scholarly journals The Role of AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center in Enhancing and Promoting Vegetable Production in the Tropics

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel C. Palada ◽  
Thomas J. Kalb ◽  
Thomas A. Lumpkin
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics

AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center was established in 1971 as a not-for-profit international agricultural research institute whose mission is to reduce malnutrition and poverty among the poor through vegetable research and development. Over the past 30 years, AVRDC has developed a vast array of international public goods. The Center plays an essential role in bringing international and interdisciplinary teams together to develop technologies, empower farmers, and address major vegetable-related issues in the developing world. In its unique role, AVRDC functions as a catalyst to 1) build international and interdisciplinary coalitions that engage in vegetable and nutrition issues; 2) generate and disseminate improved germplasm and technologies that address economic and nutritional needs of the poor; 3) collect, characterize, and conserve vegetable germplasm resources for worldwide use; and 4) provide globally accessible, user-friendly, science-based, appropriate technology. In enhancing and promoting vegetable production and consumption in developing world, AVRDC's research programs contribute to increased productivity of the vegetable sector, equity in economic development in favor of rural and urban poor, healthy and more diversified diets for low-income families, environmentally friendly and safe production of vegetables, and improved sustainability of cropping systems. Recent achievements at AVRDC that greatly impact tropical horticulture in the developing world include virus-resistant tomatoes raising farmers income, hybrid sweet pepper breaking the yield barrier in the tropics, flood-resistant chili peppers opening new market opportunities, broccoli varieties for monsoon season, pesticide-free eggplant and leafy vegetable production systems and fertilizer systems that protect the environment. Beyond vegetable crops, AVRDC is playing an important role in expanding and promoting research and development efforts for high value horticultural crops, including fruit, ornamentals, and medicinal plants through its new Global Horticulture Initiative. AVRDC believes that horticulture crop production provides jobs and is an engine for economic growth. The important role AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center plays in developing and promoting tropical horticultural crops is discussed in this paper.

Private Agricultural R&D: Do the Poor Benefit?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jock R. Anderson ◽  
Regina Birner ◽  
Latha Najarajan ◽  
Anwar Naseem ◽  
Carl E. Pray
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Private agricultural research and development can foster the growth of agricultural productivity in the diverse farming systems of the developing world comparable to the public sector. We examine the extent to which technologies developed by private entities reach smallholder and resource-poor farmers, and the impact they have on poverty reduction. We critically review cases of successfully deployed improved agricultural technologies delivered by the private sector in both large and small developing countries for instructive lessons for policy makers around the world.

Politics of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in Medicine: The Dichotomies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Rajiv Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Versus Private ◽  
Developed World

From a public policy perspective, how publicly funded medical research gets privatized by the award of patents is a critical issue. It leads to a loss of welfare for the poor people throughout the world and more so in the developing world. This raises issues related to health care provisioning and financing—namely public versus private intervention debate—accessibility and affordability issues, lack of medical researcher’s attention to the diseases pertaining to the poor only, geopolitical issues between the developed world and the developing world with regards to TRIPS among a host of other issues. In this article, it is shown how power and politics operate along dimensions of poor–rich, developed–developing world, public–private–NGOs and international agencies to keep the idea of IPRs as a critical instrument for health innovation alive.

Should Global Health be Tailored Toward the Rich? Altruism and Efficient R&D for Neglected Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Anupam B. Jena ◽  
Stéphane Mechoulan ◽  
Tomas J. Philipson
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
External Effects ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
Policy Solutions

Abstract We analyze the problem of incentivizing research and development (R&D) into developing world disease from an economic efficiency perspective. We view the problem as how to best promote R&D into goods with positive external effects in the sense that medicines that directly affect the health of the poor also indirectly affect the utility of the altruistic “rich.” We demonstrate why existing policy proposals – such as price concessions by manufacturers – adversely impact the poor by placing the burden of R&D only on innovators rather than all altruists in the rich world. We offer policy solutions that are based on economic efficiency and therefore rely on a broad sense of how the world values the treatment of developing world disease. We estimate that global altruism toward those with malaria is, at a minimum, valued between $835 million and $2.4 billion annually and for HIV/AIDS, between $9.1 billion and $26.6 billion annually. We argue that future policies toward neglected diseases need to better incorporate how efficient R&D meets the need of this global altruism.

