An Aid for Improved Information Processing of High Density Computer Generated Visual Displays

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 538-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Regal ◽  
Beverly G. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Task Type ◽  
High Density ◽  
Full Density ◽  
Independent Experiment ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Information Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Terrain Features

Technological advances are increasing the availability of displays capable of portraying large amounts of computer generated graphic information. These displays are advantageous when substantial amounts of information have to be integrated as part of a decision making process. Examples of these high density displays include tactical situation maps used by the military and certain CAD/CAM applications. Unfortunately, a problem can arise when using these displays. This occurs when the quantity of information presented becomes great enough to cause a deterioration in the user's ability to effectively process it. The resulting situation is one in which decisions are based on an incomplete use of available data. The present study addresses this problem by evaluating an aid (selective deletion) designed to allow users to deal effectively with greater amounts of information. It is based on the assumption that, while the collective uses of a display may require a large amount of portrayed information, individual tasks often do not. Selective deletion allows users to temporarily remove information that is not necessary for solving the task under consideration. It was hypothesized that the lower display density would improve the speed and accuracy of problem solving. The displays used in the present study were computer generated tactical military maps containing various terrain features and symbols for three different types of military units (Infantry, Artillery and Armor). The display was generated on a high resolution (1024×1024) color CRT. Two variables were manipulated during the experiment: information density and task type. To vary information density the number of unit symbols on a map was varied. Two density levels were used for each of three tasks. The tasks were chosen as representative of simple components of the more complicated tasks performed by the tactical analyst. Each task was run as an independent experiment. The first was a counting task requiring subjects to determine the number of units of a specific type. The second, slightly more complicated task, required subjects to solve problems in which they had to take into account the spatial relationship between unit symbols. In the third task subjects had to recognize and use certain relationships between units and terrain features in solving problems. None of the tasks required the subject to use all three unit types. Thus, the density of information on the screen could be reduced by deleting the symbols for extraneous unit types. In the experimental condition subjects would delete these extraneous units before solving the problems. In the control condition they would work with screens at full density. Subjects served as their own controls, solving problems under both conditions with the order varied across subjects. Both accuracy and speed were measured. Results show: a) The selective deletion technique greatly increases the accuracy and speed with which subjects can deal with high density visual displays. b) The density level at which the technique begins to improve performance varies with type of task. c) All subjects were aided by the technique, but there were individual differences in the density level at which it became most useful. This study has shown the selective deletion technique to be highly useful in improving a subject's ability to process information presented in high density tactical map displays. It is felt that these results will also be useful in the design of other types of computer generated visual displays. Specific examples, provided in the presentation and a follow up paper, indicate the magnitude of the effect as a function of display density and type of task, and should help guide the use of selective deletion in the design of a wide range of displays.

Influence of Polypropylene Fiber in Strength of Foamed Concrete

2012 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Hadipramana ◽  
Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad ◽  
Zi Jun Zhao ◽  
Noridah Mohammad ◽  
W. Wirdawati
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Polypropylene Fiber ◽  
High Density ◽  
Splitting Tensile Strength ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Foamed Concrete ◽  
Strength Result ◽  
And Behavior

Foamed concrete is material that can be used in wide range of constructions and produced in high density. This investigation examined effect of chopped Polypropylene Fiber (PF) that mixed into admixture concerning strength of foamed concrete high density. Mechanical test were performed to measure effect of PF on improving compressive and splitting tensile strength. Result indicate that PF significantly improving compressive strength and behavior of PF where drawn into foamed concrete similarly with normal concrete. The fibrillated PF has been occurred and reduced the micro crack of matrix and prevented propagation crack growth. The presence of PF improved splitting tensile strength was not significantly. Influence of porous of foamed concrete is considered. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) exhibits condition microstructure of foamed concrete reinforced PF that alter microstructure, especially interfacial bonding due to PF presence.

MiR-145-5p modulates lipid metabolism and M2 macrophage polarization by targeting PAK7 and regulating β-catenin signaling in hyperlipidemia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Huijun Chen ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Qian Xu ◽  
Dongmei Wan ◽  
Wenji Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
Cardiac Tissues ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
M2 Macrophage Polarization

