Proximity Compatibility and the Object Display

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 1335-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Wickens ◽  
Anthony D. Andre
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Emergent Features ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Heterogeneous Feature ◽  
Object Display

Object displays have been proposed as an efficient, economical means for presenting multiple sources of information that must be integrated. In this paper, we outline the fundamental theoretical and applied principles that have been cited to justify object display advantages, and suggest some modifications to those principles. In particular, we describe the compatibility of proximity principle which asserts that object displays will facilitate information integration, but disrupt focused attention on the individual dimensions of the object. We then discriminate between homogeneous and heterogeneous feature objects, suggesting that only the former will produce emergent features that can facilitate information integration. Finally, we describe an experiment in which the object display is designed to incorporate an emergent feature that will support the perception of aircraft stall conditions. Evaluation of the display reveals superior integration performance to a separate bar graph display, but degraded focused attention performance, thus illustrating the principle of proximity of compatibility.

Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin V. Butz ◽  
Esther F. Kutter
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Brain

While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.

Object vs Separate Displays for Process Failure Detection: The Emergent Features Approach

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 1340-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Buttigieg ◽  
Penelope M. Sanderson ◽  
John Flach
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Failure Detection ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Relevant Task ◽  
Emergent Features ◽  
Process Failure ◽  
Object Display

Two studies are described that compare a “compatibility of proximity” approach to display design with an emergent features approach. Results suggest that tasks requiring integration are not necessarily better supported by an integral or object display than a separated display. A bar graph with a strong emergent feature mapped onto a goal-relevant task invariant supported better integrated task performance than a triangle display that in previous research had shown superiority when compared with weaker bar graph displays. Further research in progress is outlined. Our findings suggest that an emergent features approach to display design might be a more encompassing approach than one based solely on compatibility of proximity.

Object Displays Do Not Always Support Better Integrated Task Performance

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Sanderson ◽  
John M. Flach ◽  
Mary Anne Buttigieg ◽  
Elizabeth J. Casey
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Relevant Task ◽  
Emergent Features ◽  
Object Display

This study examines Wickens' compatibility of proximity hypothesis of visual display design and proposes that an emergent-features approach might carry more explanatory power. Two studies show that a bar graph display is superior to an object display in an integration task if the bar graph has a strong emergent feature that maps directly onto a goal-relevant task invariant. Earlier results by Wickens and colleagues showing an object display advantage could not be replicated or generalized. These new findings suggest that object display advantages occur only under limited conditions and that the exploitation of emergent features may more predictably lead to an advantage of one display over another.

The Influence of Color, Closure and Correlation on Integral and Separable Performance with Object Displays

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1488-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Schmidt ◽  
Greg C Elvers
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Task Accuracy ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Object Display

Three variables were manipulated in an attempt to determine the conditions of optimal performance using object-like displays. Uniquely color coding the vertices of the object did not appear to cause a significant change in separate or integral task accuracy. The introduction of a display based on the Gestalt law of closure in which the middle third of each side of the object was removed improved separate task accuracy relative to the object display. Separate task accuracy for the closure display was not as good as the bar display. Integration task accuracy was not harmed by this manipulation. The validity of the emergent feature for information integration was manipulated. Lower levels of validity reduce integration task accuracy for all displays equally. Thus, if information integration is the operator's primary task, display designers should consider using the closure display in place of the object display. The usefulness of both object and closure displays may be limited since the emergent feature may be less than 100% valid for the information integration task in many real world situations. This is due to constraints in the geometry of object displays.

scholarly journals Information integration in modulation of pragmatic inferences during online language comprehension

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Anna Ryskin ◽  
chigusa kurumada ◽  
Sarah Brown-Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Anticipatory Eye Movements ◽  
Distributional Information ◽  
Scalar Adjectives

Upon hearing a scalar adjective in a definite referring expression such as “the big…,” listeners typically make anticipatory eye movements to an item in a contrast set, such as a big glass in the context of a smaller glass. Recent studies have suggested that this rapid, contrastive interpretation of scalar adjectives is malleable and calibrated to the speaker’s pragmatic competence. In a series of eye tracking experiments, we explore the nature of the evidence necessary for the modulation of pragmatic inferences in language comprehension, focusing on the complementary roles of top-down information–knowledge about the particular speaker’s pragmatic competence—and bottom-up cues—distributional information about the use of scalar adjectives in the environment. We find that bottom-up evidence alone (e.g., the speaker says “the big dog” in a context with one dog), in large quantities, can be sufficient to trigger modulation of the listener’s contrastive inferences, with or without top-down cues to support this adaptation. Further, these findings suggest that listeners track and flexibly combine multiple sources of information in service of efficient pragmatic communication.

The Interaction of Spatial and Color Proximity in Aircraft Stability Information Displays

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 1371-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. Andre ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Information Displays ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Close Spatial Proximity

The objective of a complex display design is to provide information in a way that maximizes the user's ability to process that information. This paper explores the effects of manipulating the spatial and color proximity among information displays relevant to aircraft stability during both integration and focused attention tasks. The principle of compatibility of proximity (Wickens, 1987) suggests that tasks requiring the operator to integrate multiple sources of information are better served by close display proximity while tasks that require focused attention on specific sources of information are better served by more separate displays. Color proximity results clearly supported this principle and showed that using a common color (i.e. close proximity) to code different information sources facilitated integration performance while using separate colors to code different information sources facilitated focused attention performance. However, close spatial proximity did not foster integration. Instead, distant spatial proximity yielded superior performance for both focused attention and integration tasks.

