scholarly journals How the Illicit Drug Economy Contributes to HIV Risk in St Vincent and the Grenadines

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet J. Myers ◽  
Andre Maiorana ◽  
Katharine Chapman ◽  
Rosemary Lall ◽  
Nadine Kassie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Rapid Appraisal ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
Drug Economy ◽  
The Relationship

St Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) is the largest marijuana producer in the Eastern Caribbean. As the European Union has phased out preferred access for its banana crop, marijuana has become one of the main sources of income and a safety net for many young men, in particular. HIV is a problem for youth in SVG where 60% of the population and 50% of cumulative AIDS cases are among individuals under 30 years of age. To explore the relationship between the economic context and HIV, we used rapid appraisal methods including field observations, interviews, and focus groups with 43 key informants. We found that the marijuana-related economy has contributed to social conditions favoring HIV transmission among young people in several interrelated ways. A lively youth culture exists which includes frequent parties, heavy drinking, sex with multiple partners, and the desire to be seen with the best material goods. Men with access to money are able to attract younger partners for parties and sex. Condoms are infrequently used. We conclude that reducing HIV risk will require structural interventions to reduce discrimination and increase economic opportunity.

Research and approaches to the integration processes in the European Union

2017 ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Alexander Motsyk
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Groups ◽  
Integration Levels

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends of integration processes. We studied the methodological principles and approaches to the study of the integration of subjects. Specifically analyzed integration levels: individual, regional, domestic, interstate, global. Also, isolated and characterized various forms of integration: political, economic, informational, cultural and others. We analyzed the integration process as a result of the relationship, cooperation, convergence and integration into a single unit of any parts, components countries, their economies, social and political structures, cultural, social and political groups, ethnic groups, political parties, movements and organizations. It is proved that integration has several levels of development. Interaction at the level of enterprises and organizations (first level) – directly to producers of goods and services. The integration of the economies of the main links of different countries is complemented by the interaction at the country level (the second level). The third level of development of integration processes – interaction at the level of parties and organizations, social groups and individuals from different countries – can be defined as a social and political one. Fourth level – is the level of the actual integration group as an economic community, with its characteristics and peculiarities. It was noted that today is used by political science approaches to the study of integration. It is important to the following principles: federalism, functionalism, communicative approach, and others. Keywords: Integration, levels, approaches, studies, European integration, politics, economics, features

scholarly journals Trade, Politics, and Democratization: The 1997 Global Agreement Between the European Union and Mexico

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Sanahuja
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Economic Association ◽  
Trade Politics ◽  
Global Agreement ◽  
The Relationship

Mexico and the European Union signed a new Political and Economic Association Agreement in December 1997 and ultimately a free-trade agreement in March 2000, aiming to establish a new model of relations with a more dynamic trade and investment component. This article analyzes the 1997 agreement as background to the final accord. Economic and political changes in the 1990s modified both parties’ participation in the international political economy, helping to overcome some of the structural obstacles to the relationship. The policy toward Latin America adopted by the EU in 1994 was influential. The negotiation process revealed divergences over the scope of the liberalization process and the so-called democracy clause.

scholarly journals Transnational solidarity among political elites: what determines support for financial redistribution within the EU in times of crisis?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ann-Kathrin Reinl ◽  
Heiko Giebler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Responsibility Attribution ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Attitudinal Differences ◽  
Transnational Solidarity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

As a consequence of the European Economic Crisis, the European Union (EU) has implanted mechanisms to assist fellow member states facing economic difficulties. Despite an increasing academic interest in public preferences for such intra-EU solidarity measures, research has so far largely ignored individual characteristics that could possibly influence politicians’ views. In this paper, we look at politicians’ preferences for transnational solidarity and argue that these preferences depend on attitudes regarding socioeconomic issues as well as attitudes related to the EU. Moreover, we hypothesize that the relationship is moderated by responsibility attribution and the economic situation in a country. Using survey data of about 4000 politicians running for office in nine EU countries, we find that transnational solidarity is more common for socioeconomically left-wing and pro-EU politicians. Yet, attitudinal differences only cease to matter when the beneficiary state is perceived responsible for the crisis and economic problems at home are low.

