scholarly journals A systematic approach for accurate translation of instruments: Experience with translating the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale into Arabic

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 205979911774140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazwan Toma ◽  
Timoty C Guetterman ◽  
Tareq Yaqub ◽  
Nizar Talaat ◽  
Michael D Fetters
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Barriers To Healthcare Access

When using instruments written originally in a different language, the accuracy of translation is a crucial issue. The language and cultural interpretations can be barriers to healthcare access. Despite the need for a robust translation process, the existing literature offers little information about best practices for translation. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative research was to illustrate a systematic approach to developing an accurate translation. We describe the process of developing an accurate and culturally relevant translation of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) from English to Arabic. The CD-RISC is a healthcare instrument to measure resilience and comprises 25 items rated on a 5-point scale, with higher scores reflecting increased resilience. Resilience is an important healthcare construct that can be applied to research on mental illness and adaptation ability. For instance, increased resilience appears to protect against diminished mental health. The translation process began as two individuals independently translated the CD-RISC into Arabic. A third person combined the two translations to produce a reconciled version. A fourth individual then back-translated the reconciled Arabic version to English. To resolve difficult-to-translate segments, the research team consulted with the instrument developer and then conducted cognitive testing with six individuals. A cultural research methodologist participated throughout the process. Among the 28 text segments in the CD-RISC (the title, instructions, scoring, and 25 items), the best equivalency in Arabic came from eight segments of each forward-translation. The remaining 12 segments were similar. Each the back-translation and cognitive testing contributed to seven revisions. The robust translation procedures detailed can be used by researchers to develop best-quality translations.

Adopting or Adapting Existing Instruments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh V. Tran ◽  
Tam Nguyen ◽  
Keith Chan
Keyword(s):  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Translation ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Group Evaluation ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Target Languages

Cross-cultural translation is one of the major tasks in cross-cultural research. The task of translation becomes more challenging when an instrument is translated into two or more target languages simultaneously, especially with the translation of special constructs. This chapter (1) reviews existing cross-cultural translation approaches and offers the reader with practical guidelines; (2) presents a multilevel translation process encompassing back translation, expert evaluation, cognitive interviews, focus group evaluation, and field evaluation; and (3) offers a guide for best practices in selecting translators to perform cross-cultural translation.

scholarly journals Bangla translation, adaptation and piloting of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaniz Gausia ◽  
Jena D Hamadani ◽  
Md Manirul Islam ◽  
Mohammed Ali ◽  
Sultana Algin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Standardized questionnaires for screening common health problems in the community often need to be translated for use in non-English speaking countries. There is a lack of literature documenting the process of translation of such questionnaire/scale that would enable their application in cross-cultural settings and standardization of the procedure. This paper reports the process of translation into Bangla of the widely used Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for use in Bangladesh. Three methods: forward translation, committee translation, and back translation were used to ensure the equivalence of the translated version. Both the English and Bangla versions were piloted among 10 social science graduates who were proficient in both the languages. The concurrence of each respondent between the two versions showed a correlation coefficient of 0.98 (p<0.01). The Bland-Altman test also showed a high degree of agreement. The piloted version was also tested with 15 women in the postnatal period and found to be suitable for women with lower educational attainment. The documentation of the translation process and the lessons learnt would be helpful in similar settings where screening questionnaires need to be adapted for local use.DOI = 10.3329/bmrcb.v33i3.1138Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2007; 33: 81-87

scholarly journals Korean Translation and Linguistic Validation of Urgency and Overactive Bladder Questionnaires

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Ee Kim ◽  
Hyo Serk Lee ◽  
Ha Na Lee ◽  
Seo Yeon Lee ◽  
Min Soo Choo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overactive Bladder ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Cognitive Debriefing ◽  
Severity Scale ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Linguistic Validation ◽  
Korean Patients ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
Validation Procedure

Purpose: Given the importance of evaluating the severity of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and outcomes after treatment, several questionnaires have been developed to evaluate OAB patients. However, only limited questionnaires are available in Korea for use with Korean patients. Therefore, this study aimed to develop Korean versions of OAB questionnaires through a rigorous linguistic validation process.Methods: The Indevus Urgency Severity Scale, Urgency Perception Scale, Urgency Severity Scale, and Patient Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale underwent translation and linguistic validation. The linguistic validation procedure consisted of permission for translation, forward translations, reconciliation, back-translation, cognitive debriefing, and proofreading. Two independent bilingual translators translated the original version of each questionnaire, and a panel then discussed and reconciled the 2 initial translations. Next, a third independent bilingual translator performed a backward translation of the reconciled version into English. Five Korean patients diagnosed with OAB were interviewed for cognitive debriefing.Results: Each item of the questionnaires was translated into 2 Korean versions in the forward translation process. Terms such as ‘urgency’ and ‘wetting’ were translated into ordinary language by the translators and adjusted by the panel members to more conceptually equivalent terms in a medical context. In the back-translation process, the panel made a few changes regarding details based on a comparison of the back-translated and original versions. During the cognitive debriefing process, 5 patients provided a few pieces of feedback on the naturalness of the wording of the questionnaires, but generally agreed on the translated terms.Conclusions: In this study, the panel produced a successful linguistic validation of Korean versions of multiple OAB questionnaires, which can be utilized to evaluate the severity and treatment outcomes of OAB.

scholarly journals Cultural Adaptation of Research Instruments – The Case of Materialism Scales Culturally Adapted for Use in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Robert Ioane
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Instrument Translation ◽  
Culturally Adapted ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Back Translation

Introduction: This study seeks to understand whether a back translation process can produce culturally adapted statements. Economic materialism levels are often studied using materials designed in English for the Western subject. This study revolves around culturally adapting, for use in China, economic materialism research instruments that were originally created in English for use in the West.Methods: This study used an instrument translation process followed by a validation step in order to culturally adapt research constructs not originally designed for subjects in China. The study consisted of six main steps: forward translation, reconciliation, blind back translation, expert committee review, validation, and statistical analysis. Results: Inadequate back translated items were identified. The analysis revealed several items that should be redesigned specifically for the Chinese cultural context. This study shows that the back translation process may be insufficient, and that Western-developed research instruments can be improved through a process of cultural adaptation.

