems in both theoretical and practical aspects. In addition to such a classical role of unification, the dynamic equations on time scales have their own unique features which the difference and differential equations do not possess and these advantages have been highlighted in describing some complicated dynamical behavior in the hybrid time process. In this review article, we conduct a survey of abstract analysis and applied dynamic equations on hybrid time scales, some recent main results and the related developments on hybrid time scales will be reported and the future research related to this research field is discussed. The results presented in this article can be extended and generalized to study both pure mathematical analysis and real applications such as mathematical physics, biological dynamical models and neural networks, etc.

Download Full-text

Review Product Distribution Through Different Channels

International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations ◽

10.4018/ijkbo.2021100103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 44-47

Author(s):

Zhaoqiong Qin

Keyword(s):

Product Distribution ◽

Future Research ◽

Direct Channel ◽

Past Work ◽

Work Related ◽

Channel Competition ◽

Physical Channel ◽

The Future ◽

The Difference

This study aims to investigate the literature in product distribution and channel competition. In this study, past work related to the product distribution through different channels is extensively reviewed. Based on the channel differentiation, channel competition is also reviewed. Finally, the study proposes that the future research may focus on helping the producer make a decision whether to sell the product through its own direct channel (online) through a physical channel or both based on the difference between these two channels.

Download Full-text

Comparison of serial blood lactate level between dengue shock syndrome and dengue hemorrhagic fever (evaluation of prognostic value)

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi47.4.2007.150-5 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Tatang Puspanjono ◽

Abdul Latief ◽

Alan R. Tumbelaka ◽

Sudigdo Sastroasmoro ◽

Hartono Gunardi

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Lactate Level ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Blood Lactate Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Difference

Background Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) mortality is still high.Monitoring of blood lactate level is important to evaluate shock.Objectives The study were to review the difference between bloodlactate level of DSS and that of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF),to correlate blood lactate level with hypoxia state as shock riskfactors (PaO 2 , oxygen saturation, and anion gap) and to determinethe cut-off point of blood lactate level to predict shock.Methods The study was carried out at the Department of ChildHealth, Medical School, University of Indonesia, CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, from January until July 2006.Three mL venous blood specimen was collected from all subjectsfor peripheral blood, blood gasses, serology, and blood lactateexaminations. This study consisted of a retrospective cohort anda cross sectional method. Data were analyzed with Chi-squaretest. Continous data tested using Mann-Whitney method. Toknow the correlation between blood lactate level and shock riskfactors we use logistic regression test.Results In DSS group, 73% shows hyperlactatemia (lactate =2mmol/L). Conversion of lactate means between two groups issignificantly different from day one to day two and three. Therewas a negative correlation between lactate level and pO 2 andoxygen saturation. Oxygen saturation is the only value that hasclinical correlation. Regressions analysis can be applied using Y= 7.05–0.05 X equation. The cut-off point of lactate level asmarker for shock by using ROC curve is 32.015 mmol/L with 70%sensitivity and 83.3% specificity.Conclusions Hyperlactatemia in DSS can be considered as a signfor unappropriate treatment of shock. Blood lactate level can beused as a biochemical marker for tissue hypoxia, to assess severityof the disease, as monitoring of treatment, and has prognosticvalue of DHF cases.

Download Full-text

Temporal variability predicts the magnitude of between-group attentional blink differences in developmental dyslexia: a meta-analysis

10.7287/peerj.preprints.310 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Nicholas A Badcock ◽

Joanna C Kidd

Keyword(s):

Attentional Blink ◽

Developmental Dyslexia ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Visual Presentation ◽

Stimulus Onset ◽

Future Research ◽

Temporal Position ◽

Group Effect ◽

The Difference

Background. Here we report on a meta-analysis of the attentional blink (AB) research focussed on specific reading impairment, commonly referred to as developmental dyslexia. The AB effect relates to a limitation in the allocation of attention over time and examined in a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. When the second target appears in close temporal proximity to the first target, the second target is reported less accurately. Method. A Web of Science search with terms 'dyslexia attentional blink' returned 13 AB experiments (11 papers) conducted with developmental dyslexia (9 were included in this meta-analysis). The main pattern of performance was lower overall accuracy in groups of individuals with dyslexia relative to typically reading peers. That is, a between-group main effect. This meta-analysis examined the size of the between-group effect in relation to physical presentation characteristics, which differed between and within experiments. Results. Four noteworthy variables were related to the between group effect-size; fixation duration (positive relationship, R2 = .89, p <.01, n = 6), maximum temporal position of T2 (negative relationship, R2 = .46, p <.05, n = 9), the difference between the minimum and maximum temporal position of T2 (negative relationship, R2 = .53, p <.05, n = 9), and the stimulus onset asynchrony (negative relationship, R2 = .46, p <.05, n = 9). Discussion. These are discussed with respect to the preparation of task-set, temporal orienting, and speed of processing, recommending these as considerations for future research.

Download Full-text