scholarly journals Digital phenotyping and data inheritance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205395172110367
Author(s):  
Sara Green ◽  
Mette N. Svendsen
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Data Practices ◽  
Digital Phenotyping ◽  
Past Data ◽  
Digital Copy ◽  
The Individual

Proponents of precision medicine envision that digital phenotyping can enable more individualized strategies to manage current and future health conditions. We problematize the interpretation of digital phenotypes as straightforward representations of individuals through examples of what we call data inheritance. Rather than being a digital copy of a presumed original, digital phenotypes are shaped by larger data collectives that precede and continuously change how the individual is represented. We contend that looking beyond the individual is crucial for understanding the factors that can ‘bend’ digital mirrors in specific directions. Since algorithms used for digital profiling are based on historical data, their predictions often inherit and increase the values and perspectives of past data practices. Moreover, the data legacies we leave behind today may return as so-called ‘data phantoms’ that conflict with the interests of the individual and contest who and what the ‘original’ is.

scholarly journals Precision Medicine in Interventional Cardiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijmen W Hokken ◽  
Joana M Ribeiro ◽  
Peter P De Jaegere ◽  
Nicolas M Van Mieghem
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Interventional Cardiology ◽  
Individual Therapy ◽  
Psychosocial Characteristics ◽  
Personal Variables ◽  
Test Treatments ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetic Biomarker

Precision medicine has recently become widely advocated. It revolves around the individual patient, taking into account genetic, biomarker, phenotypic or psychosocial characteristics and uses biological, mechanical and/or personal variables to optimise individual therapy. In silico testing, such as the Virtual Physiological Human project, is being promoted to predict risk and to test treatments and medical devices. It combines artificial intelligence and computational modelling to select the best therapeutic option for the individual patient.

scholarly journals The Acceptability and Usability of Digital Health Interventions for Adults With Depression, Anxiety, and Somatoform Disorders: Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis

10.2196/16228 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. e16228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shireen Patel ◽  
Athfah Akhtar ◽  
Sam Malins ◽  
Nicola Wright ◽  
Emma Rowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
World Population ◽  
Personal Support ◽  
The Individual

Background The prevalence of mental health disorders continues to rise, with almost 4% of the world population having an anxiety disorder and almost 3.5% having depression in 2017. Despite the high prevalence, only one-third of people with depression or anxiety receive treatment. Over the last decade, the use of digital health interventions (DHIs) has risen rapidly as a means of accessing mental health care and continues to increase. Although there is evidence supporting the effectiveness of DHIs for the treatment of mental health conditions, little is known about what aspects are valued by users and how they might be improved. Objective This systematic review aimed to identify, appraise, and synthesize the qualitative literature available on service users’ views and experiences regarding the acceptability and usability of DHIs for depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders. Methods A systematic search strategy was developed, and searches were run in 7 electronic databases. Qualitative and mixed methods studies published in English were included. A meta-synthesis was used to interpret and synthesize the findings from the included studies. Results A total of 24 studies were included in the meta-synthesis, and 3 key themes emerged with descriptive subthemes. The 3 key themes were initial motivations and approaches to DHIs, personalization of treatment, and the value of receiving personal support in DHIs. The meta-synthesis suggests that participants’ initial beliefs about DHIs can have an important effect on their engagement with these types of interventions. Personal support was valued very highly as a major component of the success of DHIs. The main reason for this was the way it enabled individual personalization of care. Conclusions Findings from the systematic review have implications for the design of future DHIs to improve uptake, retention, and outcomes in DHIs for depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders. DHIs need to be personalized to the specific needs of the individual. Future research should explore whether the findings could be generalized to other health conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of Happiness on Mental Health

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Gopal Chandra Mahakud ◽  
Ritika Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Individual

The concept of mental health comprised to the health conditions of people without suffering any mental or psychological problem such as stress, depression, anxiety and other form of psychic disorders. In this regard it can be said that no one is free from and psychological, psycho-physical and psycho-social disorders from which we can derive that no one mentally healthy. But the concept of mental health defined free from the disorders those are prolonged and panic in nature. As the concept of mental health is subjective in nature, it varies from person to person. Besides free from the disorders, a person should pose some of the other positive characteristics to deal with the society effectively. Marry (1958) stated that, a person can be considered mentally healthy with the following characteristics such as (a) Positive attitudes toward himself/herself; (b) Realization of own potentialities through action; (c); Unification of in personality; (d) Degree of independence of social influences; (e) observations of the world around; and (f) Positive adapts to everyday life. Briefly, it can be said that positive mental health of the person make able to an individual to stand on his own two feet without making undue demands or impositions of others. In this regard the role of happiness in day to day life can make the individual more skilled to fight with different mental disorders. The present article is intended to find out the effects of happiness in day to day life in a social situation to deal with different mental disorders to make the individual mentally healthy and prosperous in life.

