High School Student-Athletes’ Awareness of Concussion Education May Differ by Age

Background: A tremendous amount of resources and education have been directed towards those involved in high school athletics to help recognize the signs and symptoms of a concussion and ensure removal from play of potentially concussed athletes. Concussion education policies have been broadly implemented across the country; however, the success of these educational methods at encouraging adolescents to disclose their symptoms has yet to be determined. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) identify how many student-athletes recognized they had been provided concussion education and (2) document disclosure and non-disclosure patterns. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed to student-athletes at four Connecticut high schools. The survey contained demographic questions (sex, age, primary sport, and prior history of concussion) along with a question asking if the individual had received formal concussion education. The survey then asked in which of six provided situations the athlete would disclose their symptoms and which of eight provided reasons would prevent the athlete from disclosing their symptoms. Respondents were grouped by education status (received or not) and the difference in response frequency was evaluated using Chi-Square tests. Results: A total of 872 athletes (average age 15.8±1.3 years, 410 Males, 462 Females) completed the survey (61.2% response rate). A total of 583 (66.9%) athletes reported having received concussion education. Athletes who reported that they had not received concussion education were significantly younger than athletes that reported that they had received concussion education (p=<0.001). Both the education and non-education groups identified an important game as the least likely situation to disclose symptoms, and practice as the most likely situation. The most common reason for non-disclosure was “Don’t want to miss game” in the education group and “Don’t think I have a concussion” in the non-education group. Significant differences in response rates between groups were found for ‘Don’t think I have a concussion’ (p=0.038) and ‘Others played with concussions’ (p=0.005). Conclusion: Current educational efforts may not be successfully educating younger student-athletes about the importance of recognizing and reporting concussion symptoms. Within our small cohort of Connecticut high schools, approximately 1/3 of individuals reported not receiving education, and more than half of student-athletes report that they would not disclose concussion symptoms during important games despite receiving education. Further work is required to re-evaluate the efficacy of current educational programs available to high school athletes, focusing on non-disclosure reasons reported by varying ages of student-athletes. [Table: see text]

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Survey of school nurses’ experiences of providing counselling on sexual orientation to high school students in Japan

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2019-0167 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Ryohei Terao ◽

Noriyo Kaneko

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

High Schools ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

School Nurses ◽

Support Needs ◽

Ministry Of Education ◽

School Students ◽

Chi Square ◽

Correlated Factors

AbstractObjectiveTo ascertain the prevalence and correlated factors of providing consultation on sexual orientation and the characteristics of school nurses in high schools in Japan.MethodsParticipants were school nurses working in high schools in Aichi prefecture. Items investigated included background, experiences in providing counselling on sexual orientation, the availability of materials and resources for students, and learning experiences concerning how to handle sexual orientation concerns. We divided the respondents into two groups: one group who have provided counselling on sexual orientation before and one group with no such experience. Chi square tests were utilized to compare the responses between groups.ResultsAmong the respondents, 38.9% (n = 140) had previous experience of providing counselling to students on sexual orientation. The group with experience of providing counselling is more likely to have 10–29 years of experience, to work at a senior high school, to be informed on notifications from the Ministry of Education, to have experience of learning how to provide counselling on sexual orientation, and to be aware of effective resources.ConclusionIn Japan, it is expected that the support needs related to LGBTI will become more obvious in the future and efforts to create an environment in which it is easy for young people to consult with school nurses or other support figures are necessary.

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Reaching out to stakeholders: The use of knowledge terminology on the websites of Australian public hospitals

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-020-05798-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrej Miklosik ◽

Nina Evans

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Retention ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Chi Square ◽

Small Hospital ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Knowledge Implementation ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Difference ◽