scholarly journals Variable Reaction of Tomato Lines to Bacterial Wilt Evaluated at Several Locations in Southeast Asia

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Hanson ◽  
Jaw-Fen Wang ◽  
Olivia Licardo ◽  
Shook Ying Mah ◽  
Glen L. Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
Development Center

Bacterial wilt (BW), caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith, is one of the most destructive disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the tropics. Twenty tomato lines/accessions previously identified as BW-resistant were evaluated for BW reaction in fields providing high disease pressure at Subang, Indonesia; Los Baños, Philippines; Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur; Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Taiwan; and Taiwan Seed Improvement and Propagation Service (TSIPS). Entries also were tested in the greenhouse at the AVRDC with a P. solanacearum strain from Taiwan (Pss4) using a drench inoculation method. Objectives of the study were to identify stable sources of BW resistance for southeast Asian tomato breeding programs, and to determine the correlation between field and greenhouse reactions. Mean entry survival was 21.6% at Subang, 31.9% at Los Baños, 76.7% at the AVRDC, 93.6% at Malaysia, and 93.3% at TSIPS, indicating that most entries were resistant at MARDI and the Taiwan locations but susceptible at Subang and Los Baños. L285 (mean survival = 83.8%) and CRA 84-58-1 (mean survival = 79.4%) were the most resistant entries in the field trials. Mean survival (70.1%) of CRA 66-derived entries was significantly better than the mean of entries with resistance derived from UPCA 1169 or UPCA 1169 plus `Venus' or `Saturn'. Mean survival of AVRDC entries bred in the 1980s (59.4%) was significantly greater than mean survival of AVRDC lines bred in the 1970s (45.7%). The correlation between entry BW percent survival averaged over the five field trials and entry means from drench inoculation in the greenhouse was highly significant (r = 0.70), suggesting that the drench inoculation method is effective in selection for BW resistance.

scholarly journals THE KEY SUCCESFULL OF Extension Service On Thailand Durian Performance To The World Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Galuh Pratita
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
World Market ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Region ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
The University

This book will not only tell about the keys to the success of Thailand in cultivating durian, but also durian marketing. It does not only contain the author's personal experiences while in Chanthaburi Province but also contains statistical data that supports the statement, as well as other reliable sources. This book is the result of an internship program that has been carried out by the author while in Thailand, especially in Chanthaburi Province, Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 6 Chanthaburi Province. An internship program was carried out to increase knowledge and experience of agricultural conditions in Thailand which is known to be advanced. The author would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Am On Aungsuratana as the main supervisor during the program in Thailand and Dr. Rapee Dokmaithes. In addition, thanks are also conveyed to all staff and parties involved while the author is in OARD Region 6 so the author can run and complete the internship program smoothly, as well as write about their success in developing durian in Thailand. In addition, the authors also thank the University of Jember for all the knowledge provided. I would also like to thank my father (alm) Irfan Boedi Setiawan S.P., my mother Mrs. Dr. Asrumi, M.Hum, and younger brother Firnanda Pulung Wibowo, S.P., for all their enthusiasm and motivation. Finally, the author would like to thank to beloved husband, Sabran, S.K.M., M.P.H. and lovely son Randika Arung Naradipta for all the support given during the writing of this book. The last happy reading and hopefully useful.

scholarly journals Housing provision and improvement programmes for low income populations in the developing world. A review of approaches and their significance in the European context

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Jakub Gałuszka
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Housing Provision ◽  
European Context ◽  
The World ◽  
Slum Upgrading ◽  
Incremental Housing

Abstract.The paper deals with the issue of affordable housing provision for low income populations in the developing countries and its significance in the European context. My goal is to discuss this topic through the analysis of different approaches to household provision and improvement with special focus on the involvement of communities in various upgrading procedures. Separate sections of the paper refer to the most important approaches developed in the 20th and 21st centuries. These include: site and service, slum upgrading, incremental housing and communityled upgrading which are analysed through the prism of several examples coming from various parts of the world.The discussion of the strategies formulated in the developing world is linked with the new approaches towards housing provision that are presently promoted or are spontaneously emerging in various cities of Central Europe. These include the issues of container-houses construction in Poland and the creation of informal settlements by Roma populations in Polish and Slovakian cities.

