The Body Position Spatial Task, a Test of Whole-Body Spatial Cognition: Comparison Between Adults With and Without Parkinson Disease

The ability to accurately control our posture and perceive spatial orientation during self-motion requires knowledge of the motion of both the head and body. However, whereas the vestibular sensors and nuclei directly encode head motion, no sensors directly encode body motion. Instead, the integration of vestibular and neck proprioceptive inputs is necessary to transform vestibular information into the body-centric reference frame required for postural control. The anterior vermis of the cerebellum is thought to play a key role in this transformation, yet how its Purkinje cells integrate these inputs or what information they dynamically encode during self-motion remains unknown. Here we recorded the activity of individual anterior vermis Purkinje cells in alert monkeys during passively applied whole-body, body-under-head, and head-on-body rotations. Most neurons dynamically encoded an intermediate representation of self-motion between head and body motion. Notably, these neurons responded to both vestibular and neck proprioceptive stimulation and showed considerable heterogeneity in their response dynamics. Furthermore, their vestibular responses demonstrated tuning in response to changes in head-on-body position. In contrast, a small remaining percentage of neurons sensitive only to vestibular stimulation unambiguously encoded head-in-space motion across conditions. Using a simple population model, we establish that combining responses from 40 Purkinje cells can explain the responses of their target neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei across all self-motion conditions. We propose that the observed heterogeneity in Purkinje cells underlies the cerebellum's capacity to compute the dynamic representation of body motion required to ensure accurate postural control and perceptual stability in our daily lives.

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Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Men‘s 100-m Freestyle during the 1992 Olympic Games

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.11.1.103 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 103-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Jane M. Cappaert ◽

David L. Pease ◽

John P. Troup

Keyword(s):

Olympic Games ◽

Body Position ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Longitudinal Axis ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Swimming Velocity ◽

Body Roll ◽

Symmetrical Body ◽

Stroke Cycle

Twelve male 100-m freestyle swimmers were videotaped during the 1992 Olympic Games. Four cameras, two above water and two below, recorded the same stroke cycle of the swimmer at approximately the 40- to 45-m mark. The whole body and the recovering arms were digitized from the videotapes to recreate a complete stroke cycle. Body position variables and hand reaction forces (Schleihauf, 1979) were calculated. Swimmers were divided into elite and subelite groups based on their swimming velocity and were compared for differences in biomechanical variables. Elites used slightly lower hand forces while maintaining a higher propelling efficiency. Subelites had opposite rotations about the longitudinal axis of the body rather than symmetrical body roll. The elite swimmers were different from subelites in that their pulling patterns were more efficient and their body position was more streamlined. These variables assisted them in achieving faster swimming velocities without requiring higher propulsive forces.

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A Simple and Inexpensive Clinical Whole Body Counter

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1624972 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 15 (05) ◽

pp. 248-253

Author(s):

A. K. Basu ◽

S. K. Guha ◽

B. N. Tandon ◽

M. M. Gupta ◽

M. ML. Rehani

Keyword(s):

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Body Counter ◽

Optimum Parameters ◽

Whole Body Counter ◽

Single Detector ◽

Background Index ◽

Iodide Crystal

SummaryThe conventional radioisotope scanner has been used as a whole body counter. The background index of the system is 10.9 counts per minute per ml of sodium iodide crystal. The sensitivity and derived sensitivity parameters have been evaluated and found to be suitable for clinical studies. The optimum parameters for a single detector at two positions above the lying subject have been obtained. It has been found that for the case of 131I measurement it is possible to assay a source located at any point in the body with coefficient of variation less than 5%. To add to the versatility, a fixed geometry for in-vitro counting of large samples has been obtained. The retention values obtained by the whole body counter have been found to correlate with those obtained by in-vitro assay of urine and stool after intravenous administration of 51Cr-albumin.

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Visualization of Invasion into the Body and Internal Diffusion of Nanoparticles

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.569 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 396-398 ◽

pp. 569-572

Author(s):

Fumio Watari ◽

Shigeaki Abe ◽

I.D. Rosca ◽

Atsuro Yokoyama ◽

Motohiro Uo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomedical Applications ◽

Fluorescent Microscopy ◽

The Body ◽

Internal Diffusion ◽

Whole Body ◽

X Ray ◽

Body Level ◽

Organ Level ◽

Level 2 ◽

Internal Body

Nanoparticles may invade directly into the internal body through the respiratory or digestive system and diffuse inside body. The behavior of nanoparticles in the internal body is also essential to comprehend for the realization of DDS. Thus it is necessary to reveal the internal dynamics for the proper treatments and biomedical applications of nanoparticles. In the present study the plural methods with different principles such as X-ray scanning analytical microscope (XSAM), MRI and Fluorescent microscopy were applied to enable the observation of the internal diffusion of micro/nanoparticles in the (1) whole body level, (2) inner organ level and (3) tissue and intracellular level. Chemical analysis was also done by ICP-AES for organs and compared with the results of XSAM mapping.

