Remembering the bad ones: Does the source memory advantage for cheaters influence our later actions positively?

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110078
Author(s):  
Meike Kroneisen ◽  
Franziska M Bott ◽  
Maren Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Investment Game ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
Facial Trustworthiness ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

Previous research has demonstrated that people remember information that is (emotionally) incongruent to their expectations, but it has left open the question if this memory enhancement has also an influence on our later actions. We investigated this question in one pilot study and two experiments. In all studies, participants first interacted with trustworthy and untrustworthy looking partners in an investment game. Facial trustworthiness was manipulated to stimulate social expectations about the behaviour of the partners. In a later second investment game, participants played against old opponents from the first game and new opponents. Overall, willingness to cooperate in the second game was influenced by the formerly behaviour of the opponent. However, facial trustworthiness affected economic decisions, too. Furthermore, we analysed source memory data that indicated no differences in memory between cheaters and cooperators. Instead, source guessing was related to cooperation: The more participants guessed that an untrustworthy looking face belonged to a cheater, the less they cooperated with untrustworthy looking opponents. Interestingly, in Experiment 2, we found a positive correlation between old-new recognition and later cooperation. In sum, the results demonstrate that memory and guessing processes can influence later decisions. However, economic decisions are also heavily affected by other social expectations like facial trustworthiness.

scholarly journals The Survival Processing Advantage of Face: The Memorization of the (Un)Trustworthy Face Contributes More to Survival Adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 147470491983972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunna Hou ◽  
Zhijun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Survival Processing ◽  
Pictorial Material ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
Survival Scenario ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Video ◽  
Matched Design ◽  
Survival Experiment ◽  
Facial Trustworthiness

Researchers have found that compared with other existing conditions (e.g., pleasantness), information relevant to survival produced a higher rate of retrieval; this effect is known as the survival processing advantage (SPA). Previous experiments have examined that the advantage of memory can be extended to some different types of visual pictorial material, such as pictures and short video clips, but there were some arguments for whether face stimulus could be seen as a boundary condition of SPA. The current work explores whether there is a mnemonic advantage to different trustworthiness of face for human adaptation. In two experiments, we manipulated the facial trustworthiness (untrustworthy, neutral, and trustworthy), which is believed to provide information regarding survival decisions. Participants were asked to predict their avoidance or approach response tendency, when encountering strangers (represented by three classified faces of trustworthiness) in a survival scenario and the control scenario. The final surprise memory tests revealed that it was better to recognize both the trustworthy faces and untrustworthy faces, when the task was related to survival. Experiment 1 demonstrated the existence of a SPA in the bipolarity of facial untrustworthiness and trustworthiness. In Experiment 2, we replicated the SPA of trustworthy and untrustworthy face recognitions using a matched design, where we found this kind of memory benefits only in recognition tasks but not in source memory tasks. These results extend the generality of SPAs to face domain.

Are Trust and Reciprocity Related within Individuals?

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamas Kovacs ◽  
Marc Willinger
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Strategy Method ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Investment Game ◽  
Trust And Reciprocity ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractWe provide new evidence about a positive correlation between the own amount sent and the own amount returned in the investment game. Our analysis relies on the experimental data collected under the strategy method. While the percentage returned is independent of the amount received for most of our subjects, it is strongly correlated to their amount sent as a trustor. Our analysis is based on a two-way classification of subjects: according to their trusting type and according to their reciprocal type. We show the existence of a strong positive relation between trusting types and reciprocal types within subjects.

Memory enhancement with stimulants: Differential neural effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine. A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 105802
Author(s):  
Lucas C. Adam ◽  
Dimitris Repantis ◽  
Boris N. Konrad ◽  
Martin Dresler ◽  
Simone Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Memory Enhancement

Influence of Emotional Content and Perceived Relevance on Spread of Urban Legends: A Pilot Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Cotter
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Local Component ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Urban Legends ◽  
Perceived Relevance ◽  
Local Connection

This study examined factors thought to be associated with the spread of urban legends. 62 participants (84% female, 65% white, M age = 22 yr.) read 15 urban legends, 3 of which had a stated local component, and rated various characteristics of each legend, including how scary it was, how believable it was, and how likely the participants would be to tell it to someone else. As predicted, both a high fear rating and a high believability rating were positively correlated with the reported intent to tell (p60 = .41, p<.0001 and p60 = .67, p<.02, respectively). There was also a significant positive correlation between familiarity and intent to tell (p60 = .22, p< .0001); however, presence of a local connection was not strongly correlated with intent to tell. It is possible that the local stories were less believable because they all involved ghosts.