The Individual ◽

Use Of Knowledge

Abstract Background The objective of the study described in this article was to examine whether, and to what extent, Australian public hospitals use knowledge terminology, i.e. a body of knowledge-related terms, on their websites. The paper also discusses the difference in the level of such communication between large and small hospitals, the factors affecting the use of the knowledge-related terms in the communication and the similarities/differences between the use of knowledge terms in Australian public hospitals and large/small companies in Australia. Methods 151 Australian public hospitals were included in the research sample: 51 large and 100 small hospitals. Using the method of content analysis, websites mentioning knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, knowledge implementation, and knowledge retention were identified, along with the number of these mentions. Descriptive statistics and chi square test of independence were used to provide answers to four research questions. Results Of the 151 hospitals included in the sample, 30 had no website and 62 (50 small and 12 large) had a single page website. The study found that there are differences between Australian public hospitals regarding the level of their knowledge communication on their websites, both between small and large hospitals and between the individual hospitals within the large and small hospital groups. Conclusions A well-known saying goes “For the mouth speaks what the heart is full of”. Effective communication of knowledge-related terminologies to both internal and external stakeholders, i.e. the parties who access the websites, is therefore an indication of a knowledge focus in the public hospitals. Large hospitals are generally more active in communicating knowledge terms, although there are some exceptions. Some of the small hospitals can lead by example, but most of them do not include knowledge terminology in their communication on websites.

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Trends in US High School Football Concussion Reporting, 2012-2017

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119s00304 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽

pp. 2325967119S0030

Author(s):

Scott O. Burkhart ◽

Dustin M. Loveland ◽

Troy M. Smurawa ◽

John Polousky

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Event Type ◽

High School Football ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

High School Sports ◽

Injury Rates ◽

School Sports

Objectives: Football has been a sport with high concussion rates when examined independently (Rosenthal et al., 2014). Accurately describing injury trends in high school sports is necessary to identify student-athletes at the greatest risk of injury and where potential injury reduction interventions should be focused. With increased reported high school concussion injuries and associated state legislative requirements, increased incidence rates are needed. The purpose of this study was to provide updated high-school football concussion incidence rates. Methods: Data Source and Study Period This study used data from the Rank One Health Injury Surveillance Database (ROH ISD). Data for the current study were analyzed across 6 calendar years (2012 through 2017) from 1,999 high schools. Data from the current study examined high school football concussion data in males ages 14 to 18. The ROH ISD consists of a convenience sample of participating schools from 2012 to 2017. Exposure and injury data represent a convenience sample of US high schools. For the current study, only data provided across all 1,999 high schools were included. All 1,999 high schools included in the current study logged practice and game participation events for each individual athlete participating in football at the respective high school and athletic exposures (AEs) are an accurate representation of rostered athletes participating in either practices or games by age and calendar year. The ROH ISD was deemed Category 4 IRB exempt. Statistical Analysis Injury counts, practice exposures, game exposures, and distributions by event type (practice or game), age, and injury mechanism were examined. Injury rates per 1,000 AEs and injury rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by event type. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were used to examine differences by calendar year. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to compare event type by calendar year. All 95% confidence intervals (CIs) not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant. Results: 997,308 male student-athletes participated in high school football. ATs recorded a total of 14,103 concussions in high school football from a total of 235,134 total injuries across all high school sports. High school football concussions accounted for 6% of all injuries in high school sports from 2012-2017. More concussions occurred in games (51.8%) than practices (48.2%). Decreases were found in annual injury rates for practices in high school football student-athletes from 2012 to 2016 with an increase in 2017. Decreases were found in annual injury rates for games from 2012 to 2016 with an increase in 2017. IPR decreased by year from 2012 to 2016 (with an increase in 2017. IRR and RR comparisons for games versus practices were significant from 2012 to 2017 (Table 1). Conclusion: This study marks the largest epidemiological high school football concussion incidence investigation to date. The findings from this study provide updated high school football concussion incidence rates and provide further evidence of differences in injury rates when comparing practices and games. The higher rates of concussions occurring in games relative to practices emphasize prior trends of injury risk relative to the level of competition. Overall, results highlight a decline in injury rates over time and lower rates of injury compared to prior high school football epidemiological concussion studies. [Table: see text]

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Content Analysis of Athletic Policies from Selected Interscholastic Athletic Handbooks

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.5.2.144 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 144-152

Author(s):

James H. Conn

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Public Relations ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Chi Square ◽

