Metallic: A Bivalent Ambimodal Material Property?

Many metallic visual stimuli, especially the so-called precious metals, have long had a rich symbolic meaning for humans. Intriguingly, however, while metallic is used to describe sensations associated with pretty much every sensory modality, the descriptor is normally positively valenced in the case of vision while typically being negatively valenced in the case of those metallic sensations that are elicited by the stimulation of the chemical senses. In fact, outside the visual modality, metallic would often appear to be used to describe those sensations that are unfamiliar and unpleasant as much as to refer to any identifiable perceptual quality (or attribute). In this review, we assess those sensory stimuli that people choose to refer to as metallic, summarising the multiple, often symbolic, meanings of (especially precious) metals. The evidence of positively valenced sensation transference from metallic serviceware (e.g., plates, cups, and cutlery) to the food and drink with which it comes into contact is also reviewed.

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Neuroscience of synesthesia and cross-modal associations

Reviews in the Neurosciences ◽

10.1515/revneuro-2014-0033 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marcel Neckar ◽

Petr Bob

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Sensory Modality ◽

Subjective Experiences ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Behavioral Aspects ◽

Stimulation Of

AbstractSynesthesia is a condition in which stimulation of one sensory modality causes unusual experiences in a different, unstimulated modality. Recent findings suggest that research on synesthesia offers a unique opportunity to study the neural basis of subjective experiences in healthy and pathological brains. This review summarizes and reflects current knowledge concerning synesthesia in its various aspects, including its cognitive, neural, and behavioral aspects. In this context, recent data suggest new connections between specific conditions related to synesthesic mechanisms and association processes linked to construction of synesthetic cross-modal metaphors that may play a role in psychopathological thinking and imagination.

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A Reexamination of Some Nonverbal Perceptual Abilities of Language-Impaired and Normal Children as a Function of Age and Sensory Modality

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.2403.351 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 351-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Paula Tallal ◽

Rachel Stark ◽

Clayton Kallman ◽

David Mellits

Keyword(s):

Sensory Modality ◽

Important Variable ◽

Control Group ◽

Visual Modality ◽

Auditory Modality ◽

Normal Children ◽

Language Impaired ◽

Perceptual Performance ◽

In Series ◽

Perceptual Abilities

A battery of nonverbal perceptual and memory tests were given to 35 language-impaired (LI) and 38 control subjects. Three modalities of tests were given: auditory, visual, and cross-modal (auditory and visual). The purpose was to reexamine some nonverbal perceptual and memory abilities of LI children as a function of age and modality of stimulation. Results failed to replicate previous findings of a temporal processing deficit that is specific to the auditory modality in LI children. The LI group made significantly more errors than did controls regardless of modality of stimulation when 2-item sequences were presented rapidly, or when more than two stimuli were presented in series. However, further analyses resolved this apparent conflict between the present and earlier studies by demonstrating that age is an important variable underlying modality specificity of perceptual performance in LI children. Whereas younger LI children were equally impaired when responding to stimuli presented rapidly to the auditory and visual modality, older LI subjects made nearly twice as many errors responding to rapidly presented auditory rather than visual stimuli. This developmental difference did not occur for the control group.

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Multimodal Medullary Neurons and Correlational Linkages of the Respiratory Network

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.188 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 188-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Zhongzeng Li ◽

Kendall F. Morris ◽

David M. Baekey ◽

Roger Shannon ◽

Bruce G. Lindsey

Keyword(s):

Firing Rate ◽

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽

Motor Pattern ◽

Sensory Modality ◽

Spike Trains ◽

Negative Feedback Regulation ◽

Firing Rates ◽

Respiratory Network ◽

Cross Correlation Analysis ◽

Stimulation Of

This study addresses the hypothesis that multiple sensory systems, each capable of reflexly altering breathing, jointly influence neurons of the brain stem respiratory network. Carotid chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and foot pad nociceptors were stimulated sequentially in 33 Dial-urethan–anesthetized or decerebrate vagotomized adult cats. Neuronal impulses were monitored with microelectrode arrays in the rostral and caudal ventral respiratory group (VRG), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and n. raphe obscurus. Efferent phrenic nerve activity was recorded. Spike trains of 889 neurons were analyzed with cycle-triggered histograms and tested for respiratory-modulated firing rates. Responses to stimulus protocols were assessed with peristimulus time and cumulative sum histograms. Cross-correlation analysis was used to test for nonrandom temporal relationships between spike trains. Spike-triggered averages of efferent phrenic activity and antidromic stimulation methods provided evidence for functional associations of bulbar neurons with phrenic motoneurons. Spike train cross-correlograms were calculated for 6,471 pairs of neurons. Significant correlogram features were detected for 425 pairs, including 189 primary central peaks or troughs, 156 offset peaks or troughs, and 80 pairs with multiple peaks and troughs. The results provide evidence that correlational medullary assemblies include neurons with overlapping memberships in groups responsive to different sets of sensory modalities. The data suggest and support several hypotheses concerning cooperative relationships that modulate the respiratory motor pattern. 1) Neurons responsive to a single tested modality promote or limit changes in firing rate of multimodal target neurons. 2) Multimodal neurons contribute to changes in firing rate of neurons responsive to a single tested modality. 3) Multimodal neurons may promote responses during stimulation of one modality and “limit” changes in firing rates during stimulation of another sensory modality. 4) Caudal VRG inspiratory neurons have inhibitory connections that provide negative feedback regulation of inspiratory drive and phase duration.

