scholarly journals Revisiting a Dramatic Triangle: The State, Villagers, and Social Activists in Chinese Rural Reconstruction Projects

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Thøgersen
Keyword(s):  
Community Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Social Activists ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
State Actors

As part of the movement to “construct a new socialist countryside”, Chinese officials and social activists are experimenting with transforming rural social and economic relations. They often draw on discourses dating back to the Rural Reconstruction Movement of the 1920s and 1930s, which saw urban intellectuals making similar efforts to modernize the villages and their inhabitants. This paper analyses the different types of relationships between the state, social activists, and villagers in a number of rural reconstruction projects. The state is still the major player in this field, but traditional top-down procedures are often perceived to be unproductive when it comes to micro-level community building, so state actors are forced to find allies among village elites and social activists.

State Actor Dynamics in Brunei’s Healthcare Policies

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syazana Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
State Actor ◽  
State Actors

This study seeks to ascertain the state actor dynamics in Brunei’s healthcare policies from the perspectives of an Islamic system of governance, by first identifying the state actors, or institutions, involved in influencing, formulating and implementing Brunei’s healthcare policies. The ‘IGC Matrix’ is employed to establish the Islamic health ‘sets of expectations’ (SoEs), particularly in terms of prevention and treatment, and medical ethics, primarily derived from the Qur’ān and Prophet Muhammadﷺ’s Sunnah, in order to construct for this study a framework of reference. The SoEs are then compared against Brunei’s healthcare policies and activities to determine how much of the Islamic health SoEs are met. This study reveals that Brunei’s healthcare policies are largely motivated by non-Islamic inspirations, specifically by the World Health Organisation (WHO), but with numerous overlaps with Islamic demands. In other words, Brunei’s healthcare policies may be stemmed from a non-Islamic influence, but it does not necessarily mean that they are un-Islamic. And most, if not all, of Brunei’s healthcare policies demonstrate a top-down approach, where the state actors play a crucial role in shaping Brunei’s dynamical SoEs.

State Complexity of Regular Tree Languages for Tree Matching

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (08) ◽  
pp. 965-979
Author(s):  
Sang-Ki Ko ◽  
Ha-Rim Lee ◽  
Yo-Sub Han
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Matching Problem ◽  
Tree Language ◽  
State Complexity ◽  
Regular Tree ◽  
Language L ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tree Languages

We study the state complexity of regular tree languages for tree matching problem. Given a tree t and a set of pattern trees L, we can decide whether or not there exists a subtree occurrence of trees in L from the tree t by considering the new language L′ which accepts all trees containing trees in L as subtrees. We consider the case when we are given a set of pattern trees as a regular tree language and investigate the state complexity. Based on the sequential and parallel tree concatenation, we define three types of tree languages for deciding the existence of different types of subtree occurrences. We also study the deterministic top-down state complexity of path-closed languages for the same problem.

scholarly journals Inconsistencies and Adjustments in Language Policy: Evidence from the Linguistic Landscape

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Selim Ben-Said
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
State Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
Attitudinal Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Emergent Language

Taking effect immediately following Tunisia’s independence, Arabization has achieved mixed results with Arabic institutionally empowered but still competing with French. In fact, when examining the linguistic landscape, this monolingual policy is flouted both in terms of the bilingual Arabic-French Street signage but also challenged by people’s preferences. This paper examines inconsistencies between Arabic as the ‘language of the state’ (government-decreed), and the omnipresence of other ‘languages in the state’ (observed in representation and practice) in Tunisia. Street signage artefacts and attitudinal data also illustrate how language policies are responded to and experienced by Tunisians. Data consists of different types of private inscriptions and public signs, governmental decrees, as well as attitudinal surveys and interviews. The juxtaposition of urban signs with the official policy on multilingualism provides an illustrative account of the complexities of the linguistic situation in Tunisia, which blends top-down advocacies of Arabization, ambivalent attitudes to Arabic-French Bilingualism, as well as a growing interest in English as the emergent language of globalization.

Thinking of Crime: The State, Migrant Population and the Missing Justice

Social Change ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004908572110121
Author(s):  
G. N. Devy
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Social Activists ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
Prevention Act ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Colonial Government

This lecture discusses the ‘idea of crime’ as it was understood by the colonial establishment and also as understood by the present government. In 1871, Lord Mayo introduced the bill leading to the infamous Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) which led to the segregation of a certain set of professions and lifestyles from the rest of society. The segregation was given a concrete form with the creation of penal settlements by the colonial government. The communities brought under the provisions of the CTA are now known as Denotified Tribes, not to be mistaken with adivasis. Mostly nomadic in habit, the Denotified and Nomadic Tribes have suffered the worst humiliation in the history of modern India. In recent decades, the idea of crime has also been associated with non-state actors in order to deal with terrorism. However, the provisions of laws made towards this objective, such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967, are being used speciously to restrain social activists and thinkers. This has raised many questions in recent years. The theme of this lecture outlines the gap between the idea of crime and the idea of justice that needs to be bridged in the interests of deepening democracy in India.

scholarly journals Innovators and Implementers: The Multilevel Politics of Civil Society Governance in Rural China

