Constructing global missionary families: Absence, memory, and belonging before World War I

2021 ◽  
pp. 161189442110199
Author(s):  
Sandra Maß
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Family Constellation ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Basel Mission ◽  
Imperial Family ◽  
Empirical Material

The separation of parents and children was a quite common imperial family constellation before World War I. Many children left the respective colonial or mission territories at the beginning of their seventh year. They were sent to their parents’ regions of origin in Europe to spend their childhood and youth in the households of relatives or in missionary boarding schools specially set up for them. This article examines German-speaking missionary families in the imperial context of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and focuses on letter communications between parents and children as an expression of family construction at a distance. I will mainly focus on two families (Kaundinya, Nommensen) in order to examine from a micro-historical perspective, the construction of missionary families in a transimperial framework. Rooted in the pietistic milieu of German-speaking missionaries from the Basel Mission and the Rhenish Mission, these families enable us to compare the results of imperial and missionary family historiography, which has developed over the last 20 years within the British context, with empirical material from other national and imperial contexts.

scholarly journals PLAYING ON UNCLE SAM'S TEAM: AMERICAN CHILDHOODS DURING WORLD WAR I

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mischa Honeck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
World War I ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
Constructions Of Childhood

If World War I has interested historians of the United States considerably less than other major wars, it is also true that children rank among the most neglected actors in the literature that exists on the topic. This essay challenges this limited understanding of the roles children and adolescents played in this transformative period by highlighting their importance in three different realms. It shows how childhood emerged as a contested resource in prewar debates over militarist versus pacifist education; examines the affective power of images of children—American as well as foreign—in U.S. wartime propaganda; and maps various social arenas in which the young engaged with the war on their own account. While constructions of childhood and youth as universally valid physical and developmental categories gained greater currency in the early twentieth century, investigations of young people in wartime reveal how much the realities of childhood and youth differed according to gender, class, race, region, and age.

scholarly journals The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Donald Reid
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Arab World ◽  
World War ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
False Dichotomy ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
Arab League ◽  
Set Up

Thirty years in the making, this ambitious book covers the first forty-threeyears of the life of Abd al-Rahman Azzam Pasha, the political activist andwriter who became the first secretary-general of the Arab League (1945-1952). Few biographies of public figures in the Arab world have treatedtheir subjects in comparable depth and detail. The Making of an EgyptianArab Nationalist is essential reading for anyone seriously interested in thecomplexities of evolving national and religious identities in 20th-century Egypt.Coury sets out to refute interpretations elaborated by such scholars asElie Kedourie, P. J. Vatikiotis, Nadav Safran, and Richard Mitchell thirtyor forty years ago. He argues that their works, reflecting the influence ofOrientalism, perpetuated false assumptions that Islam and Arab cultureharbored essentialist and atomistic tendencies toward extremism,irrationality, and violence. He maintains that in treating 20th-centuryEgypt, they set up a false dichotomy between a rational, western-inspiredterritorial patriotism and irrational, artificial pan- Arab and Islamicmovements. Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid's circle before World War I and theWafd Party in the interwar period represented the first school who opposedBritish imperialism but were eager to borrow western rationalism, science,secular liberalism, and democracy. In the 1930s this moderate patriotismbegan to give way before pan-Arab and Islamic movements tainted with theextremism, terrorism, and irrationality which the West has long attributedto Islam.Coury cites hopefully revisionist works by Rashid Khalidi, PhilipKhoury, Ernest Dawn, and Hassan Kayali but is dismayed that other recentstudies have perpetuated the old, hostile stereotypes. "Martin Kramer'sArab Awakening and Islamic Revival (1996)," he says, "reveals that eventhe old-fashioned Kedourie-style hysteria, compounded, as it sometimes is,by Zionist rage (Kramer refers to Edward Said as Columbia's 'part-timeprofessor of Palestine') is still alive and well . . . "Coury insists that Azzam's "Egyptian Arab nationalism" sprang from theperspectives, needs, and interests of an upper and middle bourgeoisiefacing specific challenges. The rank and file following came from a lower ...

