Politics of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in Medicine: The Dichotomies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Rajiv Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Versus Private ◽  
Developed World

From a public policy perspective, how publicly funded medical research gets privatized by the award of patents is a critical issue. It leads to a loss of welfare for the poor people throughout the world and more so in the developing world. This raises issues related to health care provisioning and financing—namely public versus private intervention debate—accessibility and affordability issues, lack of medical researcher’s attention to the diseases pertaining to the poor only, geopolitical issues between the developed world and the developing world with regards to TRIPS among a host of other issues. In this article, it is shown how power and politics operate along dimensions of poor–rich, developed–developing world, public–private–NGOs and international agencies to keep the idea of IPRs as a critical instrument for health innovation alive.

scholarly journals Predicting Likelihood for Loan Default Among Bank Borrowers

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aslam ◽  
Senthil Kumar ◽  
Shahryar Sorooshian
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Grameen Bank ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Loan Default ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Income Generating Activities

Poverty is a threat to the world. In its extreme form at any part of the world, it will make endanger rest of the world. In fact, it is the source of crime and the worst form of violence. The poor people do not commit any crime but they get punishment out of being born as a poor that is not controllable in their hand. Microfinance has been designed to eliminate poverty and help marginal and poor people through small income generating activities. The borrowers need capital to materialize their dream, may be in a small amount and microfinance can play important role in this scenario. Through microfinance, small entrepreneurs may acquire necessary inputs to start their business. Both local governments and international agencies are trying to eliminate poverty through microfinance programs, services and guidelines. With this concept, Microfinance has been hosted primarily in Bangladesh. Grameen Bank (GB) has been serving large number of people below poverty level in Bangladesh. However, impact of microfinance is still questionable in several studies. Microfinance used properly and returned back to the lender with stipulated amount and time shows its working effectively for poverty alleviation. Otherwise, there must be loan default and the whole system may be in question. We survey with questionnaire to find out factors contributing to loan default among GB borrowers using binomial logistic regression. The results showed that some factors were crucial for loan default and should be treated properly at the start of lending.

scholarly journals Survey of ancient water technologies in semi-arid and arid regions: traditional knowledge for the future

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1278-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Mays
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainability Problems ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Water Resources Sustainability

There are many people on Earth today that live with severe water shortages and severe lack of sanitation, particularly among the poor. These people for the most part do not understand the knowledge base of methodologies of harvesting and conveying water and sanitation methods that have been around for thousands of years. A survey of ancient water technologies used in semi-arid and arid regions is presented in this paper. The survey will include methodologies used by Mesopotamians, the Persians, the Egyptians, and the Nabataeans. The attempt here is to explore how these traditional methods developed by the ancients in semi-arid and arid regions of the world could possibly be used to help solve the present-day water resources sustainability problems, especially in developing parts of the world. The advantages of the traditional knowledge of ancient water technologies are explored with the goal of determining ways to help poor people with water shortages and sanitation.

The Heifer International Model of Sustainable Adult Education

2013 ◽  
pp. 1150-1163
Author(s):  
Carrie J. Boden McGill ◽  
Lauren Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Adult Education ◽  
Developing World ◽  
International Model ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
The World ◽  
Developed World ◽  
And Training

Heifer International, an organization devoted to ending hunger and poverty through sustainable development, has worked throughout the world by giving “living loans” of gifts of livestock and training while empowering individuals and communities to turn lives of hunger and poverty into self-reliance and hope. To train a country’s population is to increase that country’s “human capital,” and educating the population while expanding the human capital is a necessity in order for developing countries to benefit from globalization. The Heifer model of adult sustainable education demonstrates the importance of education and training for people of the developing world, and not only can this model be adopted in developing countries for emerging “learning societies,” but it may be used to inform policies and practices in the developed world as well.

Deconstructing the ‘Digital Divide’ In Africa

2012 ◽  
pp. 222-236
Author(s):  
Stephen Mutula
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
World Summit ◽  
Cable Tv ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Developed World

The debate about whether the digital divide between Africa and the developed world is narrowing or widening has intensified over the last five years. Some believe that access to technology is positively correlated to economic development and wealth creation, however, since the dawn of the last century, the gap between the rich and the poor within and between developed and developing countries has continued to grow. The protagonists in this debate do not seem to appreciate the notion that the digital divide is not about a single technology, and is driven by a complex set of factors that exist beyond wires. This paper attempts to deconstruct the concept of the digital divide beyond access to PCs, telephones, Internet, cable TV, etc… The authors argue that the phenomenon as currently conceived is misleading and flawed, and so are the indices for its measurement. Suggestions that a new model for mapping the phenomenon is made in order to bridge the divide between developed and developing countries. In deconstructing the digital divide, the authors use the Declaration of Principles of the World Summit on Information Society and the indices used to measure e-readiness, information society, digital opportunity, and e-government.

