Efficacy of acclimating and releasing captive-reared and wild-translocated Northern bobwhites

2021 ◽  
pp. 175815592110102
Author(s):  
Kelly S Reyna ◽  
Jeffrey G Whitt ◽  
William L Newman
Keyword(s):  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Northern Bobwhites ◽  
Restoration Techniques ◽  
Impact On Survival ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Population Restoration ◽  
The Relationship

Northern bobwhite populations are dwindling across their range. Accordingly, in areas with bobwhite habitat restoration and no nearby populations, effective population restoration techniques are needed. Here, we evaluated three bobwhite restoration release strategies: (1) release of captive-reared bobwhites on sites with and without resident populations, (2) translocation of wild-trapped bobwhites from a region of high population density to a region with no population, and (3) release of captive-reared and wild-translocated bobwhites acclimated on site prior to release in year 2. Wild-translocated birds survived longer than captive-reared birds. Mean survival for captive-reared bobwhites was 2.42 weeks, and 4.27 weeks in year 1, and 1.91 and 1.40 weeks in year 2, for study sites without resident and with resident birds present, respectively. Mean survival for wild-translocated birds was 8.50 weeks in year 1, and 11.54 weeks in year 2. Wild-translocated birds dispersed shorter distances than captive-reared birds. Both captive-reared and wild-translocated bobwhites only nested on study sites with conspecifics. Captive-reared birds had 0 nesting attempts on the site with no resident bobwhites, and ⩾8 nests on the site with resident bobwhites. Wild-translocated females nested six times and were subsequently observed with juveniles. On-site acclimation did not increase post-release survival for northern bobwhites. Acclimation increased site fidelity but reduced survival for captive-reared birds and had no impact on survival for wild-translocated bobwhites. Population restoration by release of captive-reared or wild-translocated birds is not irrelevant, but further investigation is needed into the relationship between captive-reared birds and predators, and methods to increase survival and reproduction of released birds.

The spatial dynamics of White-browed Babbler groups in a fragmented agricultural landscape

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Cale
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Group Movements

White-browed Babbler Pomatostomus superciliosus groups occupying linear strips of vegetation had breeding territories that were smaller in area and had longer linear dimensions than those occupying patches. A group's non-breeding home range was larger than its breeding territory. Groups occupying linear/patch home ranges expanded the linear extent and area of their home ranges more than those within other home range configurations. Some groups moved during the non-breeding season and this was more likely to occur if the group occupied a remnant with a low abundance of invertebrates during summer. Some groups that moved returned prior to the next breeding season, but the majority were never seen again. New groups moved into the study sites and established in vacant home ranges. This suggests that those groups that left the study sites may have established new home ranges elsewhere. Breeding site fidelity was lower in groups that had failed in previous breeding attempts. Therefore, group movements were influenced by the feeding and breeding quality of the habitat. However, the configuration of the local population also influenced group movements with those groups on the edge of a local population being more likely to move than those in the interior. New groups were formed by two processes; group dispersal, where groups generally filled a vacant home range, and group budding, which involved the splitting of a large group. Group dispersal maintained group densities while group budding increased the density of groups in a local population. These two processes were common, producing localized fluctuations in the density of groups. Since babbler groups contain only one breeding pair, changes in group density represent changes in effective population size. Therefore, group dynamics may be important to the persistence of local populations of White-browed Babblers, especially in landscapes that have suffered from habitat loss and fragmentation.

scholarly journals GENETIC VARIABILITY MAINTAINED BY MUTATION AND OVERDOMINANT SELECTION IN FINITE POPULATIONS

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo Maruyama ◽  
Masatoshi Nei
Keyword(s):  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Allozyme Polymorphism ◽  
Random Genetic Drift ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Mathematical Properties ◽  
Overdominant Selection ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neutral Mutations ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Mathematical properties of the overdominance model with mutation and random genetic drift are studied by using the method of stochastic differential equations (Itô and McKean 1974). It is shown that overdominant selection is very powerful in increasing the mean heterozygosity as compared with neutral mutations, and if 2Ns (N = effective population size; s = selective disadvantage for homozygotes) is larger than 10, a very low mutation rate is sufficient to explain the observed level of allozyme polymorphism. The distribution of heterozygosity for overdominant genes is considerably different from that of neutral mutations, and if the ratio of selection coefficient (s) to mutation rate (ν) is large and the mean heterozygosity (h) is lower than 0.2, single-locus heterozygosity is either approximately 0 or 0.5. If h increases further, however, heterozygosity shows a multiple-peak distribution. Reflecting this type of distribution, the relationship between the mean and variance of heterozygosity is considerably different from that for neutral genes. When s/v is large, the proportion of polymorphic loci increases approximately linearly with mean heterozygosity. The distribution of allele frequencies is also drastically different from that of neutral genes, and generally shows a peak at the intermediate gene frequency. Implications of these results on the maintenance of allozyme polymorphism are discussed.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT ON DIVERSITY OF SPIDER ASSEMBLAGES IN THE MÁTRA MOUNTAIN