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Making the choice between bioelectrical impedance measures for body hydration status assessment

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87253-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dmitry M. Davydov ◽

Andrey Boev ◽

Stas Gorbunov

Keyword(s):

Body Schema ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Information Criterion ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Hydration Status ◽

Status Assessment ◽

Best Fitting ◽

Body Compartments ◽

Fitting In

AbstractSituational or persistent body fluid deficit (i.e., de- or hypo-hydration) is considered a significant health risk factor. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been suggested as an alternative to less reliable subjective and biochemical indicators of hydration status. The present study aimed to compare various BIA models in the prediction of direct measures of body compartments associated with hydration/osmolality. Fish (n = 20) was selected as a biological model for physicochemically measuring proximate body compartments associated with hydration such as water, dissolved proteins, and non-osseous minerals as the references or criterion points. Whole-body and segmental/local impedance measures were used to investigate a pool of BIA models, which were compared by Akaike Information Criterion in their ability to accurately predict the body components. Statistical models showed that ‘volumetric-based’ BIA measures obtained in parallel, such as distance2/Rp, could be the best approach in predicting percent of body moisture, proteins, and minerals in the whole-body schema. However, serially-obtained BIA measures, such as the ratio of the reactance to resistance and the resistance adjusted for distance between electrodes, were the best fitting in predicting the compartments in the segmental schema. Validity of these results should be confirmed on humans before implementation in practice.

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Integumentary Colour Allocation in the Stork Family (Ciconiidae) Reveals Short-Range Visual Cues for Species Recognition

Birds ◽

10.3390/birds2010010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 138-146

Author(s):

Eduardo J. Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽

Juan J. Negro

Keyword(s):

Short Range ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Species Recognition ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Divergent Evolution ◽

Black And White ◽

Extant Species ◽

Chromatic Spectrum ◽

Mixed Species Flocks

The family Ciconiidae comprises 19 extant species which are highly social when nesting and foraging. All species share similar morphotypes, with long necks, a bill, and legs, and are mostly coloured in the achromatic spectrum (white, black, black, and white, or shades of grey). Storks may have, however, brightly coloured integumentary areas in, for instance, the bill, legs, or the eyes. These chromatic patches are small in surface compared with the whole body. We have analyzed the conservatism degree of colouration in 10 body areas along an all-species stork phylogeny derived from BirdTRee using Geiger models. We obtained low conservatism in frontal areas (head and neck), contrasting with a high conservatism in the rest of the body. The frontal areas tend to concentrate the chromatic spectrum whereas the rear areas, much larger in surface, are basically achromatic. These results lead us to suggest that the divergent evolution of the colouration of frontal areas is related to species recognition through visual cue assessment in the short-range, when storks form mixed-species flocks in foraging or resting areas.

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Comparison of superficial wound documentation using 2D forensic photography, 3D photogrammetry, Botscan© and VR with real-life examination

Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology ◽

10.1007/s12024-021-00393-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 422-430

Author(s):

Federico Massini ◽

Lars Ebert ◽

Garyfalia Ampanozi ◽

Sabine Franckenberg ◽

Lena Benz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gold Standard ◽

3D Visualization ◽

Real Life ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Forest Plot ◽

Technical Documentation ◽

Forensic Photography ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Significant Difference

AbstractEvidence acquisition, interpretation and preservation are essential parts of forensic case work that make a standardized documentation process fundamental. The most commonly used method for the documentation and interpretation of superficial wounds is a combination of two modalities: two-dimensional (2D) photography for evidence preservation and real-life examination for wound analysis. As technologies continue to develop, 2D photography is being enhanced with three-dimensional (3D) documentation technology. In our study, we compared the real-life examination of superficial wounds using four different technical documentation and visualization methods.To test the different methods, a mannequin was equipped with several injury stickers, and then the different methods were applied. A total of 42 artificial injury stickers were documented in regard to orientation, form, color, size, wound borders, wound corners and suspected mechanism of injury for the injury mechanism. As the gold standard, superficial wounds were visually examined by two board-certified forensic pathologists directly on the mannequin. These results were compared to an examination using standard 2D forensic photography; 2D photography using the multicamera system Botscan©, which included predefined viewing positions all around the body; and 3D photogrammetric reconstruction based on images visualized both on screen and in a virtual reality (VR) using a head-mounted display (HMD).The results of the gold standard examination showed that the two forensic pathologists had an inter-reader agreement ranging from 69% for the orientation and 11% for the size of the wounds. A substantial portion of the direct visual documentation showed only a partial overlap, especially for the items of size and color, thereby prohibiting the statistical comparison of these two items. A forest plot analysis of the remaining six items showed no significant difference between the methods. We found that among the forensic pathologists, there was high variability regarding the vocabulary used for the description of wound morphology, which complicated the exact comparison of the two documentations of the same wound.There were no significant differences for any of the four methods compared to the gold standard, thereby challenging the role of real-life examination and 2D photography as the most reliable documentation approaches. Further studies with real injuries are necessary to support our evaluation that technical examination methods involving multicamera systems and 3D visualization for whole-body examination might be a valid alternative in future forensic documentation.