scholarly journals THE WORLD'S OLDEST UNIVERSITY AND ITS FINANCING EXPERIENCE: A STUDY ON AL-QARAWIYYIN UNIVERSITY (859-990)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-41
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nazmul Hoque ◽  
Md. Faruk Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Academic Quality ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
Financing Higher Education

Al-Qarawiyyin University's independence in terms of finances had been a significant and influential factor in making it possible for the university to maintain its high quality. Therefore, this paper aims to examine and analyse the financial sources for the development and operation of this university. It reviews and analyses historical data through relevant literature and documents. Waqf played a significant role in providing financial assistance to the university's communities and in strengthening its academic quality. There were four significant types of waqf sources which were the individual fund, the collective waqf fund, the Sultan fund and the alumni fund along with different other types of charities, i.e. sadaqah. This article adds new knowledge by examining the financing experiences of the world's oldest university. It is expected that the instance of Al-Qarawiyyin University may contribute to finding out a solution for the funding crises in contemporary institutions. This review is hoped to constitute a significant contribution to scholarship in general and act as a suggestion for solving the contemporary funding crisis of higher educational institutions.   Keywords: Al-Qarawiyyin University, financing higher education, Morocco, Waqf.   Cite as: Hoque, M. N., & Abdullah, M. F. (2021). The world's oldest university and its financing experience: A study on Al-Qarawiyyin University (859-990).  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(1), 24-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp24-41

scholarly journals Contrasting Medical and Legal Standards of Evidence: A Precision Medicine Case Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Marchant ◽  
Kathryn Scheckel ◽  
Doug Campos-Outcalt
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
The Individual

As the health care system transitions to a precision medicine approach that tailors clinical care to the genetic profile of the individual patient, there is a potential tension between the clinical uptake of new technologies by providers and the legal system's expectation of the standard of care in applying such technologies. We examine this tension by comparing the type of evidence that physicians and courts are likely to rely on in determining a duty to recommend pharmacogenetic testing of patients prescribed the oral anti-coagulant drug warfarin. There is a large body of inconsistent evidence and factors for and against such testing, but physicians and courts are likely to weigh this evidence differently. The potential implications for medical malpractice risk are evaluated and discussed.

Diagnoses of Chronic Health Conditions and Change in Subjective Age: The Moderating Role of Chronological Age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyah Prasad ◽  
Edward Alan Miller ◽  
Jeffrey A Burr ◽  
Kathrin Boerner
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Chronic Health Condition ◽  
Chronic Health Conditions ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Chronic Health

Abstract Background and Objectives Health is a predictor of subjective age, and although inconclusive, the strength of this association is not uniform across different age groups. This study investigates if new diagnoses of chronic health conditions are associated with a change in subjective age and if chronological age moderates this relationship. Research Design and Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, residualized change regression analysis was performed for a sample of 5,158 respondents older than 50 years to examine their subjective age in 2014 relative to that reported in 2010. The main predictor was the number of chronic health conditions newly diagnosed between 2010 and 2014. Chronological age in 2010 was the moderator. Results Results showed that each new diagnosis of a chronic health condition was significantly associated with a 0.68-year increase in subjective age reported in 2014, compared to subjective age reported in 2010. However, this increase in subjective age was attenuated by 0.05 years for each additional year in 2010 chronological age. Discussion and Implications According to Social and Temporal Comparison theories, people compare themselves to their age peers and earlier selves. Given expectations for better health at younger chronological ages, being diagnosed with chronic health conditions may have a stronger association with subjective age among middle-aged persons as compared to older persons. The findings suggest that subjective age may be used as a screening tool to predict how chronic disease diagnosis may influence peoples' sense of self, which in turn shapes future health.

scholarly journals PLANNING FOR FUTURE CARE NEEDS: THE IMPORTANCE OF PERCEIVED NEED

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S456-S456
Author(s):  
Julie A Gorenko ◽  
Calandra Speirs ◽  
Candace Konnert ◽  
Claire McGuinness ◽  
Camille Mori
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Future Care ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Despite the demonstrated need to plan for future care needs, many individuals fail to engage in planning, often with negative consequences for their future health and well-being (Lee, Mason, & Cotlear, 2010). Theoretically, the propensity to utilize planning resources may be related to the perceived need for care in the future, a demonstrated predictor of the utilization of health and mental health services (Andersen, 1995; Karlin, Duffy, & Greaves, 2008). The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of need for future care in combination with predisposing (age, financial security, attitudes towards planning) and enabling (anticipated support, satisfaction with family discussions about future care needs) variables in predicting planning behavior. The sample was comprised of 385 adults, aged 50 years and older (M=66.5, SD=9.3, range=50-92). Hierarchical regression analyses entered two well-established predictors, age and financial security in step 1, and attitudes towards planning, anticipated support, satisfaction with family discussions, and perception of need in step 2. Age and financial security explained 17% of the variance in planning; the addition of step 2 variables explained 33% of the variance and R-squared was significant (p<.001). All predictors were significant at p<.001, with the exception of anticipatory support (p<.05). These results support both the individual (i.e. positive attitudes, perceived need) and contextual nature of planning, in particular the belief that support will be available when you need it and the benefits of family discussions in facilitating planning. Recommendations for enhancing successful planning among individuals and their families will be presented.