Environmental Protection Meets Security of Electricity Supply

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ilina Cenevska
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Habitats Directive ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
National Energy Policy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract This case comment explores the relationship between two intertwined objectives – ensuring security of electricity supply and environmental protection – in the context of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen ASBL v. Conseil des ministres. The analysis focuses on the application of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and the Habitats Directive to the facts of the case, which concerns the extension by a ten-year period of the operation of two Belgian nuclear power stations (Doel 1 and Doel 2) as part of a national energy policy strategy to ensure the security of Belgium's electricity supply. The case comment also considers the legal and practical implications that arise as a result of employing the ‘security of electricity supply’ exemption to enable derogation from the requirements of the aforementioned Directives in circumstances where a Member State considers the security of its electricity supply to be under threat.

scholarly journals Soft Law Engagements and Hard Law Preferences: Comparing EU Lobbying Positions between UN Global Compact Signatory Firms and Other Interest Group Types

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Onna van den Broek
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Compact ◽  
Un Global Compact ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Although corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gone “mainstream,” the relationship between CSR and corporate political activities (CPA) has received little scholarly attention. This is problematic because firms potentially have a more sizable impact through their lobbying activities for socially and environmentally beneficial (or unbeneficial) public policies than through their own operations. This paper investigates if, and how, UN Global Compact signatory firms differ in their policy preferences on key EU proposals compared to other interest groups. To capture state-of-the-art data on firms’ policy preferences, I draw from the INTEREURO database, which includes firms’ lobbying positions on forty-three directives and twenty-seven regulations covering 112 public policy issues in the European Union. Statistical results show that Global Compact signatory firms significantly lobby for stricter regulation than non-signatory firms and industry associations, however, their positions are still lower than nonbusiness groups. These results are similar across various public policy issues and suggest that the regulatory preferences of firms’ participating in soft law CSR initiatives are more aligned with stakeholders' interests. This paper contributes to public policy literature exploring the relationship between hard and soft law as well as literature studying the political representation of divergent interest.

scholarly journals Environmental Production Efficiency in the European Union Countries as a Tool for the Implementation of Goal 7 of the 2030 Agenda

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4593
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Cheba ◽  
Iwona Bąk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
The European Union ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Taxonomic Methods ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

The main purpose of the paper is to present a proposal to measure the relationships between Goal 7 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and one of the areas considered in the green growth concept: environmental production efficiency. Both of these areas illustrate the relationship between the natural environment and the economy, emphasizing transformations in the field of energy use. Selected taxonomic methods, TOPSIS, and multicriteria taxonomy, were applied to study the relationships between the two areas. The results of the EU countries classification showed a variety of countries’ development pathways within a single economic community. Despite continued attempts to equalize the development levels between European Union countries in many strategic areas, they remain highly diversified. That is also true for the areas analyzed in the paper, which is a disturbing situation, indicating that both strategies might not correlate in all respects. Further research into the relationships linking the remaining dimensions of both strategies is required.

scholarly journals Psychological Sense of Community and the Use of Condoms and PrEP Among a Sample of Aging Black MSM

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 824-824
Author(s):  
Andre Brown ◽  
Mark Brennan-Ing ◽  
Steven Meanley ◽  
Sabina Haberlen ◽  
Deanna Ware ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Sense Of Community ◽  
Hiv Risk Reduction ◽  
Psychological Sense

