scholarly journals Corruption Scandals and Anti-Corruption Policies in Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-361
Author(s):  
Sebastián Pereyra
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The One ◽  
State Responses ◽  
Latin American Countries

The 1990s witnessed the spread of anti-corruption scandals in Latin American countries as well as a decade in which international transparency standards were developed. These two processes were closely related but they followed different local and global political dynamics. Transparency policies were perceived everywhere as a good response to the growing of corruption scandals. But, at the end of the day, the effectiveness of these policies was far from optimal. This article discusses the link between these two main aspects of the corruption as a public problem in Argentina. It reconstructs the dynamics of corruption scandals and state responses in Argentina during the 1990s, and asks how effective and efficient those responses were given the type of accusations and corruption cases exposed to the public through scandals. The hypothesis is that scandals, on the one hand, and public policy responses, on the other, refer to different aspects of the same problem and that the latter have failed to deal effectively with the demands and claims expressed through the scandals.

Woodrow Wilson and the Tradition of Dualism in Public Administration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Svara
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Elected Officials ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
The Public ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Clear Support ◽  
The Ideal

Woodrow Wilson’s early writings contributed to the emerging effort in the 1880s to redefine and reform the field of public administration and to clarify its relationship to elected officials. Wilson envisioned an active and independent administration that was accountable to elected officials for carrying out the policies they established. Administrators should display expertise and operate efficiently, yet they should be attuned to the views of the public and not seek to determine the content of public policy. Elected officials should stop intervening in determining the detailed decisions made by administrators. The central interpretation of Wilson’s views is that politics and policy, on the one hand, and administration, on the other, were not strictly divided in a dichotomous relationship. They were two distinct but interconnected parts of a duality. There was clear support for the view espoused by Wilson in the next half century and a recognition that administrators assisted elected officials in the formulation of policy. The view that the ideal relationship between elected officials and administrators was a dichotomy took hold, and some claimed that Wilson advocated this strict separation. Subsequent theorizing and empirical research by public administration scholars have clearly supported a dualistic view of the relationship and have recognized Wilson’s contribution to establishing a model for the field that would stress complementarity between elected officials and administrators, rather than dichotomy.

Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret P. Battin
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physician Assisted Suicide ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Voluntary Active Euthanasia ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The One

When the debate over euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide emerged into public consciousness in the mid-1970s, the debate got off to a rousing start, as philosophers, doctors, theologians, public-policy theorists, journalists, social advocates, and private citizens became embroiled in the debate. On the one side were liberals, who thought physician-assisted suicide and perhaps voluntary active euthanasia were ethically acceptable and should be legal; on the other side were conservatives, who believed that it was imoral and/or dangerous to legalize assisted dying as a matter of public policy. Over the next few decades in which this debate was accelerating it achieved a lively, florid richness, both as a philosophical dispute and as a broad, international public issue. This article aims to explore the richness of this debate by showing something of the terrain of the debate and the figures who have inhabited it, both the public figures and the academic ones partly behind the scenes.

scholarly journals Crimen y castigo. Una reflexión desde América Latina

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-41
Author(s):  
Luiz Octavio Coimbra ◽  
Álvaro Briones
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Delinquent Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Reintegration ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The One ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Two Alternatives