Spatial Representations as an Emergent Feature of Perceptual Processing

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Wascher ◽  
C. Beste
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Perceptual Maps ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Selection Of

Spatial selection of relevant information has been proposed to reflect an emergent feature of stimulus processing within an integrated network of perceptual areas. Stimulus-based and intention-based sources of information might converge in a common stage when spatial maps are generated. This approach appears to be inconsistent with the assumption of distinct mechanisms for stimulus-driven and top-down controlled attention. In two experiments, the common ground of stimulus-driven and intention-based attention was tested by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the human EEG. In both experiments, the processing of a single transient was compared to the selection of a physically comparable stimulus among distractors. While single transients evoked a spatially sensitive N1, the extraction of relevant information out of a more complex display was reflected in an N2pc. The high similarity of the spatial portion of these two components (Experiment 1), and the replication of this finding for the vertical axis (Experiment 2) indicate that these two ERP components might both reflect the spatial representation of relevant information as derived from the organization of perceptual maps, just at different points in time.

Supporting the Development of Clinical Reasoning of Preprofessional Novices in Dysphagia Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Doeltgen ◽  
Stacie Attrill ◽  
Joanne Murray
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Reasoning ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Implicit Processing ◽  
Reasoning Skills

AbstractProficient clinical reasoning is a critical skill in high-quality, evidence-based management of swallowing impairment (dysphagia). Clinical reasoning in this area of practice is a cognitively complex process, as it requires synthesis of multiple sources of information that are generated during a thorough, evidence-based assessment process and which are moderated by the patient's individual situations, including their social and demographic circumstances, comorbidities, or other health concerns. A growing body of health and medical literature demonstrates that clinical reasoning skills develop with increasing exposure to clinical cases and that the approaches to clinical reasoning differ between novices and experts. It appears that it is not the amount of knowledge held, but the way it is used, that distinguishes a novice from an experienced clinician. In this article, we review the roles of explicit and implicit processing as well as illness scripts in clinical decision making across the continuum of medical expertise and discuss how they relate to the clinical management of swallowing impairment. We also reflect on how this literature may inform educational curricula that support SLP students in developing preclinical reasoning skills that facilitate their transition to early clinical practice. Specifically, we discuss the role of case-based curricula to assist students to develop a meta-cognitive awareness of the different approaches to clinical reasoning, their own capabilities and preferences, and how and when to apply these in dysphagia management practice.

scholarly journals Mobility Trends before and after the Pandemic Outbreak: Analyzing the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona through the Lens of Equality and Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7908
Author(s):  
Lucía Mejía-Dorantes ◽  
Lídia Montero ◽  
Jaume Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Before And After

The spatial arrangement of a metropolis is of utmost importance to carry out daily activities, which are constrained by space and time. Accessibility is not only shaped by the spatial and temporal dimension, but it is also defined by individual characteristics, such as gender, impairments, or socioeconomic characteristics of the citizens living or commuting in this area. This study analyzes mobility trends and patterns in the metropolitan area of Barcelona before and after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, with special emphasis on gender and equality. The study draws on multiple sources of information; however, two main datasets are analyzed: two traditional travel surveys from the transport metropolitan area of Barcelona and two coming from smartphone data. The results show that gender plays a relevant role when analyzing mobility patterns, as already highlighted in other studies, but, after the pandemic outbreak, some population groups were more likely to change their mobility patterns, for example, highly educated population groups and those with higher income. This study also highlights that e-activities may shape new mobility patterns and living conditions for some population segments, but some activities cannot be replaced by IT technologies. For all these reasons, city and transport planning should foster sustainable development policies, which will provide the maximum benefit for society.

scholarly journals Children’s ability to edit their memories when learning about the environment from credible and noncredible websites

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim P. Roberts ◽  
Katherine R. Wood ◽  
Breanne E. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Website Content

AbstractOne of the many sources of information easily available to children is the internet and the millions of websites providing accurate, and sometimes inaccurate, information. In the current investigation, we examined children’s ability to use credibility information about websites when learning about environmental sustainability. In two studies, children studied two different websites and were tested on what they had learned a week later using a multiple-choice test containing both website items and new distracters. Children were given either no information about the websites or were told that one of the websites (the noncredible website) contained errors and they should not use any information from that website to answer the test. In both studies, children aged 7- to 9-years reported information from the noncredible website even when instructed not to, whereas the 10- to 12-year-olds used the credibility warning to ‘edit out’ information that they had learned from the noncredible website. In Study 2, there was an indication that the older children spontaneously assessed the credibility of the website if credibility markers were made explicit. A plausible explanation is that, although children remembered information from the websites, they needed explicit instruction to bind the website content with the relevant source (the individual websites). The results have implications for children’s learning in an open-access, digital age where information comes from many sources, credible and noncredible. Education in credibility evaluation may enable children to be critical consumers of information thereby resisting misinformation provided through public sources.

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