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 291-297
Author(s):  
Tünde Szmatona-Túri ◽  
Diána Vona-Túri
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Hay Meadows ◽  
Mountain Grasslands ◽  
Spider Communities ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Our investigation targeted the diversity of spider communities of meadows under nature conservation management and the relationship between mowing and the spider diversity. The study sites represented by six grasslands on three localities of Mátra mountain of Hungary. All three localities were contained a hay meadow and a not mowed meadow. Hay meadows had the richest spider communities.  In the control habitats, the equitability and the Shannon-Wiener diversity were lower than in the mowed grasslands. According to the Bray-Curtis similarity index significant differences were observed between spider assemblages of mowed and control habitats. The prevention of succession effects so rich structure of the vegetation where diverse spider communities can live. Our results suggest that mowing is a suitable management for maintaining a high biodiversity in mountain grasslands.

scholarly journals The Relationship between User Perception and Preference of Greenway Trail Characteristics in Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junga Lee ◽  
Hyung-Sook Lee ◽  
Daeyoung Jeong ◽  
C. Scott Shafer ◽  
Jinhyung Chon
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
User Perception ◽  
Virtual Tour ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vegetation Water ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Water Amount

Greenways provide multiple benefits for trail users’ individual experiences based on users’ background environment and their perceptions of characteristics such as the trail width, vegetation, water, and facilities. Although greenway trail characteristics are important factors that affect users’ preferences, only a few studies have examined individuals’ experiences of greenways based on their perceptions and preferences. The purpose of this study is to examine how greenway trails can be designed to improve users’ experiences in relation to their perceptions and preferences by considering trail characteristics. We examine the relationship between greenway trail characteristics and likability using t-tests as well as correlation and multiple regression analyses. In the current study, virtual tour surveys of greenway users were conducted, with two urban greenway trails as the study sites: Town Lake Trail in Austin, Texas, and Buffalo Bayou Trail in Houston, Texas. Perceptions of all eight greenway trail characteristics, except for background buildings, were significantly different between the trails, and a significant difference in likability was found for five characteristics (the presence of water, trail facilities, trail width, adjacent automobile traffic, and built structures on the trail). In addition, the results of the correlation and multiple regression analyses revealed that the presence of water, amount of vegetation, automobile traffic, and built structures were correlated with likability. These findings suggest that designing appropriate types of greenway trails can help increase users’ likeability ratings of urban greenways. This study contributes to the enhancement of trail environments by providing strategies for practitioners to effectively design and manage greenways.

scholarly journals Response of pollen diversity to the climate-driven altitudinal shift of vegetation in the Colombian Andes

2006 ◽  
Vol 362 (1478) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyu Weng ◽  
Henry Hooghiemstra ◽  
Joost F Duivenvoorden
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fossil Pollen ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
The Past ◽  
Colombian Andes ◽  
Altitudinal Shift ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Relationship

Change in diversity of fossil pollen through time is used as a surrogate for biodiversity history. However, there have been few studies to explore the sensitivity of the measured pollen diversity to vegetation changes and the relationship between pollen diversity and plant diversity. This paper presents results of a study to assess the relationship between pollen diversity and relative abundance of pollen from different altitudinal vegetation belts (subandean forest, Andean forest, subparamo and grassparamo) in three records from the tropical Andes in Colombia. The results indicated that plant diversity in the vegetation declined with altitude and pollen diversity is positively correlated to the abundance of pollen from lower altitude vegetation belts and negatively correlated to that from the grassparamo. These results, therefore, suggest that pollen diversity coarsely reflects the diversity of the surrounding vegetation. Using this interpretation, we were able to predict changes in plant diversity over the past 430 000 years in the Colombian Andes. Results indicated that under warmer climatic conditions, more species-diverse vegetation of low elevation moved upslope to contribute more pollen diversity to the study sites, and under colder conditions, species-poor grassparamo moved downslope and observed pollen diversity was lower. This study concludes that fossil pollen diversity may provide an important proxy to reconstruct the temporal changes in plant diversity.

scholarly journals Revision of ‘golden hour’ for hemodynamically unstable trauma patients: an analysis of nationwide hospital-based registry in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000405
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Okada ◽  
Hisashi Matsumoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Saito ◽  
Takanori Yagi ◽  
Mihye Lee
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Shock Group ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Golden Hour ◽  
Impact On Survival ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time From Injury