The present study aims to explore the role of microRNA 145-5p (miR-145-5p) in hyperlipidemia. Using bioinformatics tools and a wide range of function and mechanism assays, we attempted to understand the specific function and potential mechanism of miR-145-5p in hyperlipidemia. A cholesterol-enriched diet induced an increase of serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol but a decrease of serum high-density lipoprotein. MiR-145-5p level was decreased in hyperlipidemia rat models. MiR-145-5p regulated lipid metabolism by antagonizing the alteration of high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol in serum mediated by a cholesterol-enriched diet. In mechanism, miR-145-5p directly bound with p21 protein (RAC1)-activated kinase 7 (PAK7) and negatively regulated mRNA and protein levels of PAK7 in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, miR-145-5p level was negatively associated with PAK7 level in rat cardiac tissues. Finally, overexpression of PAK7 reversed the effects of miR-145-5p on β-catenin activation and M2 macrophages polarization in THP-1 cells. In conclusion, MiR-145-5p modulated lipid metabolism and M2 macrophage polarization by targeting PAK7 and regulating β-catenin signaling in hyperlipidemia, which may provide a potential biomarker for the treatment of hyperlipidemia-induced cardiovascular diseases.

High Digital Speed Level-2 Interconnections via a New Microcontact Design

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz R. Pryputniewicz ◽  
Dimitry G. Grabbe ◽  
Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Process Optimization ◽  
Electronic Packaging ◽  
High Density ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Speed Level ◽  
Material Utilization ◽  
Level 2

Abstract Requirements for high digital speed, high density, level-2 interconnections have led to development of a new microcontact. Design of this microcontact allows for separable and reusable interconnections. In this paper, we discuss methodology used to develop the microcontact, allowing 100% material utilization, present its design, including analysis and process optimization, and summarize its characteristics as they relate to electronic packaging.

scholarly journals Next-Generation Sequencing Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs in Dwarfed Citrus Trees Infected With Citrus Dwarfing Viroid in High-Density Plantings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Dang ◽  
Irene Lavagi-Craddock ◽  
Sohrab Bodaghi ◽  
Georgios Vidalakis
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
High Density ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Citrus Trees

Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) induces stunting on sweet orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], propagated on trifoliate orange rootstock [Citrus trifoliata (L.), syn. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) that play important roles in the regulation of tree gene expression. To identify miRNAs in dwarfed citrus trees, grown in high-density plantings, and their response to CDVd infection, sRNA next-generation sequencing was performed on CDVd-infected and non-infected controls. A total of 1,290 and 628 miRNAs were identified in stem and root tissues, respectively, and among those, 60 were conserved in each of these two tissue types. Three conserved miRNAs (csi-miR479, csi-miR171b, and csi-miR156) were significantly downregulated (adjusted p-value < 0.05) in the stems of CDVd-infected trees compared to the non-infected controls. The three stem downregulated miRNAs are known to be involved in various physiological and developmental processes some of which may be related to the characteristic dwarfed phenotype displayed by CDVd-infected C. sinensis on C. trifoliata rootstock field trees. Only one miRNA (csi-miR535) was significantly downregulated in CDVd-infected roots and it was predicted to target genes controlling a wide range of cellular functions. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis performed on selected miRNA targets validated the negative correlation between the expression levels of these targets and their corresponding miRNAs in CDVd-infected trees. Our results indicate that CDVd-responsive plant miRNAs play a role in regulating important citrus growth and developmental processes that may participate in the cellular changes leading to the observed citrus dwarf phenotype.

scholarly journals A Comparison between Two Sonic Measuring Systems for Demersal Fish

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Dowd ◽  
E. Bakken ◽  
O. Nakken
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relation ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
High Density ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Digital Counter ◽  
Schooling Fish ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Systems

Two sonic methods for estimation of abundance of fish stocks, the echo integrator and the digital counter methods, were compared on single and schooling fish in the Lofoten area of Norway during March 1969. Good correlation was obtained between the two systems for both situations, but the slopes of the regressions of integrated values on the digital counter differed significantly between low and high density fish concentrations. This suggests that the two systems treated the echo information differently, but nevertheless maintained a linear relation between themselves over a wide range of counts.

Advanced barrier and seed layer deposition enabling multiple type of TSVs integration

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000077-000103
Author(s):  
Thierry Mourier ◽  
Mathilde Gottardi ◽  
Pierre-Emile Philip ◽  
Sophie Verrun ◽  
Gilles Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Seed Layer ◽  
Process Development ◽  
High Density ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Integration Schemes ◽  
Step Coverage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Silicon Thickness ◽  
Very High