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 22-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Newland
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Rural China ◽  
The State ◽  
Career Goals ◽  
Personal Benefit ◽  
Multilevel Politics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Career Incentives

AbstractEarly literature on China's civil society focused on organizations’ autonomy from the state. However, the precise ways in which these organizations are dependent on the state – and on individual officials – are less well understood. I argue that NGOs depend on different types of officials whose career incentives vary, with significant implications for relationships with non-state actors. One set of officials, innovators, seeks rapid promotion and uses civil society partnerships to gain higher-level attention. Innovators’ career goals lead them to provide support for NGOs; however, excessive reliance on innovators can force organizations to stray from their mission and can weaken their long-term position in a given locality. A second set of officials, implementers, seeks stability and security. Cognizant of the risks of partnering with non-state actors, these officials are sometimes forced by their superiors to engage with NGOs but see little personal benefit in doing so. These findings suggest the importance of China's multilevel political structure for state–society relations.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL PRE-CONDITIONS OF ORIGIN AND BECOMING OF ACCOUNTING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Sakun
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Commodity Exchange ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Exchange Relations ◽  
Objective Necessity

The article is devoted determination and description of historical pre-conditions of origin and becoming of accounting. The different scientific going is analysed near the question of origin and origin of accounting. In the context of origin and becoming of accounting expedient is determination, which one pre-conditions are events, historical the stages, separate, persons influenced on forming of accounting as sciences. Understanding and systematization of historical aspects enables to understand the modern flows of accounting science and determination of subsequent directions of its development. It should be noted that most scientists are linked by the origins of accounting with the epoch of paleolith, exactly on this stage an awareness took place a man itself as parts of company. Systematization of basic factors and pre-conditions which influenced on appearance and development of accounting is carried out. All pre-conditions are grouped in such groups: material; historical; pre-conditions by A.Ch. Littlton. To historical pre-conditions most scientists take appearance: languages; to the written language; arithmetics; money; development of trade; invention of paper and computing engineering. The necessity of account is engendered with beginning of conduct of housekeeping a man and origin commodity exchange relations. In a period, when people began to make more than could use and began to be exchanged the different types of products and wares (natural form of exchange), there was an objective necessity to fix an amount and presence of tailings of the articles of exchange. Certainly, that progress, stability, more complete realization of public necessities, development of institute of the state and economic relations, internationalization of trade and appearance of peculiar, assisted development of accounting.

R2P’s Next Ten Years

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
International Society ◽  
The State ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Political Consensus ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Atrocity Crimes ◽  
Outcome Document

This chapter argues that, although the principle of R2P was initially underpinned by strongly cosmopolitan roots, since 2009 it has been defined and implemented in ways that elevate the importance of state responsibility. This trend may have fostered political consensus and given R2P added normative grounding, but it has also obscured both the challenges posed by non-state actors and the opportunities for implementation that exist beyond and below the state. R2P implementation in the next decade will be advanced by micro-level efforts to embed atrocity crime prevention and response into the work of a variety of actors in international society. This agenda requires not only increased attention to those regional or local actors in a position to prevent or respond to atrocity crimes, but also deeper engagement with the specific elements of each of the four crimes and violations specified in the 2005 Summit Outcome Document.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

Transformation of Scientific Approaches to the Practice of Regulating the Socio-Economic Development of a Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
N. P. Molchanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Legislative Framework

The paper deals with the methodology and practice of the state regulation of the regional economy based on the legislative framework and works of Russian scientists in the historical context with account for the specifics of the current period of market transformation. The subject of research is organizational and economic relations, aimed at improving the management efficiency of regional socio-economic development. The purpose of research was to identify the key problems of the regional economy regulation preventing the balanced functioning of administrative-territorial entities and substantiate the need to boost measures of state support. Based on the dialectical cognition method and the system approach, the positions of leading scientists and scientific schools on topical issues of the regional economy as a scientific discipline were analyzed, which made it possible to identify the main reasons hampering socio-economic transformations and justify measures for running a more active regional policy. It is concluded that consistent improvement of methodological and organizational approaches creates prerequisites for improving the results of the socio-economic development at the regional level; however, in the current situation of the macroeconomic instability serious problems may arise to be resolved primarily by the state regulation.

scholarly journals Neoliberal State Intervention and the Power of Community in Urban Regeneration: An Empirical Study of Three Village Redevelopment Projects in Guangzhou, China

2021 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2199466
Author(s):  
Siu Wai Wong ◽  
Xingguang Chen ◽  
Bo-sin Tang ◽  
Jinlong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Urban Regeneration ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
The City

A key theme in urban governance research is how neoliberalism reshapes the state–society relationship. Our study on Guangzhou, where urban regeneration through massive redevelopment of “villages-in-the-city” uncovered interactions between the state, market, and community in local governance, contributes to this debate. Based on intensive field research to analyze three projects, we find that what really controls neoliberal growth in China is not simply the authoritarian tradition of the socialist state but also the power of the indigenous village communities. Our findings suggest that state intervention for community building is vital for rebalancing power relations between the state, market, and community.

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