Social group membership and an incidental ingroup-memory advantage

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-178
Author(s):  
Youngbin A Jeon ◽  
Alexis M Banquer ◽  
Anaya S Navangul ◽  
Kyungmi Kim
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
Task Demand ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Memory Suppression ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
Self Reference

Extending the self-reference effect in memory to the level of social identity, previous research showed that processing information in reference to one’s ingroup at encoding enhances memory for the information (i.e., the group-reference effect). Notably, recent work on the self-reference effect has shown that even simply co-presenting an item with self-relevant vs. other-relevant information (e.g., one’s own or another person’s name) at encoding can produce an “incidental” self-memory advantage in the absence of any task demand to evaluate the item’s self-relevancy. In three experiments, the present study examined whether this incidental self-memory advantage extends to the level of social identity using newly created, minimal groups (Experiments 1 and 2) and pre-existing groups (Experiment 3; one’s own or another study major). During encoding, participants judged the location of each target word in relation to a simultaneously presented cue (Ingroup-cue or Outgroup-cue in Experiments 1 and 3; Ingroup-cue, Outgroup-cue, or Neutral-cue in Experiment 2). Consistent across all experiments, a subsequent recognition test revealed a significant memory advantage for words that were presented with the Ingroup-cue. Crucially, this incidental ingroup-memory advantage was driven by ingroup-memory enhancement rather than outgroup-memory suppression relative to memory for words presented with the Neutral-cue (Experiment 2), and was positively correlated with self-reported levels of ingroup identification (i.e., self-investment to one’s ingroup; Experiment 3). Taken together, the present findings provide novel evidence that mere incidental associations between one’s ingroup and to-be-remembered items in a non-referential, non-evaluative encoding context can produce a memory advantage for the items.

scholarly journals Acceptance of Sexual Interest in Minors in Self-Referred Individuals Under Treatment – An Exploratory Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Lampalzer ◽  
Safiye Tozdan ◽  
Fritjof von Franqué ◽  
Peer Briken
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sexual Desire ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Child Pornography ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Dynamic Risk ◽  
Adolescent Sexual Abuse

Some therapists/scientists argue that “acceptance” of sexual interest in minors (SIM), i.e., the integration of the sexual preference into the individual self-concept, is a prerequisite for dealing with SIM in a responsible way. However, if one assumes that – even in some persons – SIM might change over time, “acceptance” could also run counter to therapeutic targets because the motivation to change as well as the specific self-efficacy for modifying SIM might be reduced. This exploratory pilot study analyzes the relationship between acceptance of SIM and (1) dynamic risk for contact sexual reoffending, (2) SIM and frequency of the use of child/adolescent (sexual abuse) imagery, (3) frequency of sexual desire/behavior toward children/adolescents, and (4) the change of the level of acceptance of SIM during the course of treatment. The majority of the participants (N = 79) was not exclusively interested in children (85%) and used child pornography but did not commit child sexual abuse (54%). Acceptance of SIM, frequency of the use of child/adolescent (sexual abuse) imagery and frequency of sexual desire/behavior toward children/adolescents are assessed via self-report questionnaires, dynamic risk for contact sexual reoffending is measured by STABLE-2007. Pretreatment data are analyzed via Spearman’s correlation (N = 79). Intragroup analysis compares acceptance of SIM from pre- and posttreatment (n = 35). There was no correlation between acceptance of SIM and dynamic risk for contact sexual reoffending. However, there was a medium, positive correlation between acceptance of SIM and the frequency of the use of legal imagery of children, a positive correlation between the item “My inclination is an integral part of my personality” and the frequency of the use of legal imagery of children, and a positive correlation between acceptance of SIM and the frequency of sexual activities with minors. Acceptance of SIM did not change during the course of treatment. The results suggest that “acceptance” of SIM has to be discussed in a differentiated way, i.e., as possibly being associated with positive and negative outcomes as well.

scholarly journals Mnemonic prediction errors promote detailed memories

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 422-434
Author(s):  
Oded Bein ◽  
Natalie A. Plotkin ◽  
Lila Davachi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Object A ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
Violated Expectations