Abstract Psychological sense of community (PSOC) in Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) may facilitate condom and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use to prevent HIV transmission. Understanding BMSM’s PSOC contribution to HIV risk reduction may inform HIV prevention efforts for this population, that is disproportionately affected by HIV. Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and HIV status, we conducted logistic regressions to test the association between PSOC and condom use among aging BMSM (n=176). Multivariate analyses exhibited no association between PSOC and condom use (AOR= 0.994, 95% CI= 0.942, 1.049). HIV+ participants had higher condom use odds compared to HIV- participants (AOR= 4.031, 95% CI= 1.723, 9.426). A sub-analysis of HIV- participants (n=61), showed no associated between PSOC and PrEP use (AOR= 1.002, 95% CI= 0.904, 1.112). These results have implications for secondary HIV prevention and future research on alternative aspects of social support that may increase BMSM’s HIV risk reduction behaviors.

scholarly journals 962. Linkage to Care Outcomes among Known HIV-Positive Patients at a High Prevalence Urban Hospital Emergency Department

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S511-S511
Author(s):  
Alexander W Sudyn ◽  
Jeffrey M Paer ◽  
Swetha Kodali ◽  
Samuel Maldonado ◽  
Amesika Nyaku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Linkage To Care ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Patient Navigator ◽  
Urban Hospital ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Retention in care of persons with HIV (PWH) is essential for achieving viral suppression and decreasing community transmission. CDC estimates that the 23% of known PWH not retained in care account for 43% of all new transmissions. This study seeks to describe the impact of an opt-out ED screening with navigator-assisted linkage to care (LTC) protocol for out of care PWH. Methods An IRB-approved retrospective chart review was conducted among PWH (prior positive) inadvertently retested in the ED between 2015 and 2018. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with LTC with patient navigator (PN) support. Factors with p ≤ 0.1 were included in the multivariate analysis as were age and sex at birth. Patients who died were excluded from statistical analyses. Results Among 464 patients who tested positive, 338 (73%) were known positive with 120 (35%) of those out of care at the time of screening. Mean age for this group was 47 (SD 11.9); 57% male, 81% non-Hispanic black, 10% Hispanic, and 6% non-Hispanic white. Fifty-five (46%) patients were successfully LTC, 54 (45%) referred to the state for linkage, and 11 (9%) died. A total of 109 patients were included in the analysis. Univariate analysis was performed for age (F(1, 107) = 0.98, p = 0.324) and female sex at birth (OR = 1.42 [95% CI 0.66, 3.05], p = 0.373) as well as Hispanic race (OR = 3.33 [95% CI 0.84, 13.04], p = 0.085), heterosexual HIV risk (OR = 2.76 [95% CI 1.27, 5.99], p = 0.011), IDU (OR = 0.49 [95% CI 0.21, 1.11], p = 0.088), and other SUD (OR = 0.42 [95% CI 0.19, 0.94], p = 0.035). Only heterosexual HIV risk (OR = 3.01 [95% CI 1.23, 7.32], p = 0.015) maintained significance in the final multivariate model. Conclusion Opt-out ED screening revealed >30% of known positive PWH were out of care at the time of testing; of whom nearly 50% were LTC with PN support. It is possible that persons reporting heterosexual HIV risk may feel less stigmatized and therefore are more likely to LTC. Similarly, the association with SUD, albeit non-significant, may reflect underrepresentation of individuals with SUD in remission among patient navigators. Future opt-out ED screening protocols should build upon diverse care teams to further engage patients with SUD and those at risk for non-heterosexual HIV transmission. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the 2030 Horizon

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Fernando Crecente ◽  
María Sarabia ◽  
María Teresa del Val
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Responsible Behavior ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
European Economies ◽  
The Relationship

(1) Background: this paper analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainability following the worldwide reference of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework set by the United Nations. Nowadays, these SDGs are the inspiration for many types of entrepreneurship that combine value creation with conservation and social protection. (2) Methods: using the indicators provided by Eurostat in its section called “Sustainable development indicators”, we have developed a dataset of 21 variables applied to the European Union (EU27) for the period 2013–2017. (3) Results: the results hold that these SDGs have favored a climate of change in the European economies towards more responsible behavior on the part of society, institutions, and their business fabric, creating new sustainable entrepreneurship. (4) Conclusions: the promotion of the SDGs has contributed to increasing the rate of entrepreneurial activity in the period 2013–2017.

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