The impact of the Scandinavian Monetary Union on financial market integration

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Fredrik Øksendal
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Monetary Union ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
World War ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Financial Market Integration ◽  
Parliamentary Debate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gold Coins

In the period from 1877 until the outbreak of World War I, Sweden, Denmark and Norway constituted a currency area – the Scandinavian Monetary Union (SMU). They shared the same unit of account, the gold krone. Both full-bodied gold coins and token coins of the three countries served as legal tender and circulated freely within the union. Initially set up to preserve the traditional circulation of neighbouring coins in the border regions, the central bank cooperation was extended to a mutual settlement mechanism (1885) and later reciprocal acceptance of notes at par (1901). A desire for economic integration was present under the surface of this practical approach, mirroring the predominant liberal worldview of the 1870s. For instance, the Norwegian government saw a common coinage as an instrument for ‘knitting together the three nations to a single commercial territory’. In the parliamentary debate on Norwegian entry into the union a supporter argued that ‘the real objective of unity in coin had to be to bring the countries closer together’. Thus, from the outset, the SMU was a combination of practical arrangements and lofty ambitions.

scholarly journals Deutsch als Minderheitensprache

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Claudia Maria Riehl ◽  
Rahel Beyer
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

<p>This contribution focusses on varieties of German which are spoken in extraterritorial German communities. Many of these groups go back to emigration in the Middle Ages or in Early Modern Times and have developed a specific koiné which is characterized by dialect merger and language contact with the surrounding languages. Another group are so-called "border minorities", extraterritorial communities that emerged after World War I and are bordering German-speaking countries. The article first provides a historical overview of the various German-speaking minorities. Then, the different sociolinguistic settings of the respective language communities are addressed and illustrated by examples of communities with a different sociolinguistic and linguistic background.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Repatriation of Polish refugees of World War I: the case of the Altai Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-516
Author(s):  
Yurii M. Goncharov ◽  
Ksenia A. Tishkina
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Many

During World War I a large number of refugees evacuated to the Russian Empires periphery, such as the many Poles who were temporarily transported eastward to Siberia. This article studies their repatriation after the conflicts end, which bears some relevance to forced migration, refugees and repatriation in todays world. Based on archival and secondary sources, the authors endeavor to reconstruct the repatriation of Polish refugees from Altai province in southern Siberia. Beginning in earnest after the Soviet Unions war with Poland of 1918-21, their return was hampered by the difficult conditions of the past Civil War and the countrys economic crisis. Although an extensive network of organizations was set up to carry the repatriation out, poor communication with the center, insufficient staff and the absence of registration forms made its work extremely difficult. At the same time, many refugees returned on their own, which further complicated matters. Nevertheless, most Poles eventually made it back home. The Russian-Ukrainian-Polish Mixed Commission on Repatriation announced that its work was done in 1924, although in fact it lasted for another year.

scholarly journals Uwarunkowania historyczne roli i statusu języka polskiego w systemie edukacji w Galicji 1. połowy XIX wieku

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-262
Author(s):  
Peter Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Education System ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
World War ◽  
Realistic Interpretation ◽  
Social Ideology ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
School Laws

During the partitions of Poland in 1772, 1795 and 1815 its southern part was annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy and integrated into the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Till the end of World War I the inhabitants of Galicia were citizens of the Austrian Empire and their lives were influenced by the political and social ideology of the Austrian government. One of the most significant changes were connected to the language issue. Austrian or German-speaking officials came to Galicia and so did German as it became the main administrative language. This was also the case for the Austrian education system, which mainly focused on teaching German language as they wanted to integrate the multilingual and multicultural inhabitants of the Austrian Empire under the leadership of the Austrian rulers.This article deals with the issue how the Austrian education system influenced the development and understanding of national consciousness of the Polish population in Galicia in the first half of the 19th century by analysing which role the Polish language played in the primary and secondary school system. This period is important because it shows the main intentions of the Austrian educational system and also because the first important School Laws were passed, which influenced the education system in Galicia for over half the century.This article is structured in two parts. The first part contains an analysis of the most important School Laws. The aim is to show the intentions and the ideology which guided the Austrian government in creating the education system and to analyse which role the Polish language played in it. The second part deals with the actual effects of the Austrian education policy for the young Polish generations of Galicia. This will allow a more realistic interpretation of the influence the education system in Galicia had on building or suppressing the development of a Polish national consciousness. This part includes analyses of school statistics and most importantly memories from schooldays from former Galician school children which gives an inside on the role the Polish language played in the school and in their own lives.