When our experience violates our predictions, it is adaptive to update our knowledge to promote a more accurate representation of the world and facilitate future predictions. Theoretical models propose that these mnemonic prediction errors should be encoded into a distinct memory trace to prevent interference with previous, conflicting memories. We investigated this proposal by repeatedly exposing participants to pairs of sequentially presented objects (A → B), thus evoking expectations. Then, we violated participants’ expectations by replacing the second object in the pairs with a novel object (A → C). The following item memory test required participants to discriminate between identical old items and similar lures, thus testing detailed and distinctive item memory representations. In two experiments, mnemonic prediction errors enhanced item memory: Participants correctly identified more old items as old when those items violated expectations during learning, compared with items that did not violate expectations. This memory enhancement for C items was only observed when participants later showed intact memory for the related A → B pairs, suggesting that strong predictions are required to facilitate memory for violations. Following up on this, a third experiment reduced prediction strength prior to violation and subsequently eliminated the memory advantage of violations. Interestingly, mnemonic prediction errors did not increase gist-based mistakes of identifying old items as similar lures or identifying similar lures as old. Enhanced item memory in the absence of gist-based mistakes suggests that violations enhanced memory for items’ details, which could be mediated via distinct memory traces. Together, these results advance our knowledge of how mnemonic prediction errors promote memory formation.

scholarly journals Pilot study of head conformation changes over time in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel breed

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-122
Author(s):  
Susan Penelope Knowler ◽  
Lena Gillstedt ◽  
Thomas J Mitchell ◽  
Jelena Jovanovik ◽  
Holger Andreas Volk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cephalic Index ◽  
Kennel Club ◽  
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Checklist Score ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Changes Over Time

Modern interpretation of head conformation in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) has favoured a smaller, more exaggerated, brachycephalic type than originally described in the 1929 breed standard. Recent research studies identified brachycephaly and reduced hind cranium as two conformational (dysmorphic) features that increase risk for symptomatic Chiari-like malformation and secondary syringomyelia (SM). A prospective pilot study investigated the hypothesis that dysmorphic head features could be assessed visually and correlated with risk of SM. Thirteen CKCS, selected from anonymised photographic evidence, were physically appraised by authorised Kennel Club judges using a head shape checklist. These subjective evaluations were then matched with objective measurements of the cranium (cephalic index and rostrocaudal doming) and their subsequent MRI. A positive correlation (P=0.039) between the judges’ checklist score and rostrocaudal doming (hindskull ratio) and a positive correlation between the cephalic index and hindskull ratio (P=0.042) were identified. Five CKCS had no SM and their status tallied with 62 per cent of the judges’ evaluation. Although the ability of adjudicators to identify differences in head conformation varied, there was sufficient association between the dysmorphic parameters and the risk of SM to cause concern and propose a larger study in CKCS breed.

scholarly journals Mine and Me: Exploring the Neural Basis of Object Ownership

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 3657-3668 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Turk ◽  
Kim van Bussel ◽  
Gordon D. Waiter ◽  
C. Neil Macrae
Keyword(s):  
Neural Basis ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
Temporal Model ◽  
Memory Advantage ◽  
Left Insula

Previous research has shown that encoding information in the context of self-evaluation leads to memory enhancement, supported by activation in ventromedial pFC. Recent evidence suggests that similar self-memory advantages can be obtained under nonevaluative encoding conditions, such as when object ownership is used to evoke self-reference. Using fMRI, the current study explored the neural correlates of object ownership. During scanning, participants sorted everyday objects into self-owned or other-owned categories. Replicating previous research, a significant self-memory advantage for the objects was observed (i.e., self-owned > other-owned). In addition, encoding self-owned items was associated with unique activation in posterior dorsomedial pFC (dMPFC), left insula, and bilateral supramarginal gyri (SMG). Subsequent analysis showed that activation in a subset of these regions (dMPFC and left SMG) correlated with the magnitude of the self-memory advantage. Analysis of the time-to-peak data suggested a temporal model for processing ownership in which initial activation of dMPFC spreads to SMG and insula. These results indicate that a self-memory advantage can be elicited by object ownership and that this effect is underpinned by activity in a neural network that supports attentional, reward, and motor processing.

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