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Synaesthesia in Autism

Autism and Developmental Disorders ◽

10.17759/autdd.2016140302 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 21-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

O.B. Bogdashina

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽

Sensory Modality ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Stimulation Of

Synaesthesia — a phenomenon of perception, when stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a perception in one or more other sensory modalities. Synaesthesia is not uniform and can manifest itself in different ways. As the sensations and their interpretation vary in different periods of time, it makes it hard to study this phenom¬enon. The article presents the classification of different forms of synaesthesia, including sensory and cognitive; and bimodal and multimodal synaesthesia. Some synaesthetes have several forms and variants of synaesthesia, while others – just one form of it. Although synaesthesia is not specific to autism spectrum disorders, it is quite common among autistic individuals. The article deals with the most common forms of synaesthesia in autism, advantages and problems of synesthetic perception in children with autism spectrum disorders, and provides some advice to parents how to recognise synaesthesia in children with autism.

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MAKNA SIMBOLIK TOR-TO RSOMBAH DALAM UPACARA ADAT KEMATIAN SAYUR MATUA PADA MASYARAKAT SUKU BATAK SIMALUNGUN

Gelar : Jurnal Seni Budaya ◽

10.33153/glr.v16i2.2490 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 219

Author(s):

Febrina Athylata Purba ◽

S Slamet

Keyword(s):

Social System ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Field Data ◽

Symbolic Meaning ◽

Hand Gestures ◽

Field Data Collection ◽

Symbolic Meanings ◽

The Relationship ◽

Musical Accompaniment ◽

Tor Tor

Penelitian yang berjudul “Makna Simbolik Tor-torsombah Dalam Upacara Adat Kematian Sayur Matua Pada Masyarakat Suku Batak Simalungun” merupakan bentuk pertunjukan tari yang terkait dalam upacara adat kematian sayur matua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali makna simbolik Tor-tor Sombah dalam upacara adat kematian sayur matua, bagaimana hubungan antara Tor-tor Sombah Sombah dengan upacara adat kematian sayur matua pada masyarakat suku Batak Simalungun, serta bentuk pertunjukan Tor-tor Sombah Sombah dalam upacara adat kematian sayur matua. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini diungkapkan dengan mendeskripsikan bentuk dari Tor-tor Sombah Tor-tor Sombah yang dilihat dari elemen-elemen koreografi dengan dibantu oleh notasi laban dan dianalisis dengan memakai teori dari Laban yaitu effort dan shape. Selain itu juga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis makna simbolis Tor-tor Sombah yang dilihat dari dua bagian yaitu aspek dalam dan aspek luar dengan konsep dari Allegra Fuller Synder. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnokoreologi. Teknik pengumpulan data lapangan menggunakan model dari Kurath dengan metode etnografi tari. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Tor-tor Sombah Tor-tor Sombah dalam upacara adat kematian sayur matua bagi masyarakat suku Batak Simalungun dilaksanakan sebagai penyampaian rasa hormat anak kepada orang tua yang sudah meninggal. Tor-tor Sombah dalam kehidupan masyarakat suku Batak Simalungun saling berkaitan dan merupakan bagian dari adat yang digerakkan secara simbolis pada upacara adat. Tor-tor Sombah memiliki makna dan simbol dalam unsur sajian yang ditampilkan yaitu: dalam gerak tangan, iringan musik, busana, tata rias, properti, dan umpasa. Gerakan pada tangan yang terdapat dalam Tor-tor Sombah mempunyai tigabentuk, yaitu :sombah, mangalo-alo, mamasu-masu. Selain menunjukkan bahwa Tor-tor Sombah memiliki makna simbolik, berkaitan juga sebagai media komunikasi, dan melalui gerak yang disajikan terjadi interaksi antar peserta upacara. Tor-tor Sombah menjadi bagian dari kebudayaan yang berfungsi untuk menjaga serta mempertahankan kelangsungan sistem sosialnya pada masyarakat suku Batak Simalungun. Kata kunci: or-tor Sombah, Upacara Adat Kematian Sayur Matua Batak Simalungun, Koreografi, Makna Simbolik. ABSTRACT The study entitled “Makna Simbolik Tor-tor Sombah Dalam Upacara Adat Kematian Sayur Matua Pada Masyarakat Suku Batak Simalungun” is a form of dance performance concerning the traditional ceremony of Sayur Matua death. This study aims to explore the symbolic meaning of Tor-tor Sombah in Sayur Matua death ceremony, how the relationship between Tor-tor Sombah and the traditional ceremony of Sayur Matua death in Batak Simalungun tribe, as well as the form of Tor-tor Sombah performance at the ceremony of Sayur Matua death. The problems in this study are expressed by describing the form of Tor-tor Sombah Tor-tor Sombah which is seen from the choreographic elements through Laban notation and is analyzed by using Laban theories, namely effort and shape. In addition, this study also aims to analyze the symbolic meaning of Tor-tor Sombah based on the inner and outer aspects with the concept of Allegra Fuller Synder. The data is collected by using qualitative method with an ethnochoreological approach. The Field data collection uses models fromKurath through dance ethnographic methods. The results of the study show that Tor-tor Sombah in Sayur Matua death ceremony in Batak Simalungun tribe represents the delivery of children’s respect towards their deceased parents. The Tor- tor Sombah is interrelated with the life of Batak Simalungun tribe and is part of the custom that is symbolically presented in traditional ceremonies. Tor-tor Sombah has meanings and symbols in the elements of presentation, namely: hand gestures, musical accompaniment, costume, make-up, property, and umpasa. There are three forms of hand gestures in the Tor-tor Sombah, namely: sombah, mangalo alo, mamasu-masu. Besides the symbolic meaning contained in Tor-tor Sombah, it also represents a medium of communication. The presented movement causes an interaction among the participants of the ceremony. The Tor-tor Sombah is part of a culture that serves to maintain the continuity of its social system in Batak Simalungun tribe. Keywords: Tor-tor Sombah, Traditional Ceremony of Sayur Matua Death of Batak Simalungun, Choreography, Symbolic Meanings.