BackgroundThe ‘golden hour’ is a well-known concept, suggesting that shortening time from injury to definitive care is critically important for better outcome of trauma patients. However, there was no established evidence to support it. We aimed to validate the association between time to definitive care and mortality in hemodynamically unstable patients for the current trauma care settings.MethodsThe data were collected from the Japan Trauma Data Bank between 2006 and 2015. The inclusion criteria were patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) <90 mm Hg and heart rate (HR) >110 beats/min or SBP <70 mm Hg who underwent definitive care within 4 hours from the onset of injury and survived for more than 4 hours. The outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. We evaluated the relationship between time to definitive care and mortality using the generalized additive model (GAM). Subgroup analysis was also conducted using GAM after dividing the patients into the severe (SBP <70 mm Hg) and moderate (SBP ≥70 mm Hg and <90 mm Hg, and HR >110 beats/min) shock group.Results1169 patients were enrolled in this study. Of these, 386 (33.0%) died. Median time from injury to definitive care was 137 min. Only 61 patients (5.2%) received definitive care within 60 min. The GAM models demonstrated that mortality remained stable for the early phase, followed by a decrease over time. The severe shock group presented with a paradoxical decline of mortality with time, whereas the moderate shock group had a time-dependent increase in mortality.DiscussionWe did not observe the association of shorter time to definitive care with a decrease in mortality. However, this was likely an offset result of severe and moderate shock groups. The result indicated that early definitive care could have a positive impact on survival outcome of patients with moderate shock.Level of evidenceLevel Ⅳ, prognostic study,

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in Mammals: A Correlation between the Effective and Census Population Sizes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2441-2449
Author(s):  
Jennifer James ◽  
Adam Eyre-Walker
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Census Population Size ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract What determines the level of genetic diversity of a species remains one of the enduring problems of population genetics. Because neutral diversity depends upon the product of the effective population size and mutation rate, there is an expectation that diversity should be correlated to measures of census population size. This correlation is often observed for nuclear but not for mitochondrial DNA. Here, we revisit the question of whether mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity is correlated to census population size by compiling the largest data set to date, using 639 mammalian species. In a multiple regression, we find that nucleotide diversity is significantly correlated to both range size and mass-specific metabolic rate, but not a variety of other factors. We also find that a measure of the effective population size, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous diversity, is also significantly negatively correlated to both range size and mass-specific metabolic rate. These results together suggest that species with larger ranges have larger effective population sizes. The slope of the relationship between diversity and range is such that doubling the range increases diversity by 12–20%, providing one of the first quantifications of the relationship between diversity and the census population size.

Examination of the relationship between inbreeding and population size

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Relethford
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryA method is presented for examining the relationship between effective population size and accumulated random inbreeding in human populations. For a set of populations, the inverse of inbreeding is regressed on effective population size using a linear regression model. This procedure allows testing of several hypotheses regarding the common and unique influences on population structure. Deviations from the expected curve suggest demographic or historical change. This method is applied to surname data from nine Irish isolates. The results show that the method is very useful in assessing differential influences on population structure.

Influence of rodent abundance on nesting success of prairie waterfowl

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W. Brook ◽  
Maria Pasitschniak-Arts ◽  
David W. Howerter ◽  
François Messier
Keyword(s):  
Prairie Pothole Region ◽  
Microtus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rodent Abundance

Most waterfowl nesting failure in the prairie biome is attributed to predation. However, the contribution of small mammal abundance to the prairie predator–prey cycle and how this affects waterfowl productivity is not known. We modelled seasonal variability of nesting success, including a number of habitat and nest-related variables, to quantify influence of rodent abundance for prairie nesting waterfowl for six study sites in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada, 1996–1998. We estimated there is a curvilinear relationship between the abundance of meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) and the nesting success of ducks. The relationship has characteristics of the alternate prey hypothesis at low vole density and characteristics of the shared prey hypothesis at higher densities. At low vole densities, duck nests appear to be buffered from predation by voles but, at higher densities, nesting success was affected negatively. We recommend that predator–prey dynamics should be included as an integral part of management plans for nesting waterfowl and suggest further research using rigorous experiment design to elucidate mechanisms and pathways responsible for this observed relationship.

Temperature-dependent reproduction and survival of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Jansen ◽  
T. A. Bakke
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Capacity For Increase

SUMMARYThe relationship of survival and reproduction of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to water temperature (2·5–19·0 °C), was studied on the basis of temporal sequence of births and age at death of individual parasites on isolated salmon, and of infrapopulation growth on isolated and grouped salmon. Mean life-span of the parasite was negatively correlated with water temperature: 33·7 days at 2·5 °C and 4·5 days at 19·0 °C. The average number of offspring per parasite peaked between 6·5 and 13·0 °C, and was approximately 2·4 at these two temperatures. Both the period between the successive births of the offspring (max 4) and the estimated generation time were negatively correlated with temperature. The innate capacity for increase (rm) was positively correlated with temperature: from 0·02 (/parasite/day) at 2·5 °C to 0·22 (/parasite/day) at 19·0 °C. Growth of the infrapopulations was positively correlated with water temperature and was higher on isolated fish than on grouped fish, though less than the potential parasite population growth estimated from rm. In the infrapopulations the mean intensity of parasites continued to increase throughout all the experiments on both isolated fish and on grouped fish.

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