TSV integration is a key technology allowing heterogeneous devices 3D integration. However, depending on the targeted application, various TSV sizes and integration schemes exist, all requesting very high aspect ratio. The most common integration is the Mid-process TSV for which aspect ratio is required to be higher than 10:1 whatever application. In the case of large interposers, silicon thickness has to be increased to limit the deformation of the substrate due to highly stressed devices. Same requirements are made by photonic interposers which use thick SOI substrate leading to high warpage during integration. In the opposite, imagers requires to save silicon surface thus reduce TSV size and keep out zone. Silicon thickness has to be kept in the 100 μm range leading then the aspect ratio of the TSV to increase. Recently, Hybrid bonding progresses allowed a new type of TSV to be introduced : High Density TSVs for imagers. In this application, micrometer range TSV have to be filled with a Silicon thickness reduction limited to 10 μm by grinding process control. In order to allow the metal filling of all those type of structures, we have developed a highly conformal barrier and seed layer processes using standard materials for easier integration. The process is based on the use of MOCVD TiN as a barrier. This material is deposited using TDMAT precursor which allows low temperature deposition (200 °C)[1] which extends also the polyvalence of the process toward polymer bonded integrations. The very high step coverage of this process, reported at more than 30% in 20:1 aspect ratio coupled to high resistance to copper diffusion allows as thin as 20 nm barrier thickness which appears relevant economically (for deposition and CMP) and for stress consideration, compared to the well known but thicker PVD TaN process. Considering seed layer, the eG3D process[2] was brought to a high maturity allowing it to be integrated in an applied material raider tool coupled to TSV filling reactors. This process, based on electrografting of copper has already proved a step coverage of more than 50% in 12:1 aspect ratio structures. The presented work shows that the same process requires only deposition parameters change to be able to fully cover 10×150 μm Mid-process TSV as well as 1×10 μm High density ones. The excellent step coverage of this process allowed as thin as 200 nm (for 10×120 μm TSVs) and 100 nm (for (1×10 μm ones) deposited thicknesses to ensure perfect coverage of the structures. eG3D process also has the ability to be used as a repair process for non-continuous widely used PVD Cu seed layers but also be deposited directly on the barrier material. These 2 layers were evaluated together in a 300mm TSV integration schemes of both 10×120 mid process and 1×10 μm High Density structures and qualified electrically. The paper will discuss the deposition process development leading to simultaneously allow copper filling of the very wide range of TSVs on the same process equipment and using the same chemicals. We will then present integration results as well as electrical test of TSV daisy chains of both mid and High density TSVs showing excellent yield for all TSV size and integration schemes.

scholarly journals Three routine methods for measuring high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with the Reference Method

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 738-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Harris ◽  
V Galpchian ◽  
N Rifai
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Direct Assay ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract We compared the performance of three methods for quantifying high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with the Reference Method for HDL-C, using samples with a wide range of triglyceride (TG) concentrations (290-18000 mg/L). All three comparison assays-- utilizing a magnetic dextran sulfate precipitating reagent, a direct method, and a standard MgCl2-dextran sulfate reagent--were precise, with a run-to-run CV of less than or equal to 4.1%. However, the systematic error of these assays exceeded the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) performance goal of less than or equal to 10% in half of the concentration ranges tested. Nevertheless, the total error of the assays generally meets the current 22% limit set by the NCEP. Although both the magnetic dextran sulfate precipitation reagent and the direct assay can be performed more rapidly than the MgCl2-dextran sulfate assay, the direct assay involves no sample preparation and requires only 4 microL of sample excluding the dead space. Although precipitation is frequently inadequate with the MgCl2-dextran sulfate reagent at TG concentrations >6000 mg/L, both the magnetic and the direct reagent show no interference from high TG concentrations as great as 18 000 mg/L.

scholarly journals The full evolution of supernova remnants in low- and high-density ambient media

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (1) ◽  
pp. 978-990
Author(s):  
Santiago Jiménez ◽  
Guillermo Tenorio-Tagle ◽  
Sergiy Silich
Keyword(s):  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
High Density ◽  
Radiative Cooling ◽  
Ambient Media ◽  
Reverse Shock ◽  
Rapid Fall ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Shell Approximation

ABSTRACT Supernova explosions and their remnants (SNRs) drive important feedback mechanisms that impact considerably the galaxies that host them. Then, the knowledge of the SNRs evolution is of paramount importance in the understanding of the structure of the interstellar medium and the formation and evolution of galaxies. Here, we study the evolution of SNRs in homogeneous ambient media from the initial, ejecta-dominated phase, to the final, momentum-dominated stage. The numerical model is based on the Thin-Shell approximation and takes into account the configuration of the ejected gas and radiative cooling. It accurately reproduces well-known analytic and numerical results and allows one to study the SNR evolution in ambient media with a wide range of densities n0. It is shown that in the high-density cases, strong radiative cooling alters noticeably the shock dynamics and inhibits the Sedov-Taylor stage, thus limiting significantly the feedback that SNRs provide to such environments. For n0 > 5 × 105 cm−3, the reverse shock does not reach the centre of the explosion due to the rapid fall of the thermal pressure in the shocked gas caused by strong radiative cooling.

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