Ancient Developments in the Middle Senegal Valley and the Inland Niger Delta

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alioune Dème
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Horizontal Differentiation ◽  
Secret Societies ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Inland Niger Delta ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Complexity Theories

The study of West Africa has contributed to the expansion of comparative arid-lands floodplain prehistory, from both the data collection (cultural and historical) and the theoretical aspects. The neoevolutionary approach that often pictures Africa as a backward continent has been successfully challenged. In the Middle Senegal Valley and in the Inland Niger Delta, research on their societies’ complexity done along these two subcontinent’s floodplains has described new processes (including urbanization) that were not previously featured in the archaeological literature. The two floodplains, because of their ecological diversity, with the richness of their ecological diversity, attracted Saharan populations affected by drought at the end of the second millennium and the first millennium BC. However, after their initiation occupation the two areas took different trajectories in complexity and settlement organization. Large complex settlements have been found at Jenne-jeno and in the Ile a Morphil that illustrate whole new trajectories of civilization. These forms of complexity, found in areas with historically known polities, were not included in the range of possibilities predicted by standard complexity theories regarding civilizational development. Ethnographic and historical data, reveal the existence of societies with a central authority embedded within and balanced by a diffuse, segmented and heterarchical power structure; often as a strategy to resist the individual consolidation of power. These societies exhibit evidence of horizontal differentiation and consensus-based decision making. All these types of organization are characterized by the presence of several sources of power vested in corporate entities, such as lineages, age groups, cults and secret societies.

scholarly journals Digital Phenotyping in Bipolar Disorder: Which Integration with Clinical Endophenotypes and Biomarkers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7684
Author(s):  
Laura Orsolini ◽  
Michele Fiorani ◽  
Umberto Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Predictive Marker ◽  
Human Phenotype ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mood Swing ◽  
Digital Phenotyping ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex neurobiological disorder characterized by a pathologic mood swing. Digital phenotyping, defined as the ‘moment-by-moment quantification of the individual-level human phenotype in its own environment’, represents a new approach aimed at measuring the human behavior and may theoretically enhance clinicians’ capability in early identification, diagnosis, and management of any mental health conditions, including BD. Moreover, a digital phenotyping approach may easily introduce and allow clinicians to perform a more personalized and patient-tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approach, in line with the framework of precision psychiatry. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the role of digital phenotyping in BD. Despite scarce literature published so far, extremely heterogeneous methodological strategies, and limitations, digital phenotyping may represent a grounding research and clinical field in BD, by owning the potentialities to quickly identify, diagnose, longitudinally monitor, and evaluating clinical response and remission to psychotropic drugs. Finally, digital phenotyping might potentially constitute a possible predictive marker for mood disorders.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the receipt of pensions among older adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 15s ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Iola Gurgel Andrade ◽  
Mariângela Leal Cherchiglia ◽  
Paulo Roberto Borges de Souza Junior ◽  
Fabíola Bof de Andrade ◽  
Juliana Vaz de Melo Mambrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of receipt of pensions and associated factors in a nationally representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 50 years and over. METHODS: We used data from 9,130 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) baseline survey. The outcome variable was receipt of pensions from any source. The exploratory variables were age, gender, residence by region and by urban/rural area, household arrangements, schooling, household assets, perception of income sufficiency, age when started working, number of chronic diseases, and functional limitation. The analyses were based on the Poisson and binary logistic regressions. RESULTS: The prevalence of the receipt of pension was 54.3%. In the multivariate analysis, the following factors showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) associations with the outcome: age [Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 2.59 and 3.24 for 60–69 and 70 years], rural residence (PR = 1.23 ), residence in the Northeast, South and Southeast compared to the North (PR ranging from 1.18 to 1.23), living arrangements (PR = 1.07 and 1.15 for living with one person and living alone), perception of income sufficiency (PR = 1.08 and 1.15 for sometimes and always), functional limitation (PR = 1.13) and having 1 and ≥ 2 chronic diseases (PR = 1,09 and 1,17). Negative association was observed for 5-8 years of education. No association between age when the individual started working and the outcome was observed. Younger participants (50–59 years old) with ≥ 2 diseases or functional limitation were 31% and 63% more likely to receive pensions, respectively; the strength of these associations declined with age. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that health conditions are important determinants of early retirement. Discussions to increase age to the retirement cannot be separated from those on improvements in the health conditions of the Brazilian population.

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