A good practice guide for translating and adapting hearing-related questionnaires for use in different languages and cultures: Preferred reporting items with explanations and examples

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Hall ◽  
Silvia Zaragoza Domingo ◽  
Leila Z Hamdache ◽  
Vinaya Manchaiah ◽  
Spoorthi Thammaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Practice ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Language Version ◽  
Practice Guide ◽  
Forward Translation ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
Outcome Evaluations

Objective To raise awareness and propose a good practice guide for translating and adapting any questionnaire to be used for comparisons across populations divided by language or culture.Design Relevant methodological literature across ENT/Audiology and other healthcare fields was reviewed. The collective experience from the authors, members of the International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology and TINNET were also incorporated in this recommendation.Results Criteria for selecting an appropriate questionnaire were considered, followed by a set of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. Six steps promote a good-quality translation that is functionally equivalent to the original questionnaire and account for any cultural differences: 1) Preparation for translating a questionnaire, 2) The translation process – forward translation, 3) The translation process – back translation, 4) Committee review, 5) Field testing, and 6) Review and finalisation of the translation. Published examples illustrate how these steps have been implemented and reported. Conclusions Following this step-by-step guide can improve functional equivalence with the target-language version and promote quality assurance in multinational trials and outcome evaluations. A checklist of the preferred reporting items is included to help investigators make informed choices about conducting or omitting any items. We recommend using the checklist to document these decisions in any resulting publication.

scholarly journals A mixed methods study to evaluate the impact of a student-run clinic on undergraduate medical education

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan G. Rockey ◽  
Taylor M. Weiskittel ◽  
Katharine E. Linder ◽  
Jennifer L. Ridgeway ◽  
Mark L. Wieland
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Student Understanding ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Barriers To Healthcare ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Barriers To Healthcare Access

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which a longitudinal student-run clinic (SRC) is meeting its stated learning objectives, including providing critical community services and developing physicians who more fully appreciate the social factors affecting their patients’ health. Methods This was a mixed methods program evaluation of an SRC at Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine (MCASOM). A survey was conducted of medical students who had participated in the clinic and seven interviews and three focus groups were conducted with SRC patients, students, faculty, staff, and board members. Transcripts were coded for systematic themes and sub-themes. Major themes were reported. Survey and interview data were integrated by comparing findings and discussing areas of convergence or divergence in order to more fully understand program success and potential areas for improvement. Results Greater than 85% of student survey respondents (N = 90) agreed or strongly agreed that the SRC met each of its objectives: to provide a vital community service, to explore social determinants of health (SDH), to understand barriers to healthcare access and to practice patience-centered examination. Qualitative data revealed that the SRC contextualized authentic patient care experiences early in students’ medical school careers, but the depth of learning was variable between students. Furthermore, exposure to SDH through the program did not necessarily translate to student understanding of the impact of these social factors on patient’s health nor did it clearly influence students’ future practice goals. Conclusions The MCASOM SRC experience met core learning objectives, but opportunities to improve long-term impact on students were identified. Participation in the SRC enabled students to engage in patient care early in training that is representative of future practices. SRCs are an avenue by which students can gain exposure to real-world applications of SDH and barriers to healthcare access, but additional focus on faculty development and intentional reflection may be needed to translate this exposure to actionable student understanding of social factors that impact patient care.

scholarly journals Translation and adaptation of a questionnaire on the needs of postpartum adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 992-997
Author(s):  
Paula Sarreira-de-Oliveira ◽  
Manuela Néné
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Original Language ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
Conceptual Equivalence

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe the processes of translation to the Portuguese language and cultural adaptation of the Postpartum Learning Needs (PLN) to the Portuguese context. Method: Methodological study of an instrument that was constructed and validated in Jordan. Here are presented the procedures referring to linguistic, semantic and cultural validation, involving the stages of translation from English to European Portuguese, synthesis of translations, back-translation to the original language, expert committee, and pre-testing. Results: In the translation process, some vocabulary variations were solved through consensus among translators. The expert committee found that the version translated to Portuguese presented semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence, while needing some adjustments. Pre-testing was applied to 45 adolescent mothers, of whom 86.6% considered the items comprehensible. Conclusion: Semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalences were conceptually satisfactory among questionnaire versions, which is relevant for the Portuguese culture and easily understandable. It is crucial to assess the psychometric properties of the questionnaire so its adapted version can be made available.

scholarly journals Translation as an Ecological Tool for Instrument Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Vinokurov ◽  
Daniel Geller ◽  
Tamara L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Instrument Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
American Society ◽  
Theoretical Issues

In this paper the authors outline the translation process involved in Macro International's evaluation of the Department of State's International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Georgia. IVLP is a long-running program in which professionals and prospective leaders from around the world participate in funded short-term visits to the United States to learn first-hand professional practices and values of American society and democracy. The authors highlight the importance of attending to the theoretical issues in, discuss contextual factors inherent in, and outline specific phases of the translation process, and present the modified decentering translation technique adapted for the project. They describe the types of translation equivalencies that were addressed and present findings that attest to the quality of the translation. They underscore the importance of the translation process as a qualitative tool for the instrument development that maps the contexts of people's lives, documents emic-etic aspects of cross-cultural research, and fosters collaborations with all stakeholders of the research project.

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