scholarly journals Identification of the Chemical Constituents in Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Responsible for Thermogenesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuto Nishidono ◽  
Azis Saifudin ◽  
Mikio Nishizawa ◽  
Takashi Fujita ◽  
Masatoshi Nakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Alkyl Side Chains ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
Red Ginger ◽  
Related Compounds

To compare the thermogenic properties of crude drugs derived from ginger, the activities to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) of methanol extracts of “Shokyo” (dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. rubens), “Kankyo” (steamed and dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. rubens), “Red ginger” (Indonesian dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. rubrum) and “White ginger” (Indonesian dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. amarum), were examined. The extracts of the four specimens were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that “Shokyo” and “White ginger” strongly stimulated PGC-1α and that the amount of [10]-shogaol (6) in these was higher than in “Kankyo” and “Red ginger”. Gingerol-related compounds were isolated or prepared in order to identify the compounds responsible for stimulating PGC-1α. As a result, [10]-gingerol (3), [10]-shogaol (6), [10]-gingerdiols (11, 12) and [10]-gingerdiols 3,5-diacetate (17, 18) were identified as the active constituents, while the main constituents, [6]-gingerol (1) and [6]-shogaol (4), did not show any significant PGC-1α activity. These results suggest that gingerol-related compounds with long alkyl side chains contribute to the thermogenic properties of ginger.

scholarly journals Overcompensation of CoA Trapping by Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Metabolites in Livers of Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13489
Author(s):  
David Hala ◽  
Lene H. Petersen ◽  
Duane B. Huggett ◽  
Michelle A. Puchowicz ◽  
Henri Brunengraber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Malonyl Coa ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Dehp Exposure ◽  
Plastic Products

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is commonly used as a plasticizer in various industrial and household plastic products, ensuring widespread human exposures. Its routine detection in human bio-fluids and the propensity of its monoester metabolite to activate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) and perturb lipid metabolism implicate it as a metabolic disrupter. In this study we evaluated the effects of DEHP exposure on hepatic levels of free CoA and various CoA esters, while also confirming the metabolic activation to CoA esters and partial β-oxidation of a DEHP metabolite (2-ethyhexanol). Male Wistar rats were exposed via diet to 2% (w/w) DEHP for fourteen-days, following which hepatic levels of free CoA and various CoA esters were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. DEHP exposed rats showed significantly elevated free CoA and increased levels of physiological, DEHP-derived and unidentified CoA esters. The physiological CoA ester of malonyl-CoA and DEHP-derived CoA ester of 3-keto-2-ethylhexanoyl-CoA were the most highly elevated, at eighteen- and ninety eight-times respectively. We also detected sixteen unidentified CoA esters which may be derivative of DEHP metabolism or induction of other intermediary metabolism metabolites. Our results demonstrate that DEHP is a metabolic disrupter which affects production and sequestration of CoA, an essential cofactor of oxidative and biosynthetic reactions.

scholarly journals Shugan Xiaozhi Decoction Attenuates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Enhancing PPARαand L-FABP Expressions in High-Fat-Fed Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-feng Xing ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Wen-Jun Fu ◽  
Da-qiao Zhou ◽  
Ailsa Chui-ying Yuen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Shugan Xiaozhi decoction (SX) on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by high-fat diet in rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, namely, control, model, fenofibrate, and three different dosage of SX (10, 20, and 40 g/kg/day, p.o.). After establishing the NASH model, at 8 weeks of the experiment, treatments were administrated intragastrically to the fenofibrate and SX groups. All rats were killed after 4 weeks of treatment. Compared with the model group, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), free fatty acid (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) serum in the serum were significantly reduced in all SX treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. Evidence showed that SX could protect the liver by upregulating the gene and protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in a dose-dependent manner. Chemical constituents of SX were further analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) and 30 chemicals in the ethanolic extract were tentatively identified. To conclude, our results clearly indicated that SX could protect liver functions and relieve hepatic steatosis and inflammation.

scholarly journals RED GINGER (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum): ITS CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND SAFETY