Fiscal Management ◽

Policy Statements ◽

Policy Content ◽

The U.S

The present study investigated the extent of coverage and distribution of policy content within selected interscholastic athletic handbooks. A total of 400 high schools in the U.S., each state represented by 8 schools, were systematically selected to participate in the study. Each high school was asked to submit its athletic handbook to be examined for content. The content was tabulated in the categories of personnel, student athletes and cheerleaders, medical treatment and safety, organization and governance, public relations, management of events, facilities/equipment/suppiies, fiscal management, and transportation. To determine the uniformity of distribution between major categories and within subcategories, chi square tests of goodness-of-fit were used. Some 40% of the policy statements were found in the categories of personnel (22.9%) and student athletes and cheerleaders (18.0%). Less than 10% of the total were found in fiscal management (4.7%) and transportation (3.6%).

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How the High School Serves the Individual Student

Mathematics Teacher ◽

10.5951/mt.25.2.0074 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 74-75

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Individual Student ◽

The Individual ◽

School Curricula

What are our high schools doing for the boy or girl as individuals? Are the exceptional abilities or disabilities of John and Mary receiving more attention today as the result of a modified high school curricula, or does class teaching instead of individual teaching still predominate?

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Perception against COVID-19 Threat Affecting the Behavior of Indonesia People Three Months after the Outbreak

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2020.5432 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (T1) ◽

pp. 459-464

Author(s):

Putri C. Eyanoer ◽

Farhat Farhat ◽

Elvita Rahmi Daulay ◽

Fotarisman Zaluchu

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Individual Level ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Study Population ◽

The Difference ◽

The Government ◽

The Individual ◽

Actual Health

BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, a new behavior has been introduced in the community to prevent COVID-19 transmission following 3 months of the COVID-19 outbreak. The Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, names this new concept as “the adaptation of new behavior.” However, preventive measures and health protocols encouraged by the government have not yet yielded a significant impact on reducing the COVID-19 positivity rate. This unsuccessful outcome indicates that infective circulation is still occurring caused by incompliant to the health protocol. AIM: This study aimed to measure community perceptions against COVID-19 at the individual level. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a total of 1687 respondents was performed. Questionnaires distributed thru sharing online links which contain questions on perception of vulnerability and severity of COVID-19. Chi-square test used in analysis to determine the difference in perception with respondents’ behavior. RESULTS: A total of 81.7% of respondents who had a perception of “susceptible to contract” performed behavior suited to recommendations and 81.2% study population had a perception of “COVID-19 is severe” executed behavior suited to the recommendation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the establishment of government recommendations for COVID-19 infection did not guarantee the actual health practice/behavior in the community. The existing misconception of the perspective of seriousness/severity and susceptibility would prevent the country from flattening the curve.

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Assessing Sexual Behavior Patterns among Student Athletes of Senior High Schools in the Upper East Region, Ghana

Sexes ◽

10.3390/sexes3010003 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 40-48

Author(s):

Mahama Mubarik ◽

John Elvis Hagan ◽

Akaribo William Aduko ◽

Kasenyi Sulley Abubakari ◽

Oladokun Michael Yemisi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Behavior ◽

High Schools ◽

Sexual Behaviors ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Sexual Fantasy ◽

Behavior Patterns ◽

Chi Square ◽

East Region ◽

Upper East Region ◽

Chi Square Analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sexual behavior patterns of student athletes of senior high schools in the Upper East Region of Ghana and to assess the differences in sexual behavior patterns between male and females. A sample of 400 student athletes using a convenience sampling technique from public senior high schools was drawn to complete a self-designed research study. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test tool were used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that student athletes practiced various forms of sexual behaviors such as celibacy, foreplay, vaginal-penile sex, sexual fantasy, masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex. The Chi-square analysis showed significant gender differences in prevalence of masturbation (χ2 (1, n = 400) = 4.6962, probability = 0.030) and sexual fantasy (χ2 (1, n = 400) = 6.8477, probability = 0.009), but not vaginal-penile intercourse (χ2 (1, n = 400) = 1.3197, probability = 0.251) and celibacy (χ2, (1, n = 400) = 0.0721, probability = 0.788). The study concludes that student athletes of senior high schools might be vulnerable to unplanned parenthood and are at risk of STIs, including HIV. Regular health promotion campaigns on sexual risk-taking behaviors are required to help reduce the prevalence of student athletes’ indulgence in risky sexual behavior patterns that can harm their health. It is essential to implement gender-specific interventions (e.g., decision-making skills) when addressing the problems of sexual behaviors among the student athletes in the region.