scholarly journals Structural Transformation around the World: Patterns and Drivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Kunal Sen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Stylized Facts ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Productivity Gains

The conventional view of structural transformation is informed by three stylized facts of economic development: (i) all economies exhibit declining employment in agriculture, (ii) all economies exhibit a hump-shaped share of employment in industry, and (iii) all economies exhibit an increasing share of employment in services. In this paper, I show that this presumed path of structural transformation may no longer be the route to economic development in low-income economies. Classifying economies as either structurally developed, structurally developing, or structurally underdeveloped, I observe a different path of structural transformation in structurally underdeveloped economies in which workers are moving directly from agriculture to nonbusiness services, which as a sector does not have the same productivity gains as manufacturing. I also show that the mainstream approach is unable to explain the patterns of structural transformation observed in low-income developing economies. This suggests the need to rethink the theoretical premises behind much of the mainstream approach to structural transformation and to identify alternate causal mechanisms to explain the different types of structural transformation underway in the developing world.

scholarly journals Agricultural research and development in the developing world : Too little, too late?

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
Upasana Mohapatra ◽  
Veeresh S. Wali ◽  
Swetalina Mohapatra ◽  
inoda Shankara Naik
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development

scholarly journals A Taste of the Tropics Spices Up Student Interest

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 568d-568
Author(s):  
J. Benton Storey
Keyword(s):  
Black Pepper ◽  
Student Interest ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Black Beans ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Brazil Nuts ◽  
Spring Break ◽  
Lecture Demonstration ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics

Tropical horticultural crops can be the spark that builds student interest in horticulture. They are a refreshing alternative to the temperate crops that most of our curricula are necessarily built around. Students who become familiar with production problems and opportunities between 30° north and south latitudes are better equipped to compete in the world economy. HORT 423 covers tropical ecology, soils, atmosphere, and many major crops. Beverage crops studied are cacao, coffee, and tea. Fruit and nut crops include bananas, mango, papaya, pineapple, dates, oil palm, coconut, macadamia, cashew, and Brazil nuts. Spices such as vanilla, black pepper, allspice, nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, cassia, and cloves are studied. Subsistence crops such as cassava, yam, taro, pigeon peas, chick peas, vegetable soy beans, and black beans round out an exciting semester that draws students. HORT 423 is a 3-hour-per-week lecture demonstration course supplemented with slides from the tropical countries. Many students simultaneously enroll in a 1-hour HORT 400 course that is taught during the 1-week spring break in a tropical country. Recent trips have been two each to Costa Rica and Guatemala. These study trips are gaining in popularity. For more information about HORT 423 consult the world wide web at http://http.tamu.edu:8000/~c963/a/h423main.html.

scholarly journals Between enabling and provider approach: Key shifts in the national housing policy in India and Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urmi Sengupta ◽  
Brendan Murtagh ◽  
Camila D’Ottaviano ◽  
Suzana Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global South ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Discursive Space ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

With the world becoming increasingly urban, housing poverty in the global south has made the metaphor ‘planet of slums’ a global reality. This paper revisits the dichotomy of enabler vs. provider debate in housing policy that preoccupied housing scholars in the last few decades. Drawing on the government intervention in Brazil and India, it is argued that the transformative and adaptive capacity of enabling strategy has now come of an age. Among other things, the paper makes a close reading of the historical and geographical (re)constitution of the process of housing delivery in these countries and argues that they have adopted enabling strategies along with closely intertwined strategies of crisis management and show a clear predisposition towards earlier provider approach of state administered, large-scale housing programmes to support the low-income households. Thus, as one policy approach follows another, the discursive space for the government policy doctrine acquires a layered structure, which contains elements of both provider and enabling approaches. Whilst these developments, still evolutionary, challenges remain in the form of conceptual contradictions that continue to obscure our approach towards low-income housing policies in the global South. Arguably on this basis, considerably more, attention should be given to providing housing to the poor in the global South.

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