Motivations for Emotions in Bipolar Disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262097958
Author(s):  
Yael Millgram ◽  
June Gruber ◽  
Cynthia M. Villanueva ◽  
Anna Rapoport ◽  
Maya Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotional Instability ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Recent work has begun to examine the link between motivation for specific emotions and psychopathology. Yet research on this topic to date has focused primarily on depression. To understand patterns of motivation for emotions within and across affective disorders, we assessed motivation for emotions in adults at increased risk for and diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD). We focused on motivation for negative (i.e., sadness) and positive (i.e., happiness) emotions and for emotional instability using self-report and behavioral measures. Both increased BD risk and diagnosis of BD were associated with increased motivation for sadness and decreased motivation for happiness as assessed by behavioral measures. Such motivational tendencies were less consistent when assessed by self-reports. Higher BD risk was associated with increased self-reported motivation for emotional instability (Studies 1–3), although this association was not evident in BD (Study 4). Findings suggest both similarities and differences in motivation for emotions in affective disorders.

scholarly journals Deficits in explicit emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Kurtz ◽  
Pia Mohring ◽  
Katharina Förster ◽  
Michael Bauer ◽  
Philipp Kanske
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Abstract Background This study aimed to compile and synthesize studies investigating explicit emotion regulation in patients with bipolar disorder and individuals at risk of developing bipolar disorder. The importance of explicit emotion regulation arises from its potential role as a marker for bipolar disorders in individuals at risk and its potent role in therapy for bipolar disorder patients. Methods To obtain an exhaustive compilation of studies dealing specifically with explicit emotion regulation in bipolar disorder, we conducted a systematic literature search in four databases. In the 15 studies we included in our review, the emotion-regulation strategies maintenance, distraction, and reappraisal (self-focused and situation-focused) were investigated partly on a purely behavioral level and partly in conjunction with neural measures. The samples used in the identified studies included individuals at increased risk of bipolar disorder, patients with current affective episodes, and patients with euthymic mood state. Results In summary, the reviewed studies' results indicate impairments in explicit emotion regulation in individuals at risk for bipolar disorder, patients with manic and depressive episodes, and euthymic patients. These deficits manifest in subjective behavioral measures as well as in neural aberrations. Further, our review reveals a discrepancy between behavioral and neural findings regarding explicit emotion regulation in individuals at risk for bipolar disorders and euthymic patients. While these groups often do not differ significantly in behavioral measures from healthy and low-risk individuals, neural differences are mainly found in frontostriatal networks. Conclusion We conclude that these neural aberrations are a potentially sensitive measure of the probability of occurrence and recurrence of symptoms of bipolar disorders and that strengthening this frontostriatal route is a potentially protective measure for individuals at risk and patients who have bipolar disorders.

scholarly journals Does Tobacco Abstinence Decrease Reward Sensitivity? A Human Laboratory Test

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Hughes ◽  
Alan J Budney ◽  
Sharon R Muellers ◽  
Dustin C Lee ◽  
Peter W. Callas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
List Type ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Operant Task ◽  
Rigorous Test ◽  
Human Laboratory