Este artículo presenta el debate entre dos visiones relativas a la forma de enfrentar el fenómeno criminal. De una parte, aquella que establece que existe en los seres humanos la capacidad de decidir de forma racional su comportamiento y elegir libremente frente a los valores contrastados del delito y su castigo. De otra, la que plantea que el fenómeno delictivo puede tener raíces en situaciones sociales y económicas frente a las cuales es posible actuar corrigiendo anomalías sociales y previniendo el delito antes de que este se cometa. Para la primera de estas visiones, la sanción penal, la cárcel, representa exclusivamente el castigo; para la segunda, es el camino de la rehabilitación y la reinserción social. El artículo muestra que, entre estas dos alternativas, en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos se ha optado durante las últimas décadas por la primera. En consecuencia, han adoptado políticas públicas de “mano dura”, que enfatizan el castigo por sobre la prevención y la rehabilitación. El artículo busca demostrar que ese camino no ha dado resultados, en relación con el objetivo de disuadir de la conducta delictual. En consecuencia, esa política debe ser modificada. Abstract This article presents the debate between two visions regarding ways to confront the criminality. On the one hand, the vision that human beings rationally decide their behavior and choose their options freely when facing the contrasted values ​​of crime and punishment. On the other hand, the idea that criminality may have roots in social and economic situations in which it is possible to act by correcting social anomalies and preventing crime. For the first of these visions, the penal sanction, the prison, represents exclusively the punishment; for the second, it is the path of rehabilitation and social reintegration. The article shows that, between these two alternatives, most Latin American countries have opted for the first during the last decades. Consequently, they have adopted “iron-fist” public policies, which emphasize the punishment instead of prevention and rehabilitation. The article seeks to demonstrate that this path has not yielded results in relation to the objective of dissuading delinquent behavior. Consequently, that policy must be modified.

State of Fashion: Searching for the New Luxury

APRIA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
José Teunissen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Century Model ◽  
Cocktail Party ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In the last few years, it has often been said that the current fashion system is outdated, still operating by a twentieth-century model that celebrates the individualism of the 'star designer'. In I- D, Sarah Mower recently stated that for the last twenty years, fashion has been at a cocktail party and has completely lost any connection with the public and daily life. On the one hand, designers and big brands experience the enormous pressure to produce new collections at an ever higher pace, leaving less room for reflection, contemplation, and innovation. On the other hand, there is the continuous race to produce at even lower costs and implement more rapid life cycles, resulting in disastrous consequences for society and the environment.

scholarly journals A Public Safety Compliance Model of Safety Behaviors in the Age of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 004695802110313
Author(s):  
Mohammad Al-Bsheish ◽  
Mu’taman Jarrar ◽  
Amanda Scarbrough
Keyword(s):  
Public Safety ◽  
The Other ◽  
Safety Behaviors ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Safety Compliance ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Compliance Model ◽  
Entire World ◽  
The One

The outbreak of COVID-19 has placed a heavy burden on society, threatening the future of the entire world as the pandemic has hit health systems and economic sectors hard. Where time moves fast, continuing curfews and lockdown is impossible. This paper assembles three main safety behaviors, social distancing, wearing a facemask, and hygiene in one model (PSC Triangle) to be practiced by the public. Integrating public safety compliance with these behaviors is the main recommendation to slow the spread of COVID-19. Although some concerns and challenges face these practices, the shifting of public behaviors to be more safety-centered is appropriate and available as an urgent desire exists to return to normal life on the one hand and the medical effort to find effective cure or vaccine that has not yet succeeded on the other hand. Recommendations to enhance public safety compliance are provided.

scholarly journals When Does the Public Get It Right? The Information Environment and the Accuracy of Economic Sentiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 001041402198975
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Carlin ◽  
Timothy Hellwig ◽  
Gregory J. Love ◽  
Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo ◽  
Matthew M. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Quality Information ◽  
The Media ◽  
Latin American Countries

Public evaluations of the economy are key for understanding how citizens develop policy opinions and monitor government performance. But what drives economic evaluations? In this article, we argue the context in which information about the economy is distributed shapes economic perceptions. In high-quality information environments—where policies are transparent, the media is free, and political opposition is robust—mass perceptions closely track economic conditions. In contrast, compromised information environments provide openings for political manipulation, leading perceptions to deviate from business cycle fluctuations. We test our argument with unique data from eight Latin American countries. Results show restrictions on access to information distort the public’s view of economic performance. The ability of voters to sanction governments is stronger when democratic institutions and the media protect citizens’ access to independent, unbiased information. Our findings highlight the importance of accurate evaluations of the economy for government accountability and democratic responsiveness.