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Rini Daud Supu ◽  
Ajeng Diantini ◽  
Jutti Levita
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbal Supplements ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Red Ginger ◽  
Anti Inflammation

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, was first cultivated in Asia (Indonesia and Malaysia). This plant is one of the most commonly used herbal supplements taken by many patients to treat various conditions. Z.officinale has three varieties based on its size, colors of rhizome and chemical constituents i.e. .Z. officinale var. officinale (big white ginger or giant ginger, badak or gajah), Z. officinale var. amarum (small white ginger, emprit), and Z. officinale var. rubrum (small red ginger, merah or beureum). These three varieties may partly be deferred from their essential oil contents and are used for different purposes. The essential oils contained in Z. officinale var. rubrum are higher than the other types of ginger, which makes stronger in its pungency smell and taste. There are many studies that confirm beneficial effects of red ginger against the symptoms of diseases, i.e. anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antiemetic, antibacterial and antidiabetics. Z.officinale var. rubrum is considered to be a safe herbal medicine with only few and insignificant adverse/side effects. Although the medicinal properties of red ginger have been known, further trials in humans are required to determine the efficacy of red ginger (or one or more of its constituents) and to establish what, if any, adverse effects are observed.

scholarly journals Major Phytocannabinoids and Their Related Compounds: Should We Only Search for Drugs That Act on Cannabinoid Receptors?

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1823
Author(s):  
Leontina Elena Filipiuc ◽  
Daniela Carmen Ababei ◽  
Teodora Alexa-Stratulat ◽  
Cosmin Vasilica Pricope ◽  
Veronica Bild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Vanilloid Receptor 1 ◽  
Structure Modulation ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Related Compounds

The most important discoveries in pharmacology, such as certain classes of analgesics or chemotherapeutics, started from natural extracts which have been found to have effects in traditional medicine. Cannabis, traditionally used in Asia for the treatment of pain, nausea, spasms, sleep, depression, and low appetite, is still a good candidate for the development of new compounds. If initially all attention was directed to the endocannabinoid system, recent studies suggest that many of the clinically proven effects are based on an intrinsic chain of mechanisms that do not necessarily involve only cannabinoid receptors. Recent research has shown that major phytocannabinoids and their derivatives also interact with non-cannabinoid receptors such as vanilloid receptor 1, transient receptor ankyrin 1 potential, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma or glitazone receptor, G55 protein-coupled receptor, and nuclear receptor, producing pharmacological effects in diseases such as Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, cancer, and diabetes. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of these compounds. Structure modulation of phytocannabinoids, in order to improve pharmacological effects, should not be limited to the exploration of cannabinoid receptors, and it should target other courses of action discovered through recent research.

scholarly journals The Chemical Constituents from Fruits of Catalpa bignonioides Walt. and Their α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Insulin Secretion Effect

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Youngse Oh ◽  
Dahae Lee ◽  
SeonJu Park ◽  
Seung Hyun Kim ◽  
Ki Sung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion

Catalpa pod has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in South America. Studies on the constituents of Catalpa species have shown that it is rich in iridoids. In the present study, three previously undescribed compounds (2–4), including two secoiridoid derivatives along with twelve known compounds, were isolated from the fruits of Catalpa bignonioides Walt. In addition, fully assigned 13C-NMR of 5,6-dihydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone-6-O-sophoroside (1) is reported for the first time in the present study. The structures of compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, 1D, and 2D NMR, mass spectroscopy, and CD spectroscopic data. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among the tested compounds, compounds 2, 3, and 9 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme assay. Meanwhile, the effect of compounds 2, 3, and 9 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was measured using pancreatic β-cells. Compounds 2, 3, and 9 exhibited non-cytotoxicity-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. The expression levels of proteins associated with β-cell function and insulin secretion such as phosphorylation of total insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, activated pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were increased in INS-1 cells after treatment with compounds 2, 3, and 9. The findings of the present study could provide a scientific warrant for their application as a potential antidiabetic agent.

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