AbstractIntroductionAnimal studies report abstinence from nicotine makes rewards less rewarding; however, the results of human tests of the effects of cessation on reward sensitivity are mixed. The current study tested reward sensitivity in abstinent smokers using more rigorous methods than most prior studies.MethodsA human laboratory study compared outcomes for 1 week prior to quitting to those during 4 weeks post-quit. The study used smokers trying to quit, objective and subjective measures, multiple measures during smoking and abstinence, and monetary rewards to increase the prevalence of abstinence. Current daily smokers (n = 211) who were trying to quit completed an operant measure of reward sensitivity and a survey of pleasure from various rewards as well as self-reports of anhedonia, delay discounting, positive affect and tobacco withdrawal twice each week. A comparison group of long-term former smokers (n = 67) also completed the tasks weekly for 4 weeks. Primary analyses were based on the 61 current smokers who abstained for all 4 weeks.ResultsStopping smoking decreased self-reported pleasure from rewards but did not decrease reward sensitivity on the operant task. Abstinence also decreased self-reported reward frequency and increased the two anhedonia measures. However, the changes with abstinence were small for all outcomes (6-14%) and most lasted less than a week.ConclusionAbstinence from tobacco decreased most self-report measures of reward sensitivity; however, it did not change the objective measure. The self-report effects were small.ImplicationsAnimal research suggests that nicotine withdrawal decreases reward sensitivity. Replication tests of this in humans have produced inconsistent results.We report what we believe is a more rigorous testWe found smoking abstinence slightly decreases self-reports of reward sensitivity but does not do so for behavioral measures of reward sensitivity

Behavioral measures of pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 400-412
Author(s):  
Jill M. Chorney ◽  
C. Meghan McMurtry
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Cultural Considerations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Source Of Information

Though self-report has historically been considered the “gold-standard” measure of pain, behavioral observations are an important source of information and can address a number of limitations of self-report. In this chapter, we will review the current state of evidence on behavioral measures of pain in children and adolescents, including a brief discussion of future directions. We focus on measures that are considered to be well-established or have been included in recent systematic reviews, and provide an overview of the contexts of use (population, settings) and scoring method of each measure. We highlight areas of special consideration, including cross-cultural considerations, automaticity of behavior, and similarities and differences between behavioral conceptualizations of pain, fear, anxiety, and distress. To demonstrate the utility of behavioral scales, we also include a case study.

scholarly journals Parenting and the Emotional and Behavioural Adjustment of Young Children in Families with a Parent with Bipolar Disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Calam ◽  
Steven Jones ◽  
Matthew R. Sanders ◽  
Robert Dempsey ◽  
Vaneeta Sadhnani
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Parenting Support ◽  
Household Organization ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Behavioural Difficulties ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Behavioural Adjustment ◽  
Emotional And Behavioural Difficulties

Background: Children of parents with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of disturbance. Aims: This study examined relationships between parental mood, parenting, household organization and child emotional and behavioural adjustment in families with a parent with bipolar disorder to determine areas of specific need for parenting support. Method: 48 parents were recruited through advertisements via self-help organizations. The study was conducted online. Parental mood and activity was assessed by self-report questionnaires (CES-D, ISS, MDQ and SRM); parenting was assessed using the Parenting Scale (PS). The SDQ was used to assess the parent's view of their child's emotional and behavioural difficulties. The Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) assessed household organization. Results: Parents reported high levels of difficulties across all measures and scores were above clinical cut-offs on most scales. Children were reported as showing high levels of disturbance on the SDQ, including all sub-scales. Parenting and depression scores were significantly positively correlated, as were depression, parenting and CHAOS score. Regression analyses indicated that CHAOS was the strongest predictor of Total Difficulties and Emotional Symptoms on the SDQ. Conclusions: Families are likely to benefit from interventions tailored to meet their parenting needs.

Do documented records and retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment similarly predict chronic inflammation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (14) ◽  
pp. 2406-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meg Osborn ◽  
Cathy Spatz Widom
Keyword(s):  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Self Reports