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Methods and Descriptive Epidemiology of Services Provided by Athletic Trainers in High Schools: The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Study

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-51.1.08 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (12) ◽

pp. 1310-1318 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Zachary Y. Kerr ◽

Thomas P. Dompier ◽

Sara L. Dalton ◽

Sayers John Miller ◽

Ross Hayden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Athletic Training ◽

High School Student ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

School Setting ◽

Descriptive Epidemiology ◽

Time Loss ◽

School Sports

Context Research is limited on the extent and nature of the care provided by athletic trainers (ATs) to student-athletes in the high school setting. Objective To describe the methods of the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) project and provide the descriptive epidemiology of AT services for injury care in 27 high school sports. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Athletic training room (ATR) visits and AT services data collected in 147 high schools from 26 states. Patients or Other Participants High school student-athletes participating in 13 boys' sports and 14 girls' sports during the 2011−2012 through 2013−2014 academic years. Main Outcome Measure(s) The number of ATR visits and individual AT services, as well as the mean number of ATR visits (per injury) and AT services (per injury and ATR visit) were calculated by sport and for time-loss (TL) and non–time-loss (NTL) injuries. Results Over the 3-year period, 210 773 ATR visits and 557 381 AT services were reported for 50 604 injuries. Most ATR visits (70%) were for NTL injuries. Common AT services were therapeutic activities or exercise (45.4%), modalities (18.6%), and AT evaluation and reevaluation (15.9%), with an average of 4.17 ± 6.52 ATR visits and 11.01 ± 22.86 AT services per injury. Compared with NTL injuries, patients with TL injuries accrued more ATR visits (7.76 versus 3.47; P < .001) and AT services (18.60 versus 9.56; P < .001) per injury. An average of 2.24 ± 1.33 AT services were reported per ATR visit. Compared with TL injuries, NTL injuries had a larger average number of AT services per ATR visit (2.28 versus 2.05; P < .001). Conclusions These findings highlight the broad spectrum of care provided by ATs to high school student-athletes and demonstrate that patients with NTL injuries require substantial amounts of AT services.

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Incidence, Awareness, and Reporting of Sport-Related Concussions in Manitoba High Schools

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/cjn.2019.58 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (04) ◽

pp. 443-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Glen L. Bergeron

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

High School Athletes ◽

Emotional Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Division ◽

Males And Females ◽

Strong Agreement

ABSTRACT:Background and Objectives: Federal and provincial governments in Canada are promoting provincial legislation to prevent and manage sport-related concussions (SRCs). The objective of this research was to determine the incidence of concussions in high school sport, the knowledge of the signs, symptoms, and consequences of SRC, and how likely student athletes are to report a concussion. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of athletes (N = 225) from multiple sports in five high schools in one Manitoba school division was conducted. Results: Participants in this study were well aware of the signs, symptoms, and consequences of SRC. Cognitive and emotional symptoms were the least recognized consequences. SRC is prevalent in high schools in both males and females across all sports. Of the 225 respondents, 35.3% reported having sustained an SRC. Less than half (45.5%) reported their concussion. Athletes purposely chose not to report a concussion in games (38.4%) and practices (33.8%). Two major barriers to reporting were feeling embarrassed (3.4/7) and finding it difficult (3.5/7) to report. There was, however, strong agreement (Mean 5.91/7, SD 0.09) when asked if they intend to report a concussion should they experience one in the future. Conclusions: The results suggest that high school athletes would benefit from more SRC education. Coaches and team medical staff must be trained to be vigilant for the mechanism, signs, and symptoms of injury in both game and practice situations. This study will also inform the implementation of pending legislation in Manitoba and perhaps other provinces in Canada.

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