Should Global Health be Tailored Toward the Rich? Altruism and Efficient R&D for Neglected Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Anupam B. Jena ◽  
Stéphane Mechoulan ◽  
Tomas J. Philipson
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
External Effects ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
Policy Solutions

Abstract We analyze the problem of incentivizing research and development (R&D) into developing world disease from an economic efficiency perspective. We view the problem as how to best promote R&D into goods with positive external effects in the sense that medicines that directly affect the health of the poor also indirectly affect the utility of the altruistic “rich.” We demonstrate why existing policy proposals – such as price concessions by manufacturers – adversely impact the poor by placing the burden of R&D only on innovators rather than all altruists in the rich world. We offer policy solutions that are based on economic efficiency and therefore rely on a broad sense of how the world values the treatment of developing world disease. We estimate that global altruism toward those with malaria is, at a minimum, valued between $835 million and $2.4 billion annually and for HIV/AIDS, between $9.1 billion and $26.6 billion annually. We argue that future policies toward neglected diseases need to better incorporate how efficient R&D meets the need of this global altruism.

scholarly journals Menelaah Persoalan Kemiskinan Melalui Narasi Persembahan Janda Miskin (Markus 12:41-44)

JURNAL LUXNOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yane Octavia Rismawati Wainarisi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Poor People ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Vulnerable People

Abstract: This article discusses the study of the problem of poverty based on the narrative of the offering of the poor widow in Mark 12: 41-44. By using qualitative methods or more precisely literature review, the authors conclude that there needs to be an encounter with them beforehand so that through encounters with poor people, both writers and we can also gain a deeper understanding of God's heart, not only for ourselves, for the poor and the weak, but also for everyone around the world. However, because poor people are the most vulnerable people to be treated unfairly, it is necessary to formulate solidarity with the poor in order to realize the Kingdom of God in the world. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang telaah persoalan kemiskinan yang didasarkan pada narasi persembahan janda miskin dalam Markus 12: 41-44. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif atau lebih tepatnya kajian pustaka, maka penulis menyimpulkan bahwa perlu ada perjumpaan terlebih dahulu dengan mereka agar melalui perjumpaan dengan orang-orang miskin, baik penulis dan kita juga dapat memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih tentang hati Allah, tidak hanya bagi kita sendiri, bagi orang-orang miskin dan lemah, namun juga bagi setiap orang diseluruh dunia. Namun karena orang-orang miskin merupakan orang-orang yang paling rentan untuk mendapat perlakukan tidak adil, maka perlu suatu formulasi solidaritas terhadap kaum miskin demi mewujudkan Kerajaan Allah di dunia.  

scholarly journals The Role of AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center in Enhancing and Promoting Vegetable Production in the Tropics

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel C. Palada ◽  
Thomas J. Kalb ◽  
Thomas A. Lumpkin
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics

AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center was established in 1971 as a not-for-profit international agricultural research institute whose mission is to reduce malnutrition and poverty among the poor through vegetable research and development. Over the past 30 years, AVRDC has developed a vast array of international public goods. The Center plays an essential role in bringing international and interdisciplinary teams together to develop technologies, empower farmers, and address major vegetable-related issues in the developing world. In its unique role, AVRDC functions as a catalyst to 1) build international and interdisciplinary coalitions that engage in vegetable and nutrition issues; 2) generate and disseminate improved germplasm and technologies that address economic and nutritional needs of the poor; 3) collect, characterize, and conserve vegetable germplasm resources for worldwide use; and 4) provide globally accessible, user-friendly, science-based, appropriate technology. In enhancing and promoting vegetable production and consumption in developing world, AVRDC's research programs contribute to increased productivity of the vegetable sector, equity in economic development in favor of rural and urban poor, healthy and more diversified diets for low-income families, environmentally friendly and safe production of vegetables, and improved sustainability of cropping systems. Recent achievements at AVRDC that greatly impact tropical horticulture in the developing world include virus-resistant tomatoes raising farmers income, hybrid sweet pepper breaking the yield barrier in the tropics, flood-resistant chili peppers opening new market opportunities, broccoli varieties for monsoon season, pesticide-free eggplant and leafy vegetable production systems and fertilizer systems that protect the environment. Beyond vegetable crops, AVRDC is playing an important role in expanding and promoting research and development efforts for high value horticultural crops, including fruit, ornamentals, and medicinal plants through its new Global Horticulture Initiative. AVRDC believes that horticulture crop production provides jobs and is an engine for economic growth. The important role AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center plays in developing and promoting tropical horticultural crops is discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Role of academic institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Neupane ◽  
Juna Rai ◽  
Sarita Chaulagain ◽  
Nisha Jha ◽  
Anishka Sah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
America South ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Developed World

A novel coronavirus first reported from China has resulted in a formidable outbreak globally threatening millions of human lives with unprecedented challenges. Society needs effective information source to combat this pandemic. Academic institutions would play an important role in disseminating science-based information and planning pandemic crisis. This study aims to examine how academic institutions around the world have been working in combating COVID-19 pandemic. Two hundred and thirty three high ranking universities representing 44 countries from six continents, viz. Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania were selected and their websites visited. Any information on COVID-19 updated in the websites were noted and classified. Universities from developed world (North America, Europe) and Oceania were found to be actively disseminating up-to-date information on COVID-19 with compared to those from developing world. All universities in Oceania, 96.66% universities in North America, 96.55% in Europe, 83% in South America, 61.25% in Asia, and 56% in Africa had information regarding COVID-19 in their websites. The high income coutries were facing high casulaties of the disease, and majority of their universities (85.71%) were disseminating up-to-date information through their websites. There exists a gap between the universities of developed and developing world in disseminating COVID-19 pandemic information.

Classifying the LDCs

Worldview ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
William C. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Aid Programs ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
Developed World

For a full generation the world, like Gaul, has been divided into three parts, the rich, the poor, and the Communists. Scholars and bureaucrats have devised these economic categories, calling them the developed world, the Communist countries, and the less developed countries (LDCs). In the last few years, however, these classifications have been bursting at the seams of their logic. Even the man in the street is beginning to wonder why such nations as Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Brazil are still "poor" LDCs and thus eligible for various aid programs. Visual evidence of their burgeoning wealth is available on TV and in the popular press. Yet the list of developed countries remains the same. It seems no one ever gets promoted.

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