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Correlation of age, sex and season with the state of human decomposition as quantified by postmortem computed tomography

Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology ◽

10.1007/s12024-021-00356-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dominic L. C. Guebelin ◽

Akos Dobay ◽

Lars Ebert ◽

Eva Betschart ◽

Michael J. Thali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

The State ◽

The Body ◽

Seasonal Effects ◽

Whole Body ◽

Postmortem Computed Tomography ◽

Whole Body Computed Tomography ◽

Urban Study

AbstractDead bodies exhibit a variable range of changes with advancing decomposition. To quantify intracorporeal gas, the radiological alteration index (RAI) has been implemented in the assessment of postmortem whole-body computed tomography. We used this RAI as a proxy for the state of decomposition. This study aimed to (I) investigate the correlation between the state of decomposition and the season in which the body was discovered; and (II) evaluate the correlations between sociodemographic factors (age, sex) and the state of decomposition, by using the RAI as a proxy for the extent of decomposition. In a retrospective study, we analyzed demographic data from all autopsy reports from the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Zurich between January 2017 to July 2019 and evaluated the radiological alteration index from postmortem whole-body computed tomography for each case. The bodies of older males showed the highest RAI. Seasonal effects had no significant influence on the RAI in our urban study population with bodies mostly being discovered indoors. Autopsy reports contain valuable data that allow interpretation for reasons beyond forensic purposes, such as sociopolitical observations.

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A Multi-Channel Uncertainty-Aware Multi-Resolution Network for MR to CT Synthesis

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1667

Author(s):

Kerstin Klaser ◽

Pedro Borges ◽

Richard Shaw ◽

Marta Ranzini ◽

Marc Modat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Image Analysis ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Magnetic Resonance Images ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Image Size ◽

Body Images ◽

Image Translation ◽

The Mean ◽

Synthetic Ct

Synthesising computed tomography (CT) images from magnetic resonance images (MRI) plays an important role in the field of medical image analysis, both for quantification and diagnostic purposes. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results in image-to-image translation for brain applications. However, synthesising whole-body images remains largely uncharted territory, involving many challenges, including large image size and limited field of view, complex spatial context, and anatomical differences between images acquired at different times. We propose the use of an uncertainty-aware multi-channel multi-resolution 3D cascade network specifically aiming for whole-body MR to CT synthesis. The Mean Absolute Error on the synthetic CT generated with the MultiResunc network (73.90 HU) is compared to multiple baseline CNNs like 3D U-Net (92.89 HU), HighRes3DNet (89.05 HU) and deep boosted regression (77.58 HU) and shows superior synthesis performance. We ultimately exploit the extrapolation properties of the MultiRes networks on sub-regions of the body.

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Biomechanical Aspects of the Foot Arch, Body Balance and Body Weight Composition of Boys Training Football

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18095017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 5017

Author(s):

Joanna M. Bukowska ◽

Małgorzata Jekiełek ◽

Dariusz Kruczkowski ◽

Tadeusz Ambroży ◽

Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Height ◽

Study Groups ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Training Methods ◽

Training Experience ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significance Level ◽

Body Balance

Background: The aim of the study is to assess the body balance and podological parameters and body composition of young footballers in the context of the control of football training. Methods: The study examined the distribution of the pressure of the part of the foot on the ground, the arch of the foot, and the analysis of the body composition of the boys. The pressure center for both feet and the whole body was also examined. The study involved 90 youth footballers from Olsztyn and Barczewo in three age groups: 8–10 years, 11–13 years old, and 14–16 years. The study used the Inbody 270 body composition analyzer and the EPSR1, a mat that measures the pressure distribution of the feet on the ground. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in almost every case for each area of the foot between the groups of the examined boys. The most significant differences were observed for the metatarsal area and the left heel. In the case of stabilization of the whole body, statistically significant differences were noted between all study groups. In the case of the body composition parameters, in the examined boys, a coherent direction of changes was noticed for most of them. The relationships and correlations between the examined parameters were also investigated. The significance level in the study was set at p < 0.05. Conclusions: Under the training rigor, a statistically significant increase in stability was observed with age. The total length of the longitudinal arch of both feet of the examined boys showed a tendency to flatten in direct proportion to the age of the examined boys. Mean values of the body composition parameters reflect changes with the ontogenetic development, basic somatic parameters (body height and weight) and training experience, and thus with the intensity and volume of training. This indicates a correct training process that does not interfere with the proper development of the body in terms of tissue and biochemical composition.

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