AbstractBackgroundChildhood adversities have been associated with chronic inflammation and risk for cardiovascular disease. With some exceptions, existing knowledge of this relationship is based on retrospective self-reports, potentially subject to recall bias or memory problems. We seek to determine whether childhood maltreatment is associated with higher C-reactive protein (CRP) later in life and whether individuals with official and retrospective self-reports of maltreatment and men and women show similar increases in risk.MethodsData are from in-person interviews in 2009–2010 with 443 offspring (mean age = 23.4) of parents in a longitudinal study of the consequences of childhood maltreatment. Official reports of maltreatment were abstracted from 2011–2013 Child Protective Services records. Eleven measures were used to assess self-reported maltreatment retrospectively. Seventeen percent of offspring had official reports, whereas self-reported prevalence rates ranged from 5.4% to 64.8%. CRP was assessed through blood spot samples. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of maltreatment on inflammation, adjusting for age, sex, race, parent occupational status, current depression, smoking, and heavy drinking.ResultsIndividuals with official reports of child maltreatment and, specifically, physical abuse, had significantly higher levels of CRP than non-maltreated individuals. Maltreated females showed elevated CRP, independent of control variables, whereas no significant association was observed in males. Retrospective self-report measures of child maltreatment did not predict elevated CRP.ConclusionsIndividuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment are at increased risk for chronic inflammation and may benefit from targeted interventions. The results strengthen inferences about the effects of childhood maltreatment on inflammation in females.

scholarly journals Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review

2013 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim da Silva ◽  
Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira ◽  
Miguel Xavier ◽  
Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cognitive Disturbances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Depressive Episodes

BackgroundAffective disorders are associated with cognitive disturbances but their role as risk factors for dementia is still not fully investigated.AimsTo evaluate the risk of developing dementia in individuals with a history of affective disorder.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies addressing the risk of developing dementia in people with affective disorders. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that has included studies evaluating this risk specifically in people with bipolar disorder.ResultsFifty-one studies were included. Most of the studies found an increased risk for developing dementia in individuals with depression. Greater frequency and severity of depressive episodes seem to increase this risk. The evidence is contradictory regarding whether there is a difference in risk in people with early- or late-onset depression. The few available risk estimates for dementia in people with bipolar disorder suggest an even higher risk than for those with depression.ConclusionsAffective disorders appear to be associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, and one that is dependent on clinical and demographic variables. Depression may be both a prodrome and a risk factor for dementia. Future research should aim to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate these links.

A Comparison of Stutterers' and Nonstutterers' Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Self-Reports

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Barber Watson
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Frequency Scale ◽  
Response Scales ◽  
Attitudinal Model ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This study compared stutterers' and nonstutterers' communication attitudes. A self-report inventory based on a tripartite attitudinal model was administered to 75 adult stutterers and 81 adult nonstutterers. Ratings of 39 items representing 13 situational subseales, or types of speaking situations, on four response scales reflecting behavioral, affective, and cognitive components and a frequency scale were obtained. Self-ratings of speech enjoyment and speech skills best discriminated stutterers and nonstutterers. However, these self-ratings were related for both stutterers and nonstutterers. Frequency of encountering speaking situations was related to enjoyment of speech for stutterers, but not for nonstutterers. Moreover, stutterers, unlike nonstutterers, believed that most people's enjoyment of speech was not related to most people's speech skills. Similarities and differences in stutterers' and nonstutterers' ratings of specific speaking situations were identified.

Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

Ethical Issues Relevant to the Assessment of Suicide Risk in Nonclinical Research Settings

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Wilson ◽  
Bruce K. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Conducting Research

Background: Our laboratory recently confronted this issue while conducting research with undergraduate students at the University of Waterloo (UW). Although our main objective was to examine cognitive and genetic features of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), the study protocol also entailed the completion of various self-report measures to identify participants deemed at increased risk for suicide. Aims and Methods: This paper seeks to review and discuss the relevant ethical guidelines and legislation that bear upon a psychologist’s obligation to further assess and intervene when research participants reveal that they are at increased risk for suicide. Results and Conclusions: In the current paper we argue that psychologists are ethically impelled to assess and appropriately intervene in cases of suicide risk, even when such risk is revealed within a research context. We also discuss how any such obligation may potentially be modulated by the research participant’s expectations of the role of a psychologist, within such a context. Although the focus of the current paper is on the ethical obligations of psychologists, specifically those practicing within Canada, the relevance of this paper extends to all regulated health professionals conducting research in nonclinical settings.

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