scholarly journals Heritage Artefacts in the COVID-19 Era: The Aura and Authenticity of 3D Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 519-539
Author(s):  
Thiago Minete Cardozo ◽  
Costas Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
The One ◽  
Digital Engagement

Abstract Museums have been increasingly investing in their digital presence. This became more pressing during the COVID-19 pandemic since heritage institutions had, on the one hand, to temporarily close their doors to visitors while, on the other, find ways to communicate their collections to the public. Virtual tours, revamped websites, and 3D models of cultural artefacts were only a few of the means that museums devised to create alternative ways of digital engagement and counteract the physical and social distancing measures. Although 3D models and collections provide novel ways to interact, visualise, and comprehend the materiality and sensoriality of physical objects, their mediation in digital forms misses essential elements that contribute to (virtual) visitor/user experience. This article explores three-dimensional digitisations of museum artefacts, particularly problematising their aura and authenticity in comparison to their physical counterparts. Building on several studies that have problematised these two concepts, this article establishes an exploratory framework aimed at evaluating the experience of aura and authenticity in 3D digitisations. This exploration allowed us to conclude that even though some aspects of aura and authenticity are intrinsically related to the physicality and materiality of the original, 3D models can still manifest aura and authenticity, as long as a series of parameters, including multimodal contextualisation, interactivity, and affective experiences are facilitated.

Scenarios as Tools of the Scientific Imagination: The Case of Climate Projections

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-61
Author(s):  
Michael Poznic ◽  
Rafaela Hillerbrand
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Scientific Imagination

Climatologists have recently introduced a distinction between projections as scenario-based model results on the one hand and predictions on the other hand. The interpretation and usage of both terms is, however, not univocal. It is stated that the ambiguities of the interpretations may cause problems in the communication of climate science within the scientific community and to the public realm. This paper suggests an account of scenarios as props in games of make-belive. With this account, we explain the difference between projections that should be make-believed and other model results that should be believed.

The Epidemiology of Drug Promotion

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Silverman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corporate Ethics ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
The One ◽  
Global Company ◽  
Latin American Countries

A survey was conducted on the promotion of 28 prescription drugs in the form of 40 different products marketed in the United States and Latin America by 23 multinational pharmaceutical companies. Striking differences were found in the manner in which the identical drug, marketed by the identical company or its foreign affiliate, was described to physicians in the United States and to physicians in Latin America. In the United States, the listed indications were usually few in number, while the contraindications, warnings, and potential adverse reactions were given in extensive detail. In Latin America, the listed indications were far more numerous, while the hazards were usually minimized, glossed over, or totally ignored. The differences were not simply between the United States on the one hand and all the Latin American countries on the other. There were substantial differences within Latin America, with the same global company telling one story in Mexico, another in Central America, a third in Ecuador and Colombia, and yet another in Brazil. The companies have sought to defend these practices by contending that they are not breaking any Latin American laws. In some countries, however, such promotion is in clear violation of the law. The corporate ethics and social responsibilities concerned here call for examination and action.

scholarly journals Compadrio in rural Brazil: structural analysis of a ritual institution

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-112
Author(s):  
Antonio A. Arantes
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The Other ◽  
Virgin Birth ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Complementary Problems ◽  
The One

This structural analysis focuses on the compadrio system. The empirical background is provided by observation carried out among sertanejo peasants of Bahia in the late 1960s and by the literature on the Latin American and Southern European variants of this institution. It is mainly concerned with two complementary problems. On the one hand, to draw a model that might represent that institution's elementary structure, virtually present in the variants of this system; on the other, to offer an interpretation of its meaning, by contrasting it with elements of the kinship and marriage systems, and taking in consideration the peasants' religious background. This exercise was inspired by Edmund Leach's Rethinking anthropology and his ideas about the Virgin Birth. Analytical perspectives for further research are suggested.

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