Notre-Dame Cathedral of Reims

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Wu
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Stained Glass ◽  
World War ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Iconic Images ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Under Construction

The Notre-Dame Cathedral of Reims is one of the most important masterpieces in the history of architecture. Considered a paradigm of the French Gothic style, it is an immense structure designed with a sophisticated vision and constructed with innovative techniques. Traditionally believed to have begun in 1211, a year after a documented fire destroyed the previous cathedral (these dates have been challenged recently, see Prache 2005, cited under the 13th-Century Structure), the building is known for its stylistic uniformity and spacious compactness. Four architects, whose names are famously inscribed in the now-destroyed labyrinth (itself now serves as the logo of the monuments historiques), guided the construction through the 1290s. Views of the cathedral, still under construction, were included in Villard de Honnecourt’s drawings. A number of architectural elements associated with the French Gothic originated at Reims (bar tracery and wall passages), and the cathedral’s imposing west facade is decorated with such iconic images as the Visitation Group and the Smiling Angel. The mid-1230s work stoppage caused by civil unrest forced the workshops to seek employment elsewhere, thereby dispersing the rémois sculptural style especially in German-speaking lands. Much of the 13th-century stained glass on the upper levels has survived, decorated with complex ecclesiastical and royal iconography; similar narratives also appear in sculptures. The cathedral stands at the center of an elaborate archiepiscopal complex, with the archbishop’s palace (now the museum Palais du Tau) to its south and the claustral complex (demolished) to its north and east. In 496, according to Gregory of Tours, the Merovingian king Clovis was baptized by bishop Remi at the cathedral, an event that would lead to the privilege bestowed exclusively on archbishops of Reims to anoint and crown French kings. The historical and political significance of Reims Cathedral, especially its association with French identity both as a quintessential French Gothic building and as the coronation cathedral, was held hostage during World War I when German bombardment caused serious, often irreparable damage. Repair beginning at the end of World War I accidentally exposed foundations of earlier, pre-13th-century structures. The ensuing excavation and restoration work, meticulously documented, uncovered hitherto unknown archaeological information about pre-13th-century cathedrals. More than a century after the start of World War I, gestures of Franco-German reconciliation continue to unfold at Reims.

‘What is there for me to do?’

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Penrose
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Small Town ◽  
District Attorney ◽  
World War ◽  
Set Up

Edith experienced difficulties in adjusting to small-town life after Berkeley, as expressed in letters to E. F. Penrose. The chapter discusses E. F. Penrose’s early life in Cornwall, World War I, and later work in Japan. Meanwhile, Edith and her husband David moved to Williams to set up David’s law practice, campaigning for him to become district attorney. Edith became pregnant but whilst visiting her parents in Sacramento David was shot dead in a hunting accident. The local press covered the death and investigation in which the killer was identified but there was no prosecution. Edith went to live with her parents and gave birth to a son, David, in February 1938, five months after her husband’s death.

William Henry Wittrick, 29 October 1922 - 2 July 1986

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 709-728
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
World War ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Bus Driver ◽  
Impaired Health ◽  
Choral Society ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Engineering Firm

William Henry Wittrick was born in Huddersfield on 29 October 1922. His father, Frank Wittrick (1894-1960) was the eldest of three sons of an iron and steel merchant in Huddersfield who died in 1913. After leaving school Frank Wittrick completed an engineering apprenticeship with a view to joining his father in the firm of steel merchants, but his father’s death and World War I prevented this plan from being realized. Frank Wittrick enlisted in 1914 and served in France through most of the war; he was wounded and emerged with impaired health. In 1919 he set up a business as a haulage contractor but this failed in the depression some years later. In 1921 he married Jessie, eldest child of Walter Jury, a builder in Huddersfield. He then had a variety of jobs, including working for an insurance company and as a bus driver, but on the outbreak of World War II he went to work for an engineering firm in Huddersfield, which specialized in valve manufacture, and stayed with them until he retired through ill-health in the mid-1950s. William’s mother, Jessie, was a proficient pianist and also had a fine contralto voice. She sang in the well-known Huddersfield Choral Society but, regrettably, she left it after her marriage. Nevertheless, as a boy William spent many enjoyable musical evenings around the piano with his family and other relatives or friends, and his mother playing the piano and leading the singing.

Claude McKay’s Bad Nationalists

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Rich Cole
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Literary History ◽  
World War ◽  
New Negro ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Identity Control ◽  
Control Set ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Back To Africa

Abstract This article examines Claude McKay’s 1928 journey to Africa under colonial occupation and uncovers how these true events partly inspired his late work of expatriate fiction, Romance in Marseille. By bringing together migration studies with literary history, the article challenges and expands existing research that suggests that McKay’s writings register the impulse for a nomadic wandering away from oppressive forms of identity control set up in the wake of World War I. The article contends that Claude McKay’s renegade cast of “bad nationalist” characters registers a generative tension between the imperial national forms the author encountered in North Africa and the Black nationalist vision of Marcus Garvey’s Back-to-Africa campaign. Reading the dialectics of bad nationalisms and Black internationalisms, the article explores how the utopian promise for Black liberation by returning back to Africa, central to the New Negro project of Black advancement, frequently becomes entangled in McKay’s transnational stowaway fiction with conflicting calls for reparations, liabilities, and shipping damages.

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