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From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image

Linguistics ◽

10.12958/2227-2631-2021-2-44-38-52 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 38-52

Author(s):

Oksana Simovych ◽

Keyword(s):

Linguistic Analysis ◽

Symbolic Meaning ◽

Demarcation Line ◽

Concrete Situation ◽

General Semantics ◽

The World ◽

Symbolic Meanings ◽

The Subject ◽

World Image

This article «From Ladder and Thread to Heaven: The Symbolic Meaning of the Path in a Fragment of the Linguistic World Image» explores the problem of the analysis of folk customs. These customs could be verbalized both in folk texts and in dialects. The specifics of this study lie in the linguistic analysis of the symbols which are usually interpreted as folk customs and folk objects. However, the symbolism of the objects in national customs causes the development of a symbolic meaning of the respective word that defines these objects. In this way, many symbols in folk customs become verbal, and the context of the custom creates a foundation for the development of the symbolic meaning. The verbal symbols analyzed are a «thread», a «ball of twine», a «ladder», a «bridge» and a «cross». In the national Ukrainian linguistic space, these words have the general semantics of the ‘connection between worlds’. It is stressed that the symbolic meaning of the (celestial) ladder has been discovered in the biblical context. This is also relevant for the clarification of the subject of continuity in the development of the symbolic meanings, which are also documented in the Ukrainian context. A concrete situation in linguistics and custom creates conditions under which arise symbolic co-meanings that develop in the framework of the same main symbolic archetypical meaning. All analyzed symbols belong to the archetypical ones. That is why they have been also discovered with the same semantics in other languages. This is the reason why the analysis of such symbols requires not only facts documented in the dictionaries and texts in Ukrainian, but also information about the respective symbol in other linguistic cultures. It is also pointed out that the thread is analyzed as an apotropaic symbol. This word has also been documented linguistically as a symbol of the demarcation line between one’s own world and the world of «others».

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Features of Design of Gardens and Parks with Symbolic Meaning in Shymkent City—Kazakhstan

Open House International ◽

10.1108/ohi-01-2019-b0012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 98-106

Author(s):

Akmaral Yussupova ◽

Liu Songfu ◽

Ardasher Namazbay ◽

Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi

Keyword(s):

Landscape Architecture ◽

Arid Zone ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Symbolic Meaning ◽

Cultural Traditions ◽

Design Structure ◽

Symbolic Meanings ◽

Ornamental Art ◽

Socio Economic Factors

This study investigated the emerging progressive use of ornamental art in the landscape architecture of Kazakhstan and determined the influence of symbolism on the quality of new urban environments. The study analysed the existing recreational facilities in Kazakhstan in order to establish their symbolic meaning, the level of utilisation of symbolic ornaments, and the socio-economic factors that influence the design structure of landscape elements. The results revealed that symbolic meanings of the ornaments stem from historic, legal and cultural traditions of different ethnic groups in Kazakhstan. Therefore, the form depends on not only the topography of the area, but also the traditional symbolism and numerology. This study categorised the studied places according to their size: large gardens, small squares and small landscape forms. Taking into account the natural and climatic features of Kazakhstan, small landscape forms acquire the quality of arid zone gardens. However, lack of identity and consistency appears to be a major problem in design of larger scale landscapes. This article posits that coordination between socio-economic and historical-cultural factors will open new creative opportunities for the development of an original landscape architecture in Kazakhstan, yet balance between environmental construction and contextually meaningful urban planning will still be needed.

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Synaesthesia

Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism ◽

10.4324/9781135000356-rem1011-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Polina Dimova

Keyword(s):

Sensory System ◽

Emotional Responses ◽

High Pitch ◽

Shared Experience ◽

Perceptual Condition ◽

Sensory Stimuli ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

One To One ◽

Over Time ◽

Stimulation Of

Synaesthesia is the confusion or conflation of sensory modalities, where one sense is experienced or described in terms of another as in Charles Baudelaire’s simile "perfumes sweet as oboes, green as prairies." Synaesthesia captures an already existing tendency in language to blend the senses as in "sweet melody," "velvety voice," or "loud colors," and psychologists have conducted studies that show our shared experience of weak audiovisual associations between low pitch and darker colors, or high pitch and lighter colors. In a strictly neurological sense, synaesthesia is a perceptual condition in which the stimulation of one sensory system (for example, hearing) triggers sensations in another sensory system (for example, vision). Cross-sensory associations form one-to-one correspondences that are stable, delicately nuanced, and highly individual. For instance, a synaesthete may experience the timbre of violins as lime green, or the pitch A as burgundy. Synaesthetic associations occur as involuntary, automatic, and emotional responses to sensory stimuli. They persist throughout life and often aid memory: some synaesthetes reliably remember historical dates thanks to their color-to-number associations. The prevalence of synaesthesia has been contested over time, with varying ratios of synaesthetes to nonsynaesthetes of 1 in 2,000, 1 in 100 for colored letters and numbers in recent studies, and even 1 in 23 for all types of synaesthesia.

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NILAI-NILAI DAN MAKNA SIMBOLIK TRADISI NGANGGUNG

Sabda Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan ◽

10.14710/sabda.v10i2.13288 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Edy Waluyo

Keyword(s):

Sense Of Belonging ◽

Work Ethic ◽

Symbolic Meaning ◽

Indigenous Plants ◽

Mutual Cooperation ◽

Dominant Color ◽

Symbolic Meanings ◽

The Village ◽

High Work

The tradition of Nganggung in Petaling Bangka, Province of Bangka Belitung Islands is a tradition that has been rooted in its community. This study reveals about values and symbolic meanings of the Nganggung tradition in the village of Petaling in which in the tradition have these values of 1) spiritual, 2) economical, 3) mutual cooperation and togetherness and 4) political. This tradition also has a symbolic meaning, we can see it at Nganggung attributes such as tudung saji that represents the preservation of the indigenous plants of pandanus forest, as well as means of preserving of lofty values of its ancestors; from its shape, tudung saji resembles a parabole that represents the tradition of Nganggung as a shelter for all; red, as a dominant color of tudung saji symbolizes courage and high work ethic; cord symbolizes the fastener with a diversity of community and a sense of belonging; while talam, a round pan, shape symbolizes the dynamic attitude and flexibility of its inhabitants.

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Effect of Various Sensory Stimuli on Reflex Laryngeal Adduction

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348947708600106 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Masafumi Suzuki ◽

Clarence T. Sasaki

Keyword(s):

Splanchnic Nerve ◽

Laryngeal Nerve ◽

Organ System ◽

Sensory Nerves ◽

The Other ◽

Evoked Responses ◽

Sensory Stimuli ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Repetitive Electrical Stimulation ◽

Stimulation Of

Various types of sensory stimuli may influence reflex laryngeal adduction. The recurrent laryngeal nerve responses evoked by single shock and repetitive electrical stimulation of a number of sensory nerves have been neurophysiologically observed in twenty-five adult cats. Stimulation of major cranial afferents produces strong adductor responses. The magnitude of these evoked responses is approached only by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve in the abdomen. On the other hand, comparable stimulation of special sensory and spinal somatic sensory nerves produces rapidly attenuated evoked adductor responses. We postulate that while these latter adductor responses may be insufficient to produce strong glottic closure, they may effectively modify phonatory function of the larynx. We have, therefore, attempted to demonstrate the effects of various sensory elicitations upon reflex laryngeal adduction as they may compositely influence both protective